Metacentric height (GM) is a crucial parameter in the stability of any ship, especially tankers due to

their unique cargo handling and potential for sloshing. Changes in GM can significantly impact
various stability characteristics, both positively and negatively, demanding careful consideration
during operation and cargo management.
Effects of Increased GM:
- Enhanced initial stability: A higher GM signifies a larger distance between the center of gravity (G)
and the metacenter (M), making the vessel more resistant to initial heeling. This is advantageous in
calm conditions, reducing the risk of capsize due to minor external forces like wind or waves.
- Reduced rolling period: Increased GM leads to a shorter period of roll, resulting in faster but smaller
rolling motions. While this may be perceived as safer, it can be uncomfortable for passengers and
crew, potentially impacting their well-being and performance.
- Increased stiffness: A stiffer vessel responds less to wave-induced motions, leading to smoother
sailing in calm seas. However, this can exacerbate the impact of larger waves, causing more
pronounced slamming and increased structural loads.
- Reduced freeboard: Maintaining a safe GM often comes at the expense of freeboard, the vertical
distance between the waterline and the deck. This can be detrimental in rough seas, as reduced
freeboard increases the risk of water overtopping the deck.
Effects of Decreased GM:
- Lower initial stability: A lower GM translates to a smaller distance between G and M, making the
vessel more susceptible to heeling. This increases the risk of capsize due to external forces, especially
in adverse weather conditions or when carrying unstable cargo.
- Increased rolling period: Lower GM results in a longer rolling period, leading to slower but larger
rolling motions. While this may be more comfortable for passengers, it can affect cargo stability and
operational efficiency.
- Reduced stiffness: A less stiff vessel responds more readily to wave-induced motions, leading to less
comfortable sailing in rough seas. However, it can alleviate the impact of larger waves, reducing
slamming and structural loads.
- Increased freeboard: Maintaining a safe GM with lower values often necessitates a higher freeboard.
This provides a buffer against wave overtopping, enhancing safety in rough seas.

In conclusion changes in the GM have a profound impact on tanker vessel stability, affecting initial
stability, rolling behavior, stiffness, freeboard, and overall seaworthiness. Understanding these effects
is critical for safe and efficient operation. Balancing the desired level of stability with operational
constraints and regulatory requirements is crucial for tanker masters and crew to ensure the safety and
comfort of everyone onboard.