Page 26

Date: (2/s I23

On dhe cental nis

Basalie
Ovule
Jhe
s
is unioculax dnd a
attacSed 0tthe base ot oyA
he mamjaSpesLmgiuna (clule)
OUule is a/so KnousasintegeuTDened megaspooc
ouule deuelope nto Seealea oi hga'on
2ZA t Gtached toa
parmchËnatous
Soceijmates
Cush ion callepacent
Chalaza
Nucells
Inlequment
EmmbDBoc
Nucellug
Raphe
Fúmicle

>Fchavule e cttache to fha

GAn& of q him Stll
placentu by
Clle tuntcle

orhtheovule
of
isÀ callec
bibLlum
mast of ghe plan is,
aHched sto the main bady 2t oy le to
Some is tence (al lategal sjate )
Lke Suchre
Raphe -
 Fcçe
Coie
12/s/23

>lasceb3 ioue are present insice Yhe buniculs

obich sepply booel maeiol fön the placendy
dohe booly ob ovules
> he rain segish ofho Oule is conmpaseel ol
mass f patenchymqtol! Cetle loiha bunant
Uucelss he
> he Ducleug

’ locatl tnhe oelacs Necelue is he Cm bago

Sac oz bernale omtophyte Bn ovule genaly
has a single nbgo sac
’Base ob
ot o Vule is alle Cha lora
7nt¡umenk is oabsent JusL laja to ghe
Pposte
Chaloza, So thok cc noNO passggS (Pote)
is boameo ohieh io called Micoap le
Nele

PmbayoSac
Ducels S8a0i insjcle he cuules, Jhe pa
Ch dhe mucells poessnt
'mlae Jhe Seecd

Eg pipesaCeae tamily-Black pegper

Lpipe nibum)
Zingibegatae bomily
(Tuarneic lalng9T)
2.SomE tilamets
The bzDclicn etcbtutadox 's do aide the pass
solooNds the micospyle ingie
the oua
Special akequmeat. i
ZAis he tpE of thincl
lail)
inlequment uocla
deielo ps fan tunicle at ha base of he
OVule.

conoiton

Ey myshrqichis Asphaclelus
"Caaercle osSt2nphicle
14 is omed ue to he pos lfegaion
lout qoooth) of outea /niécquments oeg

Comn niscasto beani

made
p
helps im absosphon contents
of olea
generation o Seeela and oh'speatGl
ohich 's
cálscl ynecO hoy
onhe Bas's
bteegtenmenl
Vule
unikggoia ;-_A Single.
Ex mebegsuniteq mic oUule.
mosg Camopetaloo
gmnas enPetalo on
 29
13/s) 22
xAlcqmiz:he ovule in uhicl in lequ mont az
pasng
igide asent is Caled ateqmic oUle.
olat li10sma, o0anthw.
an cl
oontalum:he besis of ucelus
ypes of cKulei:-on he muCetle j's eier eifhe
he Tenuinucelate
Ies cleelopecl o pDeBen in the, bormn
6 sing le ayeg
6xumpe- Gamepetlas goDo
) Coossinucellate i- the nucellus is massii dype
eles i is maole up ot many layeas
Example Polypetala&yups monocats

ther ase Sin olibterent typg of ovule in Angiaspen

cm dhe basis ofgelaionghip of ghe mic oyle
chalaza shilum uoith boeyy of fhe oeleond
oientadhon bn he tunieului.
ha boclyy f oule is
Jhe micanpyei halaza md hilum iie none
Shalght ine, So thak this ype ot o ule s Called
SAght pyigh ouele.
ZL is he moS pimikt'ec and
qUmete MOsh sinplest dPe otol2ule.
Raphe is
gBelal polygonum, pipenijmrospeam
"> Hernitaopos os Hemi oteo po ovwle
Zn shis oie, Bhe booly of he Ol le ben Oh
funicle at 90 ang le ic bocy of ovua
 Pag

Dato: 13/s123

poesentat aghk anqle to he suniculus.

" Shis is ineameatate. dype betoeen oo dho and
" his obule is also called bozizontel obule because
bocly of ovule is present n hoxlyontal poSi dion
onghe bunctions.
micnpyle md chalajaas
in the Soe line buh micDRP Yle
is Situa ec Pm hilum
Eg ., Poimula

Jhe booly ot Jhe oule completely tutmed o L8o

callec nva tedOUule
>he chaloa and micaople ie )ns bojqht line
Sicle Ueay cse to Lach odheg
" his dydeob oeule s bound n eo bami Jies
OfAngiospeoms bu
. dhe oLule micoop yle is
"k
mot n CaOSella
Condin tacinq cdoonOotd
"fhis is Hhe most common typs ob
is consideged as a ypita] o0ale, it
oleale ot
PngioSpesm
Cuceasbitaceae,
CompoSi fae Soonaceae
u) CanAylotanpug le tamiy sPa
oile Hhe bocly ot
OVule As Curved,ona
chalaya gse no micopy and
nStoiight line.
 Date
13)s/23
he mucellus is päesent im
aured positio but he
mbayoSac senmnsASkant
le ’ micaopgle. come close tdo he
ion hìlumAis also Called
Cusvec aele
g lequminosae, cappaðida ceAe,
Caucfesae bemily (capseMo)

Hhe muteus and due to dhis 2fect o7 mUcelus,

Om bayo Goc becomeg hoaseshoe shoped.
"miconpyle com
Comes close do he hi lam

ovule
Hosesho
Eyi Din bilis , len na, peppy Sha ped
enbyoSq
(papavea) Alismo,
Budonaceae tomiy
An this pe o oula boely ot
OVule becone in Veakd ong
ggain dtitned into Sray'ght
pasition cueto Jha gzoth o
ofe funicalus so dhat boaly ot
6Vules presernt on 6unjcle dtg6o
ghe Bntite bodyofo wle iss sutOunaed by
Eunicuus.
Lis a&6 alled Coileed ovule micpyle. i's
SiHualed away boon hilum.
Cy Cacoceas bemi'y ountia
Jine.
 Page

Date: 15/5/23|

Megaspurogenesis
Dusring dhe estopmesk ofatule, ia Tha beginning
of his aDcess, mucellus leselops fam he
be boma ofa Small g0unded
placenta in fhe
OUt qoDLolh like Shuctuté

homoqenous and meislenakio ano binolly

Ghey becom Daenchyoataus
cecl suaounded by sigle
layea o& piceamia
ond in oaBases in Size

Arohespoim diicles meltadita lg

Po'moay pasiete l cecl an
inne

patetl cell may cel

oliwee OVule Pimord'um
whe nngpmeiMc
he

dhe apogenous tec diraly

poima
(A Micropyla Tegisn)
 Fcç:
Catc 15/5/23
cslt containin olense
paminen Ducles
Gotoplas meiohcally to borm
" Meqaspose Modhes iell dicdes
ous hap loid megaspoes
" he foux haplaicl mega spore aTe Gomeg
fe faol.

Deeecprenl
frnhenal ouk f ous ocgaspce ona The
odheg hree (mlcnp yle) ceqeneaion
he bunhonad megaspore

béncanat

Jagetaphgyle-.
magasjpJe
obtains mubisinang he muclcug.

he muclas g megasbre le'ela mibjally tzoo puctet

da bosm

Bah the nude thalLie a Poleg ciytde tice

mlto i lally As,
Tetetth po le fekis
 Page: 34
Date 5/5|25|

Ona muclecs mjgga kes fam taca

pole touoore heCenpe
Jhey are Kn oun as pola mnuc e
Bodh

Aemainln
pola
fhsee dhree nclej' ak 2ala
ade sDTOUn clecd by ytoplas ha
t bom cellS
Jbre Cella Gesmed toustA the
mlcoobyle in ohich one (el ceu is age

Smoller cela
henethsee monpylay cete

An ipooal cetly

Cental

Synogids appax
C
Bah dhe pola nucleore Dresen n
Centa/ Coll
Cel

Seconcloy
"21Sa'ploid m hase l2n)anel
 poC Bis
00nospore
ypa. toletaing
O, soG nbyo clejiilod
he maheshuasi p.
ube polen Jho
Pata Tus
bcovegcd
by
Shuckse
s
celled geL9en. anclmcleaecl E'gh his
7-calle.
muclees matuity,
8ho& typlca at
Pm
byo mgibspoom huSqcs
Gn3mect uctuðe
is ec! nUclea eight
cete Setem Spote megA n
mitosis pleo
3
Sac
ete/5/s/23
3S PoÇG
 Page

Doto : /5s23

prcnsposie Embsyo sacs

polygonam dpe
Qen ohora dypC
1) olygonam type is eighk
and se Ven"lled mbapsac (Deelopos
foom chalayal mcyasperc
hucleae cpticnelly iLis bou
in ehih Cnlyene mucles

nloSpeaM
S ac
Cenleps f micat pyl a megaspor
Sic is omeg by dhos
nd Tepr spoic Enobyo Sac:- SeRn ceLlkd and

xPollinatin
Pae and fente ametes in Poueing plants are
poocuced in he pollen goain and
Sac Speti vely Embeyo
bodh tyee ot Jamekx ade 2mon- moile
hoy do be booughì tpgelhe for kotili zadio
Occud by pollinodien
to OCcUs
.Do'gtion Ole fine a he pooce ss of fansf
pelen goaln fsm nther to the
stigma
 37
Cote 16/sl23

Jloweng plant haus eo/d an amaging ariay

of attaion do ochiee pollinalion.
Dlinaden
pes Pob

Selt Pollingtien CnsS pollinathien

"Autogo my kemagay /Albgany
Geitmaay
* Self pollinaheni
tonsfeec! foom am antheg to dhe slizma cf he
Same plank, hen A is callecl elf pollipoien
’ th he pollen qzatin ase ten sfeo3sd form ar
anthes do he sima of he Same fouea.
hen t4 is called outogamy
* ContoilnDces o Aclaptadien koSelt oltipohor.
Monoc lny (8isenIO liky)
tomogamy
leiotegåmy
gmaTecive

boxeuas Chesmap haroiide

Se)t
whes both dhe sex ONgani Polling
diew
a blouea ghuse atthe bUules Ifccuce
Same time female gametes)
 |Page: 3
Date: 16(s (23

i) Cleistogamy An Soms planie bise lat blols

are boae cohilh. he
Iite
" Suck bleuDess a Coled cleis to amous Moot
Eg'.

Comm e linaplan
Commeoa,
6Xalis
cleisgrommen
Viola pony

tloocs ne dyps of &telaeag ass Clejsdogamas

axe Chasmoyamous oocas.
chasmpgomeus ooeos ae Similar to
klooess f ohea speaes aih EnpossA
anhess and Sigma .
sHqmq tie close de Bao ohea. cechen
an theas dehisce im ha ouoeg. belhon buds
y Pollen qzafns Gome n con tac
tw ith he Siqma tx 26bechee llnglien:
imvasia bly
chonce o

pollingiprn cleistomous Hoos

imvadably
BelkcndageLÞ aggomoul .
he absenie o
clestogamy
b) I/s chea per the plnt os Bezc
clhlch he plant has
tor Do|lnqtien
 16 /s/23|

Jhe he o<tsping pozlvceal

tenetho ilessity
s pike ienk bho c/eis tego molu bloutf and hoseblou,.
Omou

poniy)e
Chasmooamos LlomeTS
Moweas Ch cleistagamousElowco
lhe 6owez emun closco
Enposing andhes ontheg and shgmo ore
gamaus gaposeel
Selt pollinaH'on ox cnly Sel polinoti'on
Caoss pollinahOn moy
" No entegna lpolli'nahng
Sen
may be degi'zed ageny i's egu'Ye.
ghe Boweg ade not mucka
buds Papm'men dis Lingeisha ble
naie
Buc Psllnadien ;-ghis poMibahen cccue a
bucl stags bedsxa dha qpenig of bloses
shon polinotiem teKePlace
lm beteen he fuo 7owet f ghe s0me

shedo nagamy suaLly

which
cuss in
monoeciou! Coiton
'Cucuàbits
oom dhe Geneticol polnt ofieD
9citonagony
SrDeplant
i s Consae
 D1g 16/s|23

Chances ofADDation
Loyeidls mirirg
(es desenence
Caass Dolinoion and Qutbacediag Dosaie
Kengam
’Lhe2 tha olli'naten tule place n bekoee dhet D
Sane Species then iA is calle
XeDDgOTmy
" Contus Selb pollinolsm esULE im
depreglsO binbJeeling
zabzeecng olepBesien is Jhe geduced bio Jegiccl
inbaeecling oy baeeding- at oola keal inoliujel uol.
Contoiances ox Cooss polaatin
loitbaeeding otesia
outboeeing_De
plants
jtes Desices ex feaheA
LOhisb disco uTcuge Selt- oalli'noten ehd
encourcge CaoSe-polLinodi2 are Calleca
Outbredingaleices.
Jhe leSe in enetic
osnbgeedinq depzetien uhich
voidior
DeSUIt of centimuecd Seltr my be a
aly pie iny
oollinad'
plchgamy
chasmmogny
Heteroslyy
Selt-ncemoakbliby Dubaeedhng
esiceß
 Façe
Dote
6s/23

Dresnce of ni'Sexual bowsas contir nohon:

Canss:

blooexs oTE preseN! n Some plant buk blooct

are UniSeMua.
but mot geitoneeny
Diocious plant i- t male an¡ bemale
Btocweas
and towTeas
’ Fack plonk is eilhez male er female
’Selt-pollinahen meses tak pla ce im gbesBo
papay Dake pam
Ox Aalhesis
openin C6Bomig) o dhe tlota! f bud ton the
tozm ota bioceg is olled anJbesio
Richagany:h many 6)genual looea ofhe
plank Stamene ah
and caapDels obo locoor
do mo motuae ak the Some Hme.

beboxe dhe g4nbccium

uohen dhe anthes
Prokn.
any plonis of <angiagpem
css fpe/linodey Cnly bacouse ot
PrtanolDo usconn
codto
 Page:
Date: /6 /s/23

ynoecium matutes
befos he amgoee'um

{Banyan pcepal A Stolochia,

mos ot he plonts c caucitege
and Ro SaCeac bomi

hentheg and shima of ha som

blooer So Saf polliotiBn can mot ocu
Pollen grai,oom the athes are
Deach dhe Shgoa of the same Hower
possib)e.
jiGlosisa, Cala bnpis
v> Hete SAyly
here s it te tence in beteen. dhe Jepgth e
he bloont of stamensmd lengh ofsyle in
ktowes f Sona plont.
Shor syle, ond n someV he elane
beazs long' syle ond Shoz ate meng
> Dye to dhi gason, golbpollnahonis nod
pessible n Ghese plan ts
Ptmula, imum, ly.
Iy
) Sert Tnecnpatbty
Selt genity
 Paçe
cte :/6/s/23

ffopm he gome slowwe or oJheg

blouoeaOs lhe Some plont
fn festhlizing ghe ouuleg
by inhibiinfpollen
4egminatonox
polen tube eLOshin the
Pist)

eatuse cOhich. AS con aled by geme

Salonceae omd ioc sae,
Eg App le; PetUnia, 2alvo, hea, pai
gaapes To khoo

*Agents of pollination- Paat 2

Agnts ak Rollinadiex
By /imals
oUSed by gmall used by majesity
fpocpostien ot plants
By oind By wakeg By animaeoophiy
CAne mophily) CHhabephily) "By insect (Ent mophily,
"By big ds (Dani~haphi ly)
Byantsand fezmites
Cmyzmeco phily
Smail (Malapph
-

- By naiKe (ophinp
apolen
pollen bosne ais- tap Esily to
ky
Ashe
acilagenous ancl brshy
Stomeni
can hey JhatLnam-SHcky yanol
be
ollnar abiodic
comMOn moe is w2)m by
btowerGNEmophilos
QneMphily
nd Caled kis then wind he
onotbeglolwB
through the kowes
do one
fBom begd fsns goaig
arewhenthaysellem
poll'atian available
so
nnmt dhe cmpaNed
to when
uce ppcl
qsaine, ollen loss
o
boa
dhiCmpengak 0
cDd crncestoin
ties Dolliahon
omingDollegIns
the oith condact n
Sthga
 Foçe
Dote

he tasSels are Jhe sdyna and styla tebek cause

In Jhe tomd to toap pollen qtains
haee o gi
oVule m Each
packead nto obforesente.
AmAmemophilolg bloweg are gMeAlly

pollen qaan tObich s calle Sulphu Shose

> Maxinmum loss ot pollen q3alns fokes place ony
tn dhis dype ot poinatie
>eZA s cemplefely

Bambo CoCOnUt Cennabisi rasses,

oe ms, paayo , mullbeny
* Ayotophily.
whem dhe polli'neh'on is b'g obouk b4
by
9ol/rahbn
blant mds lioik to about Bo geneza,
Mosly monscoty ledons.
fhe aale gomA amOng the 6eeapank Joeup
leg Algac , Byephyles,
Byaphyles, Peojsoáyie)
dhe domspoa f male gamekes omd ferdiligotn
 Page

Dat /6/s/23

Wale
Small
Fragnance
SHgma tong and ssity
IycmpAily ais ot toa dypes.'
pihydophily
Guebem the
n) Hyplhycophiy
'ncdi'er takes plaCe o
Sussece. of ez then jis callec
epihydvephiy
Eg- Vallisnei (Eseh e) and
Ruppia
’ lalisneio s o lioeciois plont and 6o0egf
eniseLul
’ Due to buosing in inodensence ob mmale
plamtj klosg ane de tachet boon mnetheg
yolant ond pach dhe jeg Sus face.
onys
Colled bt ot gmotuy deto
due do cncoling
Shey
do he temole bosea, cn theg burstt en
> Alacthies oalliSneso teka place
nde he atea Enceppollater
kepobydaephilya
chon the pollh'nahon fa kes place tnse
the a fer then i alledypohydsphi
Exmple Cegadophy um, Noje, Zas eo
 I6s/23
>n hy po hy rphi ly, fomole blowes Dem8
submesgeg in te She pollen qoains
Neleaseo nsco dhe Osleg.

long z'bbon ke
tosledhe coker
> Zosteso has onges t pollen goin
’ Some ob po llens erch dho sdigma S oghiee
Pollinchen.
mo of he walez -ppli'no k Speces pollen
gmucilaginoug coleamg
hycoaphytes

et a9Vad1'a plon*, dhe blooss

pollne leo
moSA ohe loncd plon7
* Bicdicl Zoophily
when dhe pollina hen iS brought cbous
animals then is calea Loephily.
plonke
Spei
anmal.
hcaly adaped tox a pABhicula Species of
hencaay in Boophileus pbns, doues are
Enkaaphilyhe pollinad 'en shich ta ke Place ik
he Helo of tinsect io konoD as Bn fornspbily
 |POgo:
Dat9

most polinolien
Heeybes -
polli'naje by molha.hy L
ate higlhly seenkd Hheis lo oea ee
Jeneaay uskite coteused
fentomophilous plants aren O0nomentank
O namiental plants ufilizo fheix mabimum.
in he pollinaien and oeslop oterent ty
of acdaptaken buo attaac Hen af inseeds
Ex lemon Coaiandes, Onion lo bia, Apple,
Peaz Suntooe (Asteao ceae tomily) ang
lobiatae fam ily
Ccumbez colton,To bacco and B3assica
Chasackasistics hsatutes Losec pollinaled floueL
loaqe, colouz tul tsagaan
henthe tlocDEg are Smal o nombe obo wes
De Clustesa tonto an inblogescence to moke
dhen onspicuout
Ani2as ane atfsacked to booeas by colowa
and Jor fiagaanceiic
Jhe btoOeA polina lecl by lie wnd beetles
Sccoete boul oos do toact hese oniml
he pollen qains ot tnseCt pelinakd btocoest
become
ElynapSeanisno
>fumel Shapd booea has VKSCOLU8 maoial obi
has Do Men mmeat ike gne.
toa pped like i
Ais tolochia "Ely doap mechanisy is
found tor pollimaton:
 l6/s/25
his
Sm
> he leteg mecho nism is aso co led teusn pjpa meehoi
> She leseg nech'sm og dim pipe mechanis mn
plon tor
pollinaHen
>Jha bloweas ef sallsa ha lla bila biake codola.
he conncctile gtanern is long
>ghe amieoiss anther lobe is beafis ckile
pasteais lebe is Stesiles

Hhe steile loba, ho keshile lobe of onbey

bngs doion to douch dhe back ef in 3ect ond
hcsdeposidiny ho pole goaina on the kact
’ Lhen dhe nseck
touch the back ot insect onol dhus deposling dhe
pollen goeuin en Jha sligm ofbloosa

Hypondhoclium dype of jset Hozescence

CsyahbioSIs)
"poctayay in bouod tin spocie of bics.
Poeude- CORylahsn
Dac hid phayg (ophiys Soeculam) ooe
ShouD aiVessily ob Gtodal pgttens, obith hre
EvolVe to attbaat gb poll'ntor jnse
bees and bummble bee) mdEn sHE
 Poge:

Dato:l6/23

quscsankel pollnalien by t
Cohiadophaya lophrya oerwlem toseg3
pollinaked by bumble beet
faseuclo- coßulstion
ike benale beo (mioicay
he polnaHen is bonugA about by casON
bties entomophily) andaispegs otsle
occuss by elephamt LZoochory)
Be baigh and coloudccl
* Flozal ecas's - To sustein animal s
DsOO8de to he cmimele

yuçoaplon cleelops &ymbjohc Telodionship

neth Legekjula)
badk clepenls
Jhe polingdn y utce tees place
pp
biy porbbe bemaly mmoth
jnhe

Gnhe moh
ashe foot deelopin