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MATH 266
August 4, 2023
Course Outline
1 Improper Integration
1 Improper Integration
2 Integral depending on a Parameter
1 Improper Integration
2 Integral depending on a Parameter
3 Differentiation and Integration under the Integral sign
1 Improper Integration
2 Integral depending on a Parameter
3 Differentiation and Integration under the Integral sign
4 Gamma and Beta Functions , Stirling’s Formula
1 Improper Integration
2 Integral depending on a Parameter
3 Differentiation and Integration under the Integral sign
4 Gamma and Beta Functions , Stirling’s Formula
5 Basic Properties and Use of the Laplace Transform
1 Improper Integration
2 Integral depending on a Parameter
3 Differentiation and Integration under the Integral sign
4 Gamma and Beta Functions , Stirling’s Formula
5 Basic Properties and Use of the Laplace Transform
6 Fourier Series
1 Improper Integration
2 Integral depending on a Parameter
3 Differentiation and Integration under the Integral sign
4 Gamma and Beta Functions , Stirling’s Formula
5 Basic Properties and Use of the Laplace Transform
6 Fourier Series
7 Fourier Transforms
For instance,
1 π
Z
a0 = f (x)dx
π Z−π
1 π
a10 = f (x) cos 10xdx and so on...
π −π
a0 P
where f (x) is given as f (x) = + ∞ n=1 (an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2
1. f (x) = x 3
2. f (x) = 4x − 5
3. f (x) = x2
1
4. f (x) = x−5
5. f (x) = tan x
6. f (x) = y where x 2 + y 2 = 9
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. No: infinite discontinuity at x = 0
4. No: infinite discontinuity at x = 5
5. No: infinite discontinuity at x = π/2
6. No : Two valued
f (x + 2π) = f (x)
DR. ADU SAKYI MATHEMATICAL METHODS II MATH 266
a0 P∞
(a) f (x) = + (an cos nx + bn sin nx)
2 Z π n=1
1
where a0 = f (x)dx
π −π
1 π/2
Z
an = 4 cos nxdx
π −π/2
8 nπ
∴ an = sin
πn 2
Then considering different integer values of n, we have;
if n is even ; an = 0
8
if n = 1, 5, 9, ... ; an =
nπ
−8
if n = 3, 7, 11, ... ; an =
nπ
DR. ADU SAKYI MATHEMATICAL METHODS II MATH 266
We keep these in mind while we find bn .
(c) To find
Z bn
1 π
bn = f (x) sin nxdx
π −π
1 π/2 4 π/2
Z Z
bn = 4 sin nxdx = sin nxdx
π −π/2 π −π/2
π/2
4 − cos nx
π n −π/2
−4 −nπ
cos nπ
2
− cos 2
=0
π
∴ bn = 0
Hint:
The function can be defined as ;
x
f (x) = 0 < x < 2π
2
f (x + 2π) = f (x) i.e. period = 2π
f (t + 2) = f (t)
Solution
Therefore
T
1 0 1
2
Z Z Z Z
2
a0 = f (t)dt = f (t)dt = 2(1 + t)dt + (0)dt
T − T2 −1 −1 0
h i0
2
= 2t + t =1
−1
and
T
Z
2
Z 1
an = f (t) cos nπtdt = f (t) cos nπtdt
− T2 −1
DR. ADU SAKYI MATHEMATICAL METHODS II MATH 266
...continued
Z 0
an = 2(1 + t) cos nπtdt
−1
1 0
Z
nh sin nπt i0 o
= 2 (1 + t) − sin nπtdt
nπ −1 nπ −1
n 1 h cos nπt i0 o 2
= 2 (0 − 0) − − = 2 2 (1 − cos nπ)
nπ nπ −1 n π
2
= 2 2 (1 − (−1)n )
n π
so that
4
an = 0 (n even), an = n2 π 2
(n odd)
Now, for bn
T
2 2nπ
Z
2
bn = f (t) sin dt = .......
T − T2 T
Z 0
bn = 2(1 + t) sin nπtdt
−1
− cos nπt i0 1 0
nh Z o
= 2 (1 + t) + cos nπtdt
nπ −1 nπ −1
1 4 n 1 1 o
f (t) = + 2 + cos πt + cos 3πt + cos 5πt + ...
2 π 9 25
2n 1 1 1 o
− sin πt + sin 2πt + sin 3πt + sin 4πt...
π 2 3 4
∞
a0 X n o
f (t) = + an cos nωt + bn sin nωt
2 n=1
can also be written in the form
∞
A0 X n o
f (t) = + Bn sin nωt + ϕn
2 n=1
So
B1 sin(ωt + ϕ1 ) is the first harmonic or fundamental (lowest
frequency)
B2 sin(2ωt + ϕ2 ) is the second harmonic (frequency twice that
of the fundamental)
Bn sin(nωt + ϕn ) is the nth harmonic (frequency n times that
of the fundamental)