HUT – OISP

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CALCULUS 1 - SESSION 02
LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS

Instructor: PhD. Nguyen Quoc Lan (October, 2021)

Email: dhbktoannql@gmail.com
 CONTENTS
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1- DEFINITION OF LIMIT OF FUNCTION (VIDEO)

2- LIMIT LAWS: SUBSTITUTION RULE
3- ALGEBRAIC LIMIT
4- SPECIAL LIMIT: TRIGONOMETRIC, NUMBER e …
 INTUITIVE INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT PROCESS
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Limit: study the behavior of function f(x) as x → c  Df.

v2 T0
Relativity: Moving with velocity v  L = L0 1 − 2 , T = . If v = c ?
c v 2
1−
c2

ln x
Similar question: Given f ( x ) = , evaluate f ( −1) , f (1) .
x −1
 SIMPLE DEFINITION
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Definition (for understanding): We say that the limit of the

function f(x) equal to L as x go to x0 if the values of f(x) are
close (as close as we like) to L when we take x close enough to
x0 (but not equal to x0). We write: lim f ( x ) = L
x → x0

In general, we don’t need f(x) be defined for x = x0

Application: Find the value of limit at the multichoice test by

calculator

Question : Choose the right answer

1+ 2x −1
3
2 3 6 2
lim = a/ b/ c/ d/
x →0 5x 5 5 5 15
SIMPLE DEFINITION  RIGOROUS DEFINITION
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It is NOT the rigorous (strict) definition of the limit!

Question : Choose the right answer


lim sin = a / 0 b/1 c/ − 1 d/ 
x →0 x


y = sin
By graph : lim f ( x ) = L x
x →c
means the height of graph
(C) : y = f ( x ) approaches
number L when x → c
 RIGOROUS (STRICT) DEFINITION OF LIMIT
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lim f ( x ) = L    0,    0 : x − x0    f ( x) − L  
x → x0

This definition is used to show limit properties, not to find limit!

Example: a/ By definition, show that lim ( 3 x + 4 ) = 12
x →2

b/ For above limit, if  = 0.1,find the greatest 

Illustration:
x0 −  x0 x0 +  x  L
f
L f (x) x f(x)
 x0
L − L+
 RIGOROUS (STRICT) DEFINITION OF LIMIT
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lim f ( x ) = L    0,    0 : x − x0    f ( x) − L  
x → x0

Example: a/ By definition, show that lim ( 3 x + 4 ) = 12

x →2

b/ For above limit, if  = 0.1,find the greatest 

 LIMIT PROPERTIES (LIKE HIGHSCHOOL)
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If lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x ):  lim  f ( x )  g ( x )  = lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )

x→c x→c x→c x→c x→c

lim kf ( x ) = k lim f ( x ) , k = const lim  f ( x )  g ( x )  = lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )

x→c x→c x→c x→c x→c

( ) lim f ( x )
n
lim  f ( x )  = lim f ( x ) , f ( x)
n

x→c x→c lim = x →c

when lim g ( x )  0
x→c g ( x) lim g ( x ) x →c
n : natural number x →c

Substitution: f(x) – one expression & c  D  lim f ( x ) = f (c )

x→c
 ELEMENTARY VS. PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
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Elementary function: polynomials, rational, power, exponential,

logarithmic, trigonometric& inverse trigonometric, hyperbolic,
and all functions obtained from above functions by 5 operations:
addtion, substraction, multiplication, division, composition.

x+2
Example : f ( x ) = + ln (cosh x ) − xesin 2 x
is elementary.
x −1
2

Example :
Piecewise are defined
1 − x if x  1
by more than 1 f (x) =  2
x if x  1
formula in different
is piecewise defined
part of their domain.
&  lim f ( x ) ( f (1))
x →1
 ALGEBRAIC UNDETERMINED FORM
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Rational & 0/0  Factorization:

P( x ) ( x − x0 )P1 ( x )
lim = lim
x→ x0 Q( x ) x→ x0 ( x − x0 )Q1 ( x )

x3 − 3x 2 + 2
Example : lim 2
x →1 x − 3 x + 2
 ALGEBRAIC UNDETERMINED FORM
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Root & 0/0  Conjugate root: lim A− B

= lim
( A + B )...
x → x0 Q( x ) x → x0 ( A + B )...

1 + x −1
Example:lim
x→0 x
 ALGEBRAIC UNDETERMINED FORM
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3
A−3 B A− B
= lim
( )
Cube root: lim
x→ x0 Q ( x) x → x0 3
A2 + 3 AB + 3 B 2 Q ( x )

x+3 − 3 9− x
Example:lim
x→1 x −1
 ALGEBRAIC UNDETERMINED FORM
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P( x ) x n (an + ...)
Rational & /   Highest order: lim = lim m
x→ x0 Q( x ) x→ x0 x (b + ...)
m

2 x 2 + 3x + 1
Example : Evaluate lim
x→+ 3 x 2 − 5 x + 2

Studies indicate that t years from now, the population of a certain

country will be p = 0.2t + 1500 thousand people & the gros earnings
will be E = 9t 2 + 0.5t + 179 millions dollars. What happens to the
per capita earnings in the long run?
 UNDETERMINED FORM 1 : Number e
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x
1 Undetermined 1
 1 
lim 1 +  = e & lim (1 + x ) = e
x

x →  x x →0 Made 1 appear inside

Power : inverse
3x+2

 2x + 2 
Example : lim  
x →  2 x − 1 
 UNDETERMINATED TRIGONOMETRIC FORM
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sin x 1 − cos x 1 tan x sin u

lim =1 lim 2
= lim = 1 u → 0  lim u
x→0 x x →0 x 2 x→0 x x→ x0 u
sin 3x 1 − cos 5 x 1 − cos x cos 2 x
Example : a/ lim b/ lim c/ lim
x→0 sin 7 x x→0 1 − cos 3 x x→0 1 − cos x


Example : lim x  sin
x→ x
 UNDETERMINED FORM: EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHM
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e x −1 a x −1 ln (1 + x ) log a (1 + x ) 1
lim = 1 lim = ln a lim = 1 lim =
x →0 x x →0 x x→0 x x →0 x ln a

e −e 5x 2x
e 23 x
−1 ln ( cos x )
Example: Evaluate a/ lim b/ lim c/ lim
x →0 x x →0
sin 3 x ( 3
) x →0 ln (1 − 3 x 2 )