Lecture 10 Analysis and Design of Waffle Slabs - 2011

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Lecture-10
Analysis and Design of

Two-way Slab Systems
(Two Way Joist Slabs & Two-way Slab
with Beams)
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011 1
Topics Addressed
 Two-Way Joist Slab

 Introduction
 Behavior
 Characteristics
 Basic Steps for Structural Design
 Example
2
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011
1
Topics Addressed
 Moment Coefficient Method for Two Way Slab with

Beams
 Introduction
 Cases
 Moment Coefficient Tables
 Reinforcement Requirements
 Steps
 Example
3
Two-Way Joist Slab
2
Two-Way Joist
 Introduction
 A two-way joist system, or waffle slab, comprises evenly
spaced concrete joists spanning in both directions and a
reinforced concrete slab cast integrally with the joists.
Joist
Two-Way Joist
 Introduction
 Like one-way joist system, a two way system will be called
as two-way joist system if clear spacing between ribs (dome
width) does not exceed 30 inches.
3
Two-Way Joist
 Introduction
Two-Way Joist
 Introduction
 The joists are commonly formed by using standard square
“dome” forms and the domes are omitted around the columns
to form the solid heads.
Solid Head
8
4
Two-Way Joist
 Introduction
 Standard Dome Data
 Generally the dome for waffle slab can be of any size. However the
commonly used standard domes are discussed as follows:
 30-inch × 30-inch square domes with 3-inch flanges; from which 6-

inch wide joist ribs at 36-inch centers are formed: these are
available in standard depths of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 20 inches.
 19-inch × 19-inch square domes with 2 ½-inch flanges, from which

5-inch wide joist ribs at 24-inch centers are formed. These are
available in standard depths of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 inches.
9
Two-Way Joist
 Introduction
 Standard Dome Data
10
5
Two-Way Joist
 Behavior
 The behavior of two-way joist slab is similar to a two way flat
Slab system.
Two-Way Joist
 Characteristics
 Dome voids reduce dead load.
 Attractive ceiling (waffle like appearance).
 Electrical fixtures can be placed in the voids.
 Particularly advantageous where the use of longer spans

and/or heavier loads are desired without the use of
deepened drop panels or supported beams.
6
Two-Way Joist
 Basic Steps for Structural Design
 Step No. 01 (Sizes): Sizes of all structural and non
structural elements are decided.
 Step No. 02 (Loads): Loads on structure are determined

based on occupational characteristics and functionality.
 Step No. 03 (Analysis): Effect of loads are calculated on all

structural elements.
 Step No. 04 (Design): Structural elements are designed for

the respective load effects following code provisions.
13
Two-Way Joist
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 For Joist depth determination, waffle slabs are considered as flat slab
(ACI 13.1.3, 13.1.4 & 9.5.3).
 The thickness of equivalent flat slab is taken from table 9.5 (c).
 The thickness of slab and depth of rib of waffle slab can be then
computed by equalizing the moment of inertia of equivalent flat slab to
that of waffle slab.
 However since this practice is time consuming, tables have been

developed to determine the size of waffle slab from equivalent flat slab
thickness.
14
7
Two-Way Joist
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 Equivalent Flat Slab Thickness
 ACI 318-05 – Sect. 9.5.3
 Minimum thickness = ln/33
15
Two-Way Joist
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 Slab and rib depth from equivalent flat slab thickness
Table 01: Waffle flat slabs (19" × 19" voids at 2'-0")-Equivalent thickness
Rib + Slab Depths (in.) Equivalent Thickness t e (in.)
8+3 8.89
8+4½ 10.11
10 + 3 10.51
10 + 4 ½ 11.75
12 + 3 12.12
12 + 4 ½ 13.38
14 + 3 13.72
14 + 4 ½ 15.02
16 + 3 15.31
16 + 4 ½ 16.64
Reference: Table 11-2 of CRSI Design Handbook 2002.
Note: Only first two columns of the table are reproduced here.
8
Two-Way Joist
 Sizes
 Minimum Joist Depth
 Slab and rib depth from equivalent flat slab thickness
Table 02: Waffle flat slabs (30" × 30" voids at 3'-0")-Equivalent thickness
Rib + Slab Depths (in.) Equivalent Thickness te (in.)
8+3 8.61
8+4½ 9.79
10 + 3 10.18
10 + 4 ½ 11.37
12 + 3 11.74
12 + 4 ½ 12.95
14 + 3 13.3
14 + 4 ½ 14.54
16 + 3 14.85
16 + 4 ½ 16.12
20 + 3 17.92
20 + 4 ½ 19.26
Reference: Table 11-2 of CRSI Design Handbook 2002.
Note: Only first two columns of the table are reproduced here.
Two-Way Joist
 Sizes
 Minimum Width of Rib
 ACI 8.11.2 states that ribs shall be not less than 4 inches in width.
 Maximum Depth of Rib

 ACI 8.11.2 also states that ribs shall have a depth of not more than 3
½ times the minimum width of rib.
 Minimum Slab Thickness

 ACI 8.11.6.1 states that slab thickness shall be not less than one-
twelfth the clear distance between ribs, nor less than 2 inch.
9
Two-Way Joist
 Sizes
 Solid Head
 Dimension of solid head on either side of column centerline is equal to
l/6.
 The depth of the solid head is equal to the depth of the combined
depth of ribs and top slab.
Two-Way Joist
 Loads
 Floor dead load for two-way joist with certain dome size, dome depth can
be calculated from the table shown for two options of slab thicknesses (3
inches and 4 ½ inches).
Table 03: Standard Dome Dimensions and other Data
Floor Dead Load (psf) per slab
Dome Depth Volume of Void thickness
Dome Size
(inches) (ft3)
3 inches 4 ½ inches
8 3.98 71 90
10 4.92 80 99
12 5.84 90 109
30 inches
14 6.74 100 119
16 7.61 111 129
20 9.3 132 151
8 1.56 79 98
10 1.91 91 110
19 inches 12 2.25 103 122
14 2.58 116 134
16 2.9 129 148
Reference: Table 11-1, CRSI Design Handbook 2002
10
Two-Way Joist
 Loads
 Floor dead load (wdj) for two-way joist can also be
calculated as follows:
Volume of solid: 36″
Vsolid = (36  36  11)/1728 = 8.24 ft3 3″
Volume of void: 8″
Vvoid = (30  30  8)/1728 = 4.166 ft3
30″
Total Load of joists per dome:
wdj = (Vsolid – Vvoid)  γconc
= ( 8.24 – 4.166)  0.15 = 0.61 kips/ dome
Total Load of joists per sq. ft:

wdj/ (dome area) = 0.61/ (3  3) = 0.0679 ksf
= 68 psf ≈ 71 psf (from table 03)
The difference is because sloped ribs are not considered. Plan
Two-Way Joist
 Loads
 Taking a panel out of the system:
l1
wdj + wsh wdj + wsh
wdj
a a
l1
l2
l2 b
wdj = Dead load at joist (load/ area)

wsh = Dead load of solid head (load/ area)
11
Two-Way Joist
 Loads
 If the complete area l1 × l2 is assumed to occupy joists
alone, then the dead load in the area l1 × l2 will be wdj.
 However since there are solid head regions present,

therefore additional dead load due to solid head region shall
be:
 wdsh = hsolid  γconc - wdj
Two-Way Joist
 Loads
 Factored loads can be calculated as:
 If wL = live load (load/area) wsh wj wsh
 wdj = dead load at joists, then

a a
 Factored load due to joists (wj)
l1
wuj = 1.2 wdj + 1.6wL
 Factored load due to solid head (wsh)
wush = 1.2(wdsh – wdj) l2 b
12
Two-Way Joist
 Analysis
 ACI code allows use of DDM for analysis of waffle slabs (ACI
R13.1). In such a case, waffle slabs are considered as flat
slabs, with the solid head acting as drop panels (ACI 13.1.3).
25
Two-Way Joist
 Analysis
 Static moment calculation for DDM analysis:
wuj
wush wush
ln a a
ln
Moj ln
Mosh
l2 b
Moj = wujl2ln2/8 Mosh = wushba2/2
Mo = Moj + Mosh
26
13
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design of slab for punching shear
 The solid head shall be checked against punching shear.
 The critical section for punching shear is taken at a section d/2 from face
of the column, where d is the effective depth at solid head.
27
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design of slab for
punching shear
 Load on tributary area will l1
cause punch out shear.
 Within tributary area, two

types of loads are acting:
 Solid head load
 Joist load
l2 d/2
 Both types shall be
considered while calculating
punching shear demand
28
14
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design of slab for punching
shear
 Total area (At) = l1  l2 l1
 Solid head area = Asolid
 Critical perimeter area = Acp
 Vu =At  wuj + Asolid  (wish − wuj)
 Where,
l2 d/2
wuj = Factored load considering

joist alone
wsh = Factored solid head dead

load
29
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Shear Strength of Slab in Punching Shear:
 ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs
 ΦVc is least of:

 Φ4√ (fc′)bod
 (2 + 4/βc) √ (fc′)bod
 {(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod
βc = longer side of column/shorter side of column
αs = 40 for interior column, 30 for edge column, 20 for corner columns
30
15
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design of Joist for Beam Shear:
 Beam Shear Demand
 Beam shear is not usually a problem in slabs including waffle slabs.

However for completion of design beam shear may also be
checked. Beam shear can cause problem in case where larger
spans and heavier loads with relatively shallow waffle slabs are
used.
 The critical section for beam shear is taken at a section d from face
of the column, where d is the effective depth at solid head.
31
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design of Joist for Beam Shear:
 Beam shear capacity of concrete joist:
 ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs

Stirrup
 ΦVc is least of:
 Φ2√ (fc′)bribd
 ΦVs = ΦAvfy/bribs
 For joist construction, contribution of concrete to shear strength Vc shall be

permitted to be 10 percent more than that specified in Chapter 11.
 If required, one or two single legged stirrups are provided in the rib to
increase the shear capacity of waffle slab.
32
16
Two-Way Joist
 Design
 Design for Flexure
 The design of waffle slab for flexure is done by usual procedures.
 However, certain reinforcement requirements apply discussed next.
33
Two-Way Joist
 ACI Recommendations on Reinforcement
Requirement of Waffle Slab:
 Recommendations for Ribs:
 ACI 10.6.7 states that if the effective depth d of a beam or joist
exceeds 36 inches, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be provided as
per ACI section 10.6.7.
34
17
Two-Way Joist
 ACI Recommendations on Reinforcement
Requirement of Waffle Slab:
 Recommendations for Slab:
 According to ACI 13.3.2, for cellular or ribbed construction reinforcement
shall not be less than the requirements of ACI 7.12.
 As per ACI 7.12, Spacing of top bars cannot exceed 5h or 18 inches.
35
Two-Way Joist
 Other Important Points:
 The amount of reinforcement and, if necessary, the top slab
thickness can be changed to vary the load capacities for
different spans, areas, or floors of a structure.
 Each joist rib contains two bottom bars. Straight bars are
supplied over the column centerlines for negative factored
moment.
Bottom bar
36
18
Two-Way Joist
 For layouts that do not meet the standard 2-feet and 3-feet
modules, it is preferable that the required additional width be
obtained by increasing the width of the ribs framing into the
solid column head.
37
Two-Way Joist
 The designer should sketch out the spacing for a typical panel
and correlate with the column spacing as a part of the early
planning.
38
19
Two-Way Joist
 Example: Design the slab system of hall shown in figure as waffle
slab, according to ACI 318. Use Direct Design Method for slab
analysis.
 fc′ = 4 ksi
 fy = 60 ksi
 Live load = 100 psf
39
Two-Way Joist
 Solution:
 A 108′ × 144′ building, divided into twelve (12) panels, supported at
their ends on columns. Each panel is 36′ × 36′.
 The given slab system satisfies all the necessary limitations for Direct
Design Method to be applicable.
40
20
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 01: Sizes
 Columns
 Let all columns be 18″ × 18″.
 Slab
 Adopt 30″ × 30″ standard dome.
 Minimum equivalent flat slab thickness (hf) can be found using ACI Table
9.5 (c):
 Exterior panel governs. Therefore,
hf = ln/33
ln = 36 – (2 × 18/2)/12 = 34.5′
hf = (34.5/33) × 12 = 12.45″
41
Two-Way Joist
 Slab
 The closest depth of doom that will fulfill the requirement of equivalent
thickness of flat slab equal to 12.45″ is 12 in. with a slab thickness of 4 ½
in. for a dome size of 30-in.
Table: Waffle flat slabs (30" × 30" voids at 3'-0")-Equivalent thickness

Rib + Slab Depths (in.) Equivalent Thickness te (in.)
8+3 8.61
8+4½ 9.79
10 + 3 10.18
10 + 4 ½ 11.37
12 + 3 11.74
12 + 4 ½ 12.95
14 + 3 13.3
14 + 4 ½ 14.54
16 + 3 14.85
16 + 4 ½ 16.12
20 + 3 17.92
20 + 4 ½ 19.26
42
21
Two-Way Joist
l = 36′-0″ = 432″
 Step No 01: Sizes Standard module = 36″  36″
 Planning of Joist layout No. of modules in 36′-0″:

n = 432/36 = 12
Planning:
First joist is placed on interior column
centerline with progressive placing of
other joists towards exterior ends of
panel. To flush the last joist with
external column, the width of exterior
joist comes out to be 15″ (6″+Column
size /2) as shown in plan view.
43
Two-Way Joist
 Solid Head
 Solid head dimension from column centerline = l/6 = 36/6 = 6′
 Total required length of solid head= 2  6 = 12′
 As 3′  3′ module is selected, therefore 4 voids including joist witdh will

make an interior solid head of 12.5′  12.5′. (Length of solid head = c/c
distance between rib + rib width )
 Depth of the solid head = Depth of standard module = 12 + 4.5 = 16.5′′
44
22
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 02: Loads
 Floor (joist) dead load (wdj) = 109 psf = 0.109 ksf
Table: Standard Dome Dimensions and other Data

Floor Dead Load (psf) per slab
Volume of Void thickness
Dome Size Dome Depth (in.)
(ft3)
3 inches 4 ½ inches
8 3.98 71 90
10 4.92 80 99
12 5.84 90 109
30-in
14 6.74 100 119
16 7.61 111 129
20 9.3 132 151
8 1.56 79 98
10 1.91 91 110
19-in 12 2.25 103 122
14 2.58 116 134
16 2.9 129 148
Reference: Table 11-1, CRSI Design Handbook 2002
45
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 02: Loads
 Floor (joist) dead load (wdj) = 109 psf = 0.109 ksf
 Solid Head dead load (wsh) = γchsh – wdj
= 0.15 ×{(12 + 4.5)/12} – 0.109 = 0.097 ksf
Wdj+sh wdj Wdj+sh
a a
l1
a = 5.25 ft l2 b
b = 12.5 ft
23
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 02: Loads wuj
 wL = 100 psf = 0.100 ksf
 Load due to joists plus LL (wuj) wush wush
wuj = 1.2 wdj + 1.6wL a a
= 1.2 0.109 + 1.60.100 l1
= 0.291 ksf
l2 b
 Load due to solid head dead load (wush)
wush = 1.2wsh
= 1.2  0.097 = 0.1164 ksf
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 03: Frame Analysis (E-W Interior Frame)
 Step 1: Marking E-W Interior Frame:
l2 = 36′
48
24
Two-Way Joist
 Step 2: Marking of Column and Middle Strips:
MS/2 = 9′
CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4
CS/2 = 9′
l2 = 36′
l2/4 = 36/4 = 9′ CS/2 = 9′
MS/2 = 9′
49
Two-Way Joist
 Step 03: Static Moment Calculation
 Moj (due to joists) = wojl2ln2/8
= 0.291 × 36 × 34.52/8 = 1557.56 ft-kip
Mosh (due to solid head excluding joists) = wush ba2/2
= 0.1164×12.5×5.252/2 = 20 ft-kip
Mo (total static moment) = Moj + Mosh = 1557.56 + 20 = 1577.56 ft-kip
Note: Since normally, Mosh is much smaller than Moj the former can be
conveniently ignored in design calculations.
50
25
Two-Way Joist
 Step 03: Static Moment Calculation.
l2 = 36′
51
Two-Way Joist
 Step 04: Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).
Longitudinal 0.52 0.35 0.52

distribution l2 = 36′
0.26 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.26
factors (D.F)L
52
26
Two-Way Joist
820 552 820

ML = Mo × (D.F)L l2 = 36′
410 1104 1025 1025 1104 410
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Units: ft-kip

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011
53
Two-Way Joist
 Step 05: Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal moment (L.M).
Lateral
0.60 0.60 0.60
distribution l2 = 36′
1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00
factors (D.F)Lat
54
27
Two-Way Joist
ML,ext- = 410 kip-ft

ML,ext+ = 820 kip-ft
ML,int- = 1104 kip-ft
ML,- = 1025 kip-ft
ML,+ = 552 kip-ft
0 328/2 276/2 256/2 221/2 256/2 276/2 328/2 0
492 331 492

MLat = ML × (D.F)Lat 410 828 769 769 828 410
l2 = 36′
0 328/2 276/2 256/2 221/2 256/2 276/2 328/2 0
55
Two-Way Joist

ML,- = 1025 kip-ft
ML,+ = 552 kip-ft
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
27.3 18.38 27.3

MLat per foot = Mlat/strip width 22.8 46 42.7 42.7 46 22.8
l2 = 36′
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
56
28
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 03: Frame Analysis (E-W Exterior Frame)
l2 = 18 + c/2
 Step 03: Static Moment Calculation = 18 + (18/12)/2
= 18.75′
 Moj (due to joists) = wojl2ln2/8 c = column dimension
= 0.291 × 18.75 × 34.52/8 = 811.78 ft-kip
Mosh (due to solid head excluding joists) = wush ba2/2
= 0.1164×7×5.252/2 = 12.83 ft-kip
Mo (total static moment) = Moj + Mosh = 811.78 + 12.83 = 825 ft-kip
Note: Since normally, Mosh is much smaller than Moj the former can be
conveniently ignored in design calculations.
57
Two-Way Joist
 Step 03: Static Moment Calculation.
l2 = 18.75′
58
29
Two-Way Joist
Longitudinal
distribution
factors (D.F)L
0.52 0.35 0.52
0.26 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.70 0.26
59
Two-Way Joist
ML = Mo × (D.F)L
429 289 429
215 578 536 536 578 215
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Units: ft-kip
Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall 2011
60
30
Two-Way Joist
Lateral
distribution
factors (D.F)Lat
0.60 0.60 0.60
1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00
61
Two-Way Joist

ML,- = 536 kip-ft
ML,+ = 289 kip-ft
MLat = ML × (D.F)Lat
215 257 434 402 173 769 402 257 215
0 172 144 134 116 134 144 172 0

62
31
Two-Way Joist

ML,- = 536 kip-ft
ML,+ = 289 kip-ft
MLat per foot = Mlat/strip width
23.8 28.6 48.2 44.7 19.2 44.7 48.2 28.6 23.8
0 17.64 14.76 13.74 11.89 13.74 14.76 17.64 0

63
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 03: Frame Analysis
 Analysis of N-S Interior and Exterior Frame will be same as E-W respective
frames due to square panels.
N-S
Interior
Frame
l2 = 36′-0″
N-S
Exterior
Frame
l2 = 18′-9″
64
32
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 04: Design
 For E-W Interior Slab Strip:
Selective values
are used for design.
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
27.3 18.38 27.3

22.8 46 42.7 42.7 46 22.8
l2 = 36′
0 18.22 15.33 14.22 12.3 14.22 15.33 18.22 0
65
Two-Way Joist
 E-W Exterior Frame.
Selective values
are used for
design
23.8 28.6 48.2 19.2 48.2 28.6 23.8
0 17.64 14.76 11.89 14.76 17.64 0

66
33
Two-Way Joist
 Design of N-S Interior and Exterior Frame will be same as E-
W respective frames due to square panels and also for the
reason that davg is used in design.
 davg = 16.5 – (0.75 inch (cover) + ¾ inch (Assumed bar

diameter) = 15 inch
 This will be used for both directions positive as well as

negative reinforcement.
67
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Frames)
Negative Reinforcement in
E-W direction
For M = 46 ft-k =46 x12
= 552 in-k
d = 15
fy = 60 ksi
As = 0.7 in2
#6 @ 12″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 12″
#6 @ 18″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 18″
#6 @ 12″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 6″ #6 @ 12″
68
34
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (N-S Frames)
#6 @ 12″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 12″
#6 @ 6″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 6″
Negative Reinforcement
in N-S direction
#6 @ 6″ #6 @ 18″ #6 @ 6″
69
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (N-S Frames)
 Positive reinforcement
 For M = 27 ft-k =27x12 = 324in-k
 d = 15
 fy = 60 ksi
 As = 0.373 in2 This is per foot reinforcement. For 18 feet col strip, this will
be equal to 0.373 x 18 = 6.714 in2
 There are 6 joists in 18 feet with. Therefore per rib reinforcement = 1.12
 Using # 7 bars, 2 bars per joist rib will be provided.
70
35
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Interior Frame)
18′-0″
#6 @ 6″ c/c
Column Strip (Interior Frame); section taken over support

2 #7 Bars
#6 @ 12″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Column Strip (Exterior Frame); section taken over support

71
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Interior Frame)
18′-0″
#6 @ 18″ c/c
Middle Strip (Interior Frame); Section taken over column line

2 #7 Bars
#6 @ 18″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Middle Strip (Exterior Frame); Section taken over column line
72
36
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Exterior Frame)
9′-0″
#6 @ 6″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Column Strip (Interior Frame); section over support

#6 @ 12″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Column Strip (Exterior Frame); section over support

73
Two-Way Joist
 Step No 05: Detailing (E-W Exterior Frame)
9′-0″
#6 @ 18″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Middle Strip (Interior Frame) ; section over support

#6 @ 18″ c/c
2 #7 Bars Middle Strip (Exterior Frame); section over support

74
37
Two-Way Joist
 Note: For the completion of design problem, the waffle slab
should also be checked for beam shear and punching shear.
75
Moment Coefficient
Method
38
Two Way Slabs
 Moment Coefficient Method (Introduction)

 The Moment Coefficient Method included for the first time in
1963 ACI Code is applicable to two-way slabs supported on
four sides of each slab panel by walls, steel beams relatively
deep, stiff, edge beams (h = 3hf).
 Although, not included in 1977 and later versions of ACI code,

its continued use is permissible under the ACI 318-08 code
provision (13.5.1). Visit ACI 13.5.1.
Two Way Slabs

Ma,neg
la
 Moment Coefficient Method Ma,pos
Mb,neg Mb,pos Mb,neg
 Moments:
Ma, neg = Ca, negwula2 lb Ma,neg
Mb, neg = Cb, negwulb2
Ma, pos, (dl + ll) = M a, pos, dl + M a, pos, ll = Ca, pos, dl × wu, dl × la2 + Ca, pos, ll × wu, ll × la2
Mb, pos, (dl + ll) = Mb, pos, dl + Mb, pos, ll = Cb, pos, dl × wu, dl × lb2 + Cb, pos, ll × wu, ll × lb2
 Where Ca, Cb = Tabulated moment coefficients
wu = Ultimate uniform load, psf
la, lb = length of clear spans in short and long directions respectively.
39
Two Way Slabs
 Moment Coefficient Method: Cases

 Depending on the support conditions, several cases are possible:
4 spans @ 25′-0″
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
3 spans @ 20′-0″
40
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
3 spans @ 20′-0″
41
Two Way Slabs
 Moment Coefficient Tables:
Two Way Slabs
42
Two Way Slabs
Two Way Slabs
43
Two Way Slabs
Two Way Slabs
44
Two Way Slabs
 Load Coefficient Table:
Two Way Slabs
 Maximum Spacing and Minimum Reinforcement

Requirement:
 Maximum spacing (ACI 13.3.2):
smax = 2 hf in each direction.
 Minimum Reinforcement (ACI 7.12.2.1):

Asmin = 0.0018 b hf for grade 60.
Asmin = 0.002 b hf for grade 40 and 50.
90
45
Two Way Slabs
 Special Reinforcement at Exterior Corner of Slab

 The reinforcement at exterior ends of the slab shall be provided as per ACI
13.3.6 in top and bottom layers as shown.
 The positive and negative reinforcement in any case, should be of a size and
spacing equivalent to that required for the maximum positive moment (per foot
of width) in the panel.
91
Two Way Slabs
 Moment Coefficient Method

 Steps
 Find hmin = perimeter/ 180 = 2(la + lb)/180
 Calculate loads on slab (force / area)
 Calculate m = la/ lb
 Decide about case of slab,
 Use table to pick moment coefficients,
 Calculate moments and then design.
 Apply reinforcement requirements (smax = 2hf, ACI 13.3.2)
46
Two Way Slabs
 Moment Coefficient Method: Example 1

 A 100′  60′, 3-storey commercial building is to be designed.
The grids of column plan are fixed by the architect.
Two Way Slabs

 Complete analysis of the slab is done by analyzing four panels
4 spans @ 25′-0″
Panel I Panel III Panel III Panel I

3 spans @ 20′-0″
Panel II Panel IV Panel IV Panel II
47
Two Way Slabs
 A 100′  60′, 3-storey commercial building: Sizes and Loads.

 Sizes:
 Minimum slab thickness = perimeter/180 = 2 (20+25)/180 = 6″
However, for the purpose of comparison, take hf = 7″
 Columns = 14″  14″ (assumed)
 Beams = 14″  20″ (assumed)
 Loads:
 S.D.L = Nil ; Self Weight = 0.15 x (7/12) = 0.0875 ksf
 L.L = 144 psf ; wu = 0.336 ksf

Two Way Slabs

 Panels are analyzed using Moment Coefficient Method
4 spans @ 25′-0″
Case = 4 Ma,neg
m = la/lb = 0.8 Mb,neg Mb,pos Mb,neg
Ma,pos
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Ma,neg
48
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4
m = la/lb = 0.8
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029
Ca,posLL = 0.048
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4
m = la/lb = 0.8
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029
Ca,posLL = 0.048
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
49
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4
m = la/lb = 0.8
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029
Ca,posLL = 0.048
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4
m = la/lb = 0.8
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029
Ca,posLL = 0.048
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
50
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4
m = la/lb = 0.8
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029
Ca,posLL = 0.048
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4
m = la/lb = 0.8
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029
Ca,posLL = 0.048
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
51
Two Way Slabs

Case = 4 4 spans @ 25′-0″
m = la/lb = 0.8 Panel I
Ma,neg
Ca,neg = 0.071
Cb,neg = 0.029 Ma,pos
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Ca,posLL = 0.048 Ma,neg
Cb,posLL = 0.020
Ca,posDL = 0.039
Cb,posDL = 0.016
Ma,neg = 9.5 k-ft
Ma,pos = 6.1 k-ft
Mb,neg = 6.1 k-ft
Mb,pos = 3.9 k-ft
For slab supported on Spandrals, Mneg,ext = 1/3Mpos
Two Way Slabs

Case = 9 4 spans @ 25′-0″
m = la/lb = 0.8 Panel II
Ca,neg = 0.075
Cb,neg = 0.017
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Ma,neg
Ca,posLL = 0.042
Cb,posLL = 0.017
Ca,posDL = 0.029 Ma,pos
Cb,posDL = 0.010
Ma,neg
Ma,neg = 10.1 k-ft
Ma,pos = 5.1 k-ft
Mb,neg = 3.6 k-ft
Mb,pos = 3.1 k-ft
52
Two Way Slabs

Case = 8
4 spans @ 25′-0″
m = la/lb = 0.8 Ma,neg
Panel III
Ca,neg = 0.055
Cb,neg = 0.041 Ma,pos
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Ca,posLL = 0.044
Ma,neg
Cb,posLL = 0.019
Ca,posDL = 0.032
Cb,posDL = 0.015
Ma,neg = 7.4 k-ft
Ma,pos = 5.4 k-ft
Mb,neg = 8.6 k-ft
Mb,pos = 3.7 k-ft
Two Way Slabs

Case = 2 4 spans @ 25′-0″
m = la/lb = 0.8
Panel IV
Ca,neg = 0.065
Cb,neg = 0.027
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Ma,neg
Ca,posLL = 0.041
Cb,posLL = 0.017 Mb,neg Mb,pos Mb,neg
Ca,posDL = 0.026 Ma,pos
Cb,posDL = 0.011
Ma,neg = 8.7 k-ft Ma,neg
Ma,pos = 4.9 k-ft
Mb,neg = 5.7 k-ft
Mb,pos = 3.2 k-ft
53
Two Way Slabs

 Slab analysis summary
4 spans @ 25′-0″
9.5 7.4
3.9 3.7
6.1 6.1 6.1 8.6 5.4 8.6
3 spans @ 20′-0″
9.5 7.4
10.1 8.7
3.2 3.2
3.6 3.6 5.7 5.7
5.1 4.9
10.1 8.7
Two Way Slabs

 Slab Reinforcement Details
4 spans @ 25′-0″
C C
A A
B B C B C
3 spans @ 20′-0″
C C
A= #4 @ 12″
A A B = #4 @ 6″
A B B
B B C = #4 @ 4″
C C
54
Two Way Slabs

 Load On Beams from coefficient tables
4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
Table: Load on beam in panel I, using
Coefficients Panel I
3 spans @ 20′-0″
(wu = 0.336 ksf) B1
Width
(bs) of Load
slab due to
Bea B1
Length panel Wa Wb slab,
m
(ft) support Wwubs
ed by (k/ft)
beam B2
B1 25 10 0.71 - 2.39
B2 25 10 0.71 - 2.39
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
B3 20 12.5 - 0.29 1.22
B4 20 12.5 - 0.29 1.22
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
Coefficients Panel I
3 spans @ 20′-0″
(wu = 0.336 ksf) B1

Width
(bs) of Load
slab due to
Bea B1
m
(ft) support Wwubs
ed by (k/ft)
beam B2
B1 25 10 0.71 - 2.39
B2 25 10 0.71 - 2.39
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
B3 20 12.5 - 0.29 1.22
B4 20 12.5 - 0.29 1.22
55
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Coefficients B1
(wu = 0.336 ksf)
Width Panel II
(bs) of Load B1
slab due to
Bea
m
(ft) support Wwubs
ed by (k/ft) B2
beam
B1 25 10 0.83 - 2.78
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
B3 20 12.5 - 0.17 0.714
B4 20 12.5 - 0.17 0.714
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
3 spans @ 20′-0″

Coefficients B1
(wu = 0.336 ksf)
Width Panel II
(bs) of Load B1
slab due to
Bea
m
(ft) support Wwubs
ed by (k/ft) B2
beam
B1 25 10 0.83 - 2.78
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
B3 20 12.5 - 0.17 0.714
B4 20 12.5 - 0.17 0.714
56
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
Panel III
3 spans @ 20′-0″
B1
Coefficients
(wu = 0.336 ksf)
Width
(bs) of Load B1
slab due to
Bea
m
(ft) support Wwubs
B2
ed by (k/ft)
beam
B1 25 10 0.55 - 1.84 B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
B3 20 12.5 - 0.45 1.89
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
Panel III
3 spans @ 20′-0″

B1
Coefficients
(wu = 0.336 ksf)
Width
(bs) of Load B1
slab due to
Bea
m
(ft) support Wwubs
B2
ed by (k/ft)
beam
B1 25 10 0.55 - 1.84 B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
B3 20 12.5 - 0.45 1.89
57
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
3 spans @ 20′-0″
Coefficients
(wu = 0.336 ksf) B1
Width
(bs) of Load Panel IV
slab due to B1
Bea
m
(ft) support Wwubs
ed by (k/ft)
B2
beam
B1 25 10 0.71 - 2.39
B3 20 12.5 - 0.29 1.22 B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2

3 spans @ 20′-0″
Coefficients
(wu = 0.336 ksf) B1
Width
(bs) of Load Panel IV
slab due to B1
Bea
m
(ft) support Wwubs
ed by (k/ft)
beam B2
B1 25 10 0.71 - 2.39
B3 20 12.5 - 0.29 1.22
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
58
Two Way Slabs

 Load On Beams 4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
2.39 k/ft 1.84 k/ft
1.22 k/ft 1.22 k/ft 1.89 k/ft 1.89 k/ft
2.39 k/ft 1.84 k/ft
3 spans @ 20′-0″
B1
2.77 k/ft 2.39 k/ft
0.71 k/ft 0.71 k/ft 1.22 k/ft 1.22 k/ft
2.77 k/ft 2.39 k/ft

B1
B2
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
Two Way Slabs

 Load On Beams 4 spans @ 25′-0″
B2
2.62 k/ft 2.07 k/ft
1.45 k/ft 3.34 k/ft

Loads
including self
3 spans @ 20′-0″
weight of B1
5.39 k/ft 4.46 k/ft
beams 0.23
kip/ft 0.94 k/ft 2.16 k/ft
B1
B2
B4 B3 B3 B3 B4
59
Two Way Slabs

 Similarly, slab analysis results of 25′ × 20′ structure.
4 spans @ 25′-0″
Slab thickness = 6″
Panel I Panel III Panel III Panel I SDL = 40 psf

LL = 60 psf
3 spans @ 20′-0″
fc′ =3 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
wu = 0.234 ksf
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
6.6 5.1
2.6 2.4
4.2 4.0 4.2 6.0 3.5 6.0
3 spans @ 20′-0″
6.6 5.1
7 6.1
1.9 2.0
2.5 2.5 3.9 3.0 3.9
3.2
7 6.1
60
Two Way Slabs

 Similarly, slab analysis results of 20′ × 15′ structure.
4 spans @ 20′-0″
Slab thickness = 6″
Panel I Panel III Panel III Panel I SDL = 40 psf

LL = 60 psf
3 spans @ 15′-0″
fc′ =3 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
wu = 0.234 ksf
Two Way Slabs

4 spans @ 25′-0″
4 3.2
1.3 1.3
2.2 2.5 2.2 3.4 2.2 3.4
3 spans @ 20′-0″
4 3.2
4.1 3.6
0.9 1.0
1.3 1.3 2.1 1.8 2.1
2.0
4.1 3.6
61
References
 CRSI Design Handbook

 ACI 318
 Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and
Dolan.
The End
124
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Lecture 10 Analysis and Design of Waffle Slabs - 2011

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Analysis and Design of

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Two-Way Joist Slab

 Basic Steps for Structural Design

 Moment Coefficient Method for Two Way Slab with

 Moment Coefficient Tables

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two-Way Joist Slab

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 30-inch × 30-inch square domes with 3-inch flanges; from which 6-

 19-inch × 19-inch square domes with 2 ½-inch flanges, from which

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Attractive ceiling (waffle like appearance).

 Electrical fixtures can be placed in the voids.

 Particularly advantageous where the use of longer spans

 Step No. 02 (Loads): Loads on structure are determined

 Step No. 03 (Analysis): Effect of loads are calculated on all

 Step No. 04 (Design): Structural elements are designed for

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 However since this practice is time consuming, tables have been

 ACI 318-05 – Sect. 9.5.3

 Minimum thickness = ln/33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Maximum Depth of Rib

 Minimum Slab Thickness

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Total Load of joists per sq. ft:

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

wdj = Dead load at joist (load/ area)

 However since there are solid head regions present,

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 If wL = live load (load/area) wsh wj wsh

 wdj = dead load at joists, then

 Factored load due to solid head (wsh)

wush = 1.2(wdsh – wdj) l2 b

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Moj = wujl2ln2/8 Mosh = wushba2/2

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 Within tributary area, two

 Critical perimeter area = Acp

 Vu =At  wuj + Asolid  (wish − wuj)

wuj = Factored load considering

wsh = Factored solid head dead

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 ΦVc is least of:

 {(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod

βc = longer side of column/shorter side of column

αs = 40 for interior column, 30 for edge column, 20 for corner columns

 Beam shear is not usually a problem in slabs including waffle slabs.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs

 For joist construction, contribution of concrete to shear strength Vc shall be

 However, certain reinforcement requirements apply discussed next.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

 As per ACI 7.12, Spacing of top bars cannot exceed 5h or 18 inches.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan