niy

Engineer

Mechanical

252/Fundamentals
of

6.5. HYDRAULIC PUMPS

ages might
be m e a s u r e d terms of de
the

diutilitysplyeacement
oprment
progress
through
either by man or mal to the
anim posit
and technical
Man's
economic

pumping
devices
operated
Typical
progress
in the dev velopment of pum is
re, trarisport.and many othe
from the
primitive
he
fashions today.
agriculture,
foun
and dynamic
municipal
pumps
water
works, power
plants,

; the differer
differe
serviicesce
in
and industries

Apump
has been
defined

nearly
differently by
equivalent.
different
investigators;

the expense of power

expense of power i
definitions are,
similar and at the
however,
all transfers liquids
raises or various liquids
a
devicewhich deliver and move

to elevate, tor or an engine into

machine designed
moto,
a
the mechanical
energy
of a
(H-E potential and
a unit that

kinetic energy of a
transfers

liquid.
require that energy
hdsanli
RMna,
must be expended and as
. hey belong
the pumps s i n c e the temperature

enables gradients
By their action, m a c h i n e s . Further,

of power absorbing The expended energy the are

to the category machines.
geodetic elevation., tto
eleuaumppump
non-thermal
are the rise through a geodetic
minimal, pumps resistance and
make the fluid
overcome the hydraulic
SELECTION CRITERION
CLASSIFICATION AND
6.6. PUMP be placed in one of
of operation, pumps may ne two
According to design and principal
generalcategories
and
(a) dynamic pumps,
(6) positive displacement pumpssubdivided as depicted below
These two categories are further
Pumps

Positive pressure pumps

Dynamic pressure pumps

Propeller Jet Reciprocating Rotary

Centrifugal Turbine
Gear
Piston Diaphragm Lobe
plunger Vane
Dynend u.Wo A wnlt d na Screw
Kini adian
blw pl Sta lades Rotary plunger
a ontn
Essential data for thëselectión Voleneincludes
f a pump kael g l e shspes9An
pressure and capacity of the liquid being handled
properties such as viscosity, temperature, corrosiveness and grittiness etc., of the iOW
liquid
initial and maintenance cost
pump duty, 1.e., whether the pump is to transfer the liquid or to meter it also
availability of space, size and position of locating the pump
speed of rotation and power required the
at
standardisation
site
with respect to the types and makes of pumps already avaailable
scale up problems.
Each pump has its own
operating characteristics that limit its practical apP
 centrifus
a small
fugal pump, sm change in pressure differential causes a
exanple.
in itive displacement pump, on the other hand, delivers an relatively large
a poS

fluctuations. Thus if finite pressure differencesalmost

A

dless of ressure
ple tiow.
constant
in pr
are known to
h

uant
a n g e

nlication, then the demand of a constant supply of liquid would be met

a n t i t yr e g a r d i

icular applic
particu.
disp cement type of pump. Likewise a
narticular pump application it is necessarycentrifugal pump would be the
a positive
in
a
byinstall
enit

alling a to maintain a
i ti n constant head/
eains despite fluctuations in capacity/discharge.
ch0Ice
mains
bvious
the
the
s have
pressureo
onn
Centrifugal
e pumps havehigh output and high efficiency. Their simple design and convenient
their wide spread use. In general, it is always
in the
in
h
operation. a s
centrifugal p u m p u n l e s s
resulted

advantageous to go for
of the liquid is greater than 1000 centipoise
viscosity
and high heads are in e demand
mand
capacity
low
() volume of dissolved gases is greater than 5%
dter
field aof high pressure and moderate
est in the field
percentage

(i) a r e best
pumps
Reciprocating capacity pumping
Necritive
Rotary displacement
positive displa pumps are employed in oil conduits, hydraulic devices e

G.7. P U M P A P P L I C A T I O N S

pump
adds to the pressure, existing liquid, and increment sufficient to do the required
on a
A
rvice. his service may be increasing the pressure, imparting kinetic energy, lifting and
circulating, exhaust sting or extracting liquids etc. Some notable applications of pump installation
fields of:
arein the
agriculture
-
and irrigation works
- municipal water works and drainage system (sewrage disposal)
- fire protection systems
-
condensing water, condensate, boiler feed, sump drain and such other services in a

steam power plant

- hydraulic control systems
- circulation of water in compressor and diesel engine cooling systems
oil pumping
transfer of raw materials, materials in manufacture and
the finished products in industry.
-Casing
6.8. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Lentrifugal pumps belong to the category of dynamic pressure Main
shaft
head
pumps wherein the pumping of liquids or generation ofwheels
arfected by rotary motion of one or more rotating Inlet - -
called the impellers.
ACentrifugal pump consists essentially of the following
elements:
rotor
Rotating element consisting of shaft and a vaned - Impeller

caued impeller. The vanes are curved, cylindrical or nave n

lex surfaces. The unit has a finite number of vanesy tne
umber
Tec is selected to assure motion of the liquid in the desired
direction and aries with diameter of the impeller eye and the
radial d
anddepth
between of
of
twelve. the vanes. The number usually ranges
Elements
six and
six Fig. 6.11.
centrifugal pumps
The impeller is unted on a shaft coupled to the driving
 2 5 4 / / F u n d a m e n t a l s o f ViE

combustion engine
Dscharge.level************* w***mA

internal
be an interaction
unit which may of force
o r an
electric
motor. By virtue the mechanical Deltank
ivery
and the liquid,
between the vanes
transtormed into the energy
is
energy
of the driver
Delivery
of flow.
elemnent consisting
of casing, gauge -Delivery valve
ii) Stationary
The casing is a n airtight
Delivery pipee
box and bearings. it Suction
stuffing the pump impeller;
chamber surrounding
flange B
leads it
collects liquid
from the impeller and Shaft
pressure to
the delivery side.
away high
under
needed to
-Impeller
Packings, labyrinths
and glands are
Casing
leakage, both internal and
reduce the shaft
external. Suction
Suction pipe
valve: Suction level
(iii) Suction pipe, strainer and foot
the impeller to
pipe connects the centre (eye) of lifted.
Foot valve
the sump from which the liquid is to be
is no Strainer
The pipe is laid airtight so that there Sump
possibility of formation of air pockets.
Suction pipe is provided with a strainer Fig. 6.12. Typical installation of a centrifugal pump

at its lower end so as to prevent the entry of

if carried into the pump
solid particles, debries etc. into the pump. These foreign materials,
valve located above the
would adversely affect its performance. The foot valve is a one--way
strainer into the suction pipe. It serves to fill the pump with liquid before
it is started, and

prevents back flow when the pump is stopped.

(iv) Delivery pipe and delivery valve: Delivery pipe leads the liquid from the pump outlet to
the point of use. A regulating valve provided just near the pump outlet serves to control the
flow of liquid into the delivery pipe.

Working
The pump is initially primed wherein the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery
pipe upto the delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid to be pumped. Rapid motion
imparted to impeller then builds up centrifugal force which throws the liquid towards the
impeller periphery. This causes pressure gradient in the suction pipe, ie. a partial vacuum
exists at the impeller eye while the liquid in the sump is at
atmospheric pressure. Consequently
liquid from the sump is sucked in towards the impeller eye. When the liquid passes through
the impeller, it receives energy and that results in the
growth of both pressure and velocity.
The casing collects the liquid from the impeller and
guides it to the delivery pipe. Since the
casing increases in cross-sectional area towards the delivery, kinetic head represented by the
high discharge velocity is partially transferred into pressure head before the liquid leaves the
pump. The process is continuous as long as motion is given to the
of impeller and there is supply
liquid to draw
upon.
 DELIVERY
PIPE

DELIVERY
VALVE
CASINGS
IMPELLER
ha

EYE OF
PUMP

hs

SUCTION
PIPE

SUMP

FOOTVALVE
AND STRAINER

Fig. 19.1 Main parts of a centrifugal pump.

 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
6.9. CLASSIFICATION OF
Based on their utility, design and constructional features, centrifugal pumps can be clasified
with respect to the following characteristics

Shape and Type of Casing

Liquid leaving the impeller has an appreciable high velocity. This necessitates some
arrangement to bring about the desired conversion of kinetic energy to pressure before
energy
 iydrauliC Machines /|
liquidreaches t h ees the discharge end of the 25
pump. This Delivery
has to
be accomplish with minimum ener
n
task is accomplishe by providing a casing A
oss he pump impeller.
a r o u n dt h e

general, thereare three casing arrangements, Vanes

pump
is amed
name after the casing arrangement
the
and
ho or spiral casing wherein cros-section
i t u s e s

af the moving stream gradually increases from

the tongue towards the discharge pipe. This
crease in area sults in a gradual decrease in
velocity with corresponding increase in the
pressure. Most of the single stage pumps are Tongue
huilt with volute casings. However, the volute
casing has greater eddy losses and hence lower
overall efficiency.
Vortex or whirlpool chamber wherein an annular Impeller
Impell -Eye
Volute casing
space is provided between the volute and
impeller. This arrangement arrests the formation Fig. 6.13. Pump with volute casing
of eddies and gives an improved performance.
Volute casing with guide blades wherein fixed guide blades are provided around the impeller
periphery. When the liquid flows through diverging passages formed between the guide
vanes, conversion of dynamic into static head occurs. Liquid leaving the vanes is then
collected in a volute chamber where further diffusion occurs before the liquid is discharged
to the delivery pipe. Pumps fitted with guide vanes are called "diffuser pumps" or
"turbine pumps" as distinct from "volute pumps. Diffuser type casing is adopted when
the pump inmpellers are to be connected in series, ie, in multistage deep well pumps.
Machines blades have rather maximum efficiency, but are less
with diffuser satisfactory
when a wide range of operating conditions is required. This may be attributed to the
losses caused by the change of blade incidence angle with flow rate.
Delivery
Vortex or
whirlpool
chamber Delivery
Stationary diffuser
Impeller
Guide
blades

AITIIII Vane

-Casing Rotating LCasing

impeller
Suction
Fig. 6.15. Pump with guide
vanes
Fig. 6.14. Pump with vortex chamber
 With respect mechanical construction of casing, we have
to
(i) Integral casing pumps: pumps equiPped with a casing made in a
(i) Horizontally split casing pumps: pumps single piec
centre line,
equipped with a casing split on ece, thee horizontal
(ii) Vertically split casing pumps: pumps equipped with
centre line,
a
casing split
plit on the
(iv) Diagonally split casing pumps: pumps
vertical
equipped with a casing split diagonall
() Segmented casing pumps: pumps equipped with a
These may either be of the band casing made up of y
type for multi purpose pumps or of the segmer
bowl
turbine pumps. tynotfor
Closed, Semi-closed and Open Impellers
In the closedor shrouded
impellers the vanes are covered with shrouds
both sides. The back shroud is
mounted into the shaft and the front shroud is (sideplates on
former by the vanes. The
arrangement provides a smooth passage for the liquid;coupled to the
the
reduced to minimum. This ensures full capacity wear is
s
running period. This operation with high etficiency for a
prolonged
type is however meant to pump only clear
liquids may be ordinary water, hot water and acids. liquids of low viscosity
Plate on
one side Both sides
shrouded

O Vane

Vane
i) Open (i) Semi-open (i) Enclosed
Fig. 6.16. Closed, semi-closed and open impellers
The semi-open impeller has a plate (shroud) only on the back side. The
problems which require a rugged pump to handle design
to industrial pump is adapted
fibrous material such
paper pulp, sugar molasses, and sewage water etc.
as liquids containing
In an
openimpeller, no shroud or plate is provided on either side. That is the vanes are
open on both sides. Such pumps are used where
the pump has a very rough
1.e., to handle abrasive liquids such as a duty to perrorm
mixture of water sand, pebbles and
these foreign materials is liable
to clog between the
clay. Presence
closed or semi-closed type impeller and stationary side plates or a
impeller.
Axial, Radial and Mixed Flow Impellers
In the axial flow
pumps, the head is developed by the propelling or lift action of the
on the liquid which enters the vane>
the generation of lift
impeller axially and discharges axially. The action is similar
t
by the wings of aeroplane. Axial flow pumps have a very large
and are best suited for discita
irrigation purposes.
 In
radial flowimpellers, the head
d e v e l o p e d
by the action of - Impeller
is
c e n t r i f u g a l
force upon the liquid
which
enters
the impeller.axially at
Impeller
centre
and flowsradially to the
the
Flow through a mixed
periphery.

is a combination of
flow i m p e l l e r

radial flows. The head is

xial and
the action of
developed partly by
centrifugal
force and partly by axial

propulsion as a result of which the (c) Mixed flow

(a) Radial
fluid entering the impeller axially (b) Axial flow
is discharged in a n
at the centre Fig. 6.17. Axial, radial and mixed flow impellers
angular direction. Mixed flow
impellers resemble the shape of screw and are sometimes called screw impellers. Centrirga
flow impellers are best suited for irrigation purposes where large quantities
pumps with mixed
of water at low head are required.

Shape and Number of Vanes

finite number of v a n e s ; usually from 6 to 12. These
Impeller of a centrifugal pump has a

vanes may he curved, cylindrical or of more complex surfaces.

Working Head and Number of Stages

head (upto to 15
Based upon the range of working head, centrifugal pumps a r e called low
head built up
m), medium head (15 m to 40 m) and high head (over 40 m) pumps. Maximum
of water. Greater heads a r e achieved
by single a
a stage centrifugal pump seldom exceeds 40 m the number oof
by having pumps with several stages;
the number of stages is by indicated

impellers in series. In a multistage pump,

the liquid discharging from o n e impeller and its
there by increasing the head.
volute enters the eye of the succeeding impeller, and so forth,
the of the heads built-up by each
The total head added by a multistage pump equals s u m

impeller.
 20.1 1NTRODUCTION
machines which convert the mecho
have defined the pumps as the hydraulic chanical
In the last chapter, we
which is mainly in the form of pressure
energy. hanical
the mechanical enero
energy is
energy into hydraulic energy p is knar
on the iquid, the pump
bymeans of centrifugal
force acting known as
converted into hydraulic energy, pressure energv)
mechanical is converted into nyarauinC cnerey Or by
centrifugal pump. But if the energy backwards and forwards . wh
is reciprocating (moVing hich
Sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which a piston (pressure energy), Ihe pump is knownn as
exerts the thrust on the liquid and increases its hydraulic
energy

reciprocating pump.
PUMP
20.2 MAIN PARTS OF ARECIPROCATING
shown in Fig. 20.1:
ne rollowing are the main parts of a reciprocating pump as
DELIVERY PIPE

DELIVERY VALVE

ha CYLINDER CRANK
CONNECTING B / (r)
PISTON ROD

PISTON ROD
SUCTION VALVE
SUCTION PIPE -L=2rH
SUMP LEVEL

Fig. 20.1 Main parts of a reciprocating pump.

1. A cylinder with a piston, piston rod, connecting rod and a crank.

2. Suction pipe, 3. Delivery pipe,
4. Suction valve, and 5. Delivery valve.

20.3 WORKING OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP

Fig. 20.1 shows a single acting reciprocating pump, which consists of a piston which moves forwards and nd

backwards in a close fitting cylinder. The movement of the

piston is obtained by connecting the piston rou
crank by means of a connecting rod. The crank is rotated
by means of an electric motor. Suction and deliveiy
pipes with suction valve and delivery valve are connected to the cylinder. The suction and delivery valves aare

Q56
one way valves or non-return valves, which allow the water to flow in one
water from suction pipe to. the cylinder which delivery valve allows waterdiic
from cylinder to delivery pipe only.
When crank starts
rotating, the piston moves to and fro in the cylinder. When crank
is at A., the piston is at
the extreme left pOSition in the 0°
cylinder, As the crank is rotating from A to C, (i.e., from * to 6
= 180°), the
rtial
pis ngowards right in the cylinder. The movement of the piston towards right creates a
vacu ne cyhnder. But on the surface of the liquid in the sumpatmospheric pressure is acting,which is
O pressure inside the cylinder. Thus, the
liquid opens the suction valve and enters the liquid is forced in the suction pipe from the sump.
This

when
cylinder.
crank is rotating from C to A (i.e., from = 180° to 6 = 360°), the piston from its extreme rignt post
starts moVing towards left in the
cylinder. The movement of the piston towards left increases the pressurc o t i
liquid inside the cylinder more than atmospheric pressure. Hence suction valve closes and
The liquid is forced into the
delivery vaive opens
delivery pipe and is raised to a required height.
20.5 CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS
The reciprocating pumps may be ciassified as :
. According to the being
water in contact with one side or both sides of the piston. and
2 According io the number ofcylinders provided.
in contact with one side ofthe piston, the pump is known as
ihe water is single-acting. On the other hand,
il the
water isin contact
with both sides of the piston, the pump iscalled double-acting.Hence. classification
Ccordng to the contact of water is :
(i) Single-acting pump, and (ii) Double-acting pump.
According to the number of cylinder provided, the pumps are classified as:
(i) Single cylinder pump. (ii) Double cylinder pump, and
iii) Triple cylinder pump.