PROCEDURE

1. Noticing the valves K1 , K2 to understand their construction such as

opening and closing position. In some cases, the key can be made
of metal or glass, learning the way how to turn the key connecting
with flash A to the compressor pumb B or to the outside ambient is
very important.
2. Unclock valve K1 and clock valve K2 . The air is pumbed into flask
A ( the amount of air must be enough to avoid overflowing the
water in the manometer M) until there is a about 250÷300mm H2 O
difference in the water column in the two branches of the
manometer M. Then, turn valve K1 to close flask A.
Waiting 4÷5 minutes for the gas in the flash reaches a stable
quilibrium of temperature and pressure. Measure many times with
the same original pressure p1 . After that, we have to slowly open
the valve K2 to decrease the amount of air in flash A so that the
difference of te water column in two manometer branches M
preselected value H= L1 +L2 (about 250÷300mm H2 O). Read the
values of L1 , L2 on the milimeter ruler of the manometer holder M
to calculate the value of H and record into Table 1.
3. Quickly unclock valve K2 in order to release the air in flask A.
When the air in the flask A has the same pressure, compared with
the atmosphere H0 outside, we speedily close valve K2 . To have
an accurate measurement results, we need to watch and quickly
unclock valve K2 as soon as possible as the water level in two
branches of the manometer M has just reached the same level,
combined with the sound of air exitting from vase A which has just
stopped.
Wait for 4÷5 minutes for the temperature of the gas in flask A to
equal the room temperature. Behind this, the water head difference
in two manometer branches M will reach a stable value h=L’1 + L’2
. Read the values of L’1 ,L’2 on the milimeter ruler of the
manometer holder M to determine the value of h and record into
Table 1.
 4. Continue with step 2 and step 3 again for five times, corresponding
to (or approximately) the selected value of H. Record the
corresponding measurement results for h in each measurement into
Table 1.
QUESTION
3.
 Gas compression or expansion processes can be approximated as
adiabatic if there is no transfer of heat towards or from the gas
which is considered. The expansion process of gas mass m in the
tank from state (1) has (p1 =H0 +H, V1 < V0 ,T0 ) to state (2) has (p2
= H0 , V2 = V0 ) happens very quickly. It is not able to exchange
with the outside (δQ = 0) so it can be approximated as adiabatic
expansion.
 Gas compression or expansion processes can be approximated as
isothermal if there is a transfer of heat to the surroundings in order
to make the overall temperature constant. After the adiabatic
expansion, the gas is cooled and its temperature drops from room
temperature T0 down to temperature T2 < T0 . Therefore, the gas
mass m in the flask will collect heat from the outside through the
wall of the flask; it performs an isothermal transformation so that
its temperature increases gradually from T2 to T0 .
 After compressing the gas contained in vase A, wait a few minutes
for the gas mass to reach a stable equilibrium: the mass of air in the
flask has a mass of m0, occupying the entire volume V0 of flask A
then we can determine the pressure p1 = H0 + H (H equals the
difference in the water column in the two manometer branches)
and temperature T1 = T0 (equals to the room temperature).
 After expanding the gas contained in vase A, we need to wait 4-5
minutes for the temperature of the gas in flask A to equilibrate to
room temperature. When opening valve K2 : the air mass quickly
escapes out an amount of ∆m. Therefore, the mass of gas
remaining in the flask is m = m0 − Δm, it still occupies the entire
volume of the flask, V2 = V0 and has a pressure of p2 = H0 < p1.
 During this process, the gas is cooled and its temperature drops
from room temperature T0 down to temperature T2 < T0. Therefore,
the gas mass m in the flask will collect heat from the outside
through the wall of the flask; it performs an isothermal
transformation so that its temperature increases gradually from T2
to T0. Then we can determine the difference in value of the water
head in the two manometer branches h.
4.
 Liquid manometers measure differential pressure by balancing the
weight of a liquid between two pressures. The sensitivity of the
manometer depends on the density of the fluid, the more the
density of the manometer fluid, the more pressure required to
achieve a small displacement of the liquid in the manometer
column. Light liquids such as water can measure small pressure
differences; mercury or other heavy liquids are used for large
pressure differences. Because the differences in the pressure
between each stage of the experiment is not large and to ensure
accurate measurement, a water column manometer must be used to
measure the gas pressure in the glass flask A.
 The tub used for measurement is a U-shaped tube with two open
ends, so if we use Mercury, a toxic substance, it will be very
dangerous if we let this substance fall out