HUT – OISP

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CALCULUS 1 – SESSION 05
DERIVATIVE 02 (END)

Instructor: PhD. Nguyen Quoc Lan (February, 2022)

Email: dhbktoannql@gmail.com
 DIFFERENTIAL (PAGE 253)
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The 1st order differential dy of y = f(x) at x = a is: df(a) = f’(a)dx

(C): y = f(x), x changes by x = dx.

SR (The change by tangent) = dy.
SQ (Actual change of function) =
y = f(x + x) – f(x). Remark:
Differential dy = f’(x)dx  y but
easier to evaluate
 DIFFERENTIAL (PAGE 253)
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Example 3 (page 253) : y = f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 − 2 x + 1. Find dy at x = 2.

Compares the values of dy and y when x changes from 2 to 2.05
 APPLICATION EXAMPLE
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The output at a certain factory is Q = 2x3 + x2y + y3 units, where x is

the number of hours of skilled labor used, y: similar but of unskilled
labor. The current labor force consists of 30 hours of skilled labor
and 20 hours of unskilled labor. Estimate the change in unskilled
labor y that should be made to offset a 1.5 – hour increase in killed
labor x so that output will be maintained at its current level.
 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVE
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( n)
( n)  f 
( x ) =  f ( x ) ( ) ( n)
1 2 
( x ) =  f ( n−1) /

/
f // /
x f . Rule: c f + c g but  g  : ???
 
 n 
1 method:Pattern. Example:y = e , 2
st mx mx sin ( x ) = sin  x +
( n)

( n)  2 
y 1
2nd method:Sum. Example: y = 2  n 
x −4 cos ( n)
( )
x = cos  x + 
 2 
 LEBNITZ FORMULA
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( 3)
Find formula for ( uv ) . Make your note and guess ( uv ) !
//

Example: Given f ( x ) = x 2 cos 2 x, find f ( ( x)

n)
BASIC FORMULAS FOR HIGHER DERIVATIVE
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1/ e ( ) x (n )
= e . General : a
x
( ) x (n )
= a x  ln n a
(n )  n  (n )  n 
2 / (sin x ) = sin x + , (cos x ) = cos x + 
 2   2 
(n )  n  (n )  n 
→ (sin ax ) = a sin ax +
n
, (cos ax ) = a cos ax +
n

 2   2 
3/ x ( )  (n )
=  ( − 1) ( − n + 1)x −n .

General : (ax + b ) ( )
 (n )
= a n ( − 1) ( − n + 1)(ax + b ) −n

(n ) (− 1)n−1 (n − 1)! ( (n ) (− 1) (n − 1)!

n −1
4 / (ln x ) = n
& log a x ) = n
x x ln a
n
( n)
5 / (Lebnitz formula) ( uv ) =  Cnk u (
n−k )
v(
k)

k =0
DERIVATIVE AS RATE OF CHANGE
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Let y: quantity depending on quantity x  y = f(x). If x: x1 → x2 

The change in x: x = x2 – x1 & The change in y: y = f(x2) – f(x1).

y f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 )
Average rate of change of y over [x1, x2]: =
x x2 − x1

(Instantaneous) Rate of change of y at x = x1: y

lim = f /
( x1 )
x→0 x

Physics: s = f(t) – Position function  v = f’(t)  a = v’(t).

Example: Position of a particle given by s = f(t) = t3 – 6t2 + 9t. (a)
Find velocity (b) When particle: rest, forward, speed up?
EXAMPLE
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If a tank holds 5000 gallons of water, draining from the bottom of

the tank in 40 minutes, then Torricelli’s Law gives the volume V of
water remaining in the tank after t minutes as V = 5000(1 – t/40)2,
0  t  40. Find the rate at which water is draining from the tank
after 5 minutes.
RELATED RATES.
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Two resistors with resistances R1 and R2 (ohms: ) are connected

in parallel  Total resistance R is given by: 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2. If R1
and R2 are increasing of 0.3 /s and 0.2 /s, respectively, how fast
is R changing when R1 = 80  and R2 = 100 ?

1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
RELATED RATES: DESCRIPTION – HOW TO SOLVE.
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Problem: Given an equation relating two or more variables, that

will change with respect to time. We use derivatives to find how
the rates of change are related.

1/ Assign symbols to quantities – functions of time. Attention to

quantities in conditions and in question. Ex: Area S, r.
2/ Write an equation that relates the variables. Ex.: S = r2.
3/ Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to t,
rememberring always the Chain Rule. Example: (S2)’ = 2SS’.
4/ Substitute the given information → Find the unknown rate.
RELATED RATES. EXAMPLE
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Agent 007 walks along a straight path at a speed of 4 ft/s. A

searchlight, located on the ground 20 ft from the path, is kept
focused on 007. At what rate is the searchlight rotating when 007 is
15 ft from the point on the path closest to the searchlight?
DERIVATIVE APPLICATION: INCREASING – DECREASING
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f’ > 0  f(x): increasing

f’ < 0  f(x): decreasing

A biologist models the effect of introducing a toxin to a bacterial

colony by function P(t) = (t+2)/(t2+2t+10) where P is the population
of the colony (in millions) t hours after the toxin is introduced.
How long in hours after the start does the population begin to ?
RELATIVE (LOCAL) EXTREMA
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(C): y = f(x) has a relative (local) maximum at x = c if f(c)  f(x)  x

near c; relative (local) mininum at x = c if f(c)  f(x)  x near c.
Relative max, min are called relative extrema and are only local.
 CRITICAL NUMBER – CRITIVAL POINTS
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A number c  Df is critical number if either f’(c) = 0 or f’(c) does

not exist. The corresponding point (c, f(c))  (C): y = f(x) is callled
critical point for f(x). Extrema can only occur at critical points.

Example : Find critical points of f ( x ) = x

STUDY EXTREMA
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+ ALL critical numbers of f(x)

+ Table of ,  (like highschool)

Example: Study extrema of f ( x ) = x

The revenue derived from the sale of a new tablet t weeks after its
introduction is given by R(t) = (63t – t2)/(t2 + 63), 0  t  63 million
dollars. Study extrema of revenue.
MIN, MAX OF f(x) ON CLOSED INTERVAL [a, b].
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A computer store has been selling 200 Iphone a week at 350 USD
each. A market survey indicates that for each 10 USD of sale off,
the number of units sold will increase by 20 a week. How much a
sale off should the store offer to maximize its revenue?
2ND ORDER DERIVATIVE: CONCAVITY
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Effectiveness of worker through Involve rate Q / ( t ) :

Q ( t ) . But Q ( t ) always increases!
Rate  :Work faster
Rate  : Work slower

The output Q(t) of a factory worker t hours after coming to work.

CONCAVITY
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(C): y = f(x): concave upward on (a, b) if f’’ > 0  x  (a, b) (similar

y = x2) & concave downward on (a, b) if f’’ < 0  x  (a, b) (y = –x2)

Study the concavity of f ( x ) = 2x 6 − 5x 4 + 7x − 3

INFLECTION POINTS: CHANGE TREND (FASTER – SLOWER)
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https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2020/06/12/global-responses-covid19-reflections/

An inflection point (c, f(c))  (C): y = f(x) where the concavity (or
sign f’’) changes. Sign: either f’’(c) = 0 or f’’(c) does not exist.

Example : Inflection poins

Q(t ) = 2t 6 − 5t 4 + 7t.
POINT OF DIMINISHING RETURN (MOST EFFICIENTLY)
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An efficiency study of the morning shift at a factory indicates

that an average worker who starts at 8:00 A.M. to noon will have
produced Q(t) = –t3 + 9t2 + 12t units t hours later. At what time
during the morning is the worker performing most and less
efficiently?