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Sotsgorod
The Problem of Building Socialist Cities

© 1975 MIT

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 64
THE PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING 18
If we examine a properly planned
large-scale, steam-operated electric power
station, we see the following picture: di-
rectly next to the transportation lines are lo-
cated the reserve fuel dumps; next in line
are the boiler installations, supplied with
fuel by elevators, conveyors, etc.; beyond
this line of boilers are the machines which
transform the steam into mechanical en-
ergy; behind these steam engines are
placed the dynamos which produce electric
energy; further along are the distribution
switchboards, beyond them the trans-
former— and still further, the transmission
lines.
By laying out the installation this way,
we keep machines of one type in clear-cut
lines, thereby greatly shortening all the
ONLY THE UNIFICATION OF THE CITY AN D COUNTRY INTO ONE WHOLE CAN HALT PRESENT-DAY POISONING OF THE AIR, WATER, A N D SOIL.
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IN BIG CITIES, PEOPLE SUFFOCATE, AS ENGELS PUTS IT, IN
THEIR O W N EXCREMENT. 19 LENIN
transmission and distribution lines for fuel,
steam, and energy. Moreover, the system
allows for general servicing of analogous
installations— by appropriate crews— and
of their subsidiary elements such as ap-
proach routes, conveyors, air filters, steam-
pipe lines, valves, etc. Finally, thanks to this
same system, the expansion of the station is
facilitated by means of a corresponding
parallel construction of entire aggregates
as parts of the whole system.
If such a station were to be built in hel-
ter-skelter fashion, that is, according to no
system at all, then one can easily imagine
what chaos would ensue, with increases in
the price of equipment, in maintenance, etc.
It is precisely this chaos, multiplied
thousands of times, that we have in contem-
porary cities. Here we find industry and res-
idential areas located side by side; beyond
them, new apartment houses; further on a
hospital, another factory; then, somewhere
else, a transportation line, more residences,
administrative institutions, and so on and so
forth. This chaotic condition complicates in-
terurban transportation and increases the
cost of communication routes; it complicates
the layout of sewer systems and water
supplies, dirties the city, poisons the air and
the earth. The increased rates of illness and
death in the large modern city, the huge
and wasteful expense on interurban trans-
portation of freight and passengers, the
high cost of communal services, etc.— all
this forces the issue of a radical change in
the principles of city planning.
We are led to the same conclusion by
even the most cursory acquaintance with to-
day’s method of planning towns and popu-
lation aggregates as a combination of pri-
vate dwellings and apartment blocks. We
must eradicate this system, since it grew out
of private ownership of the land— which we
have done away with— since it requires an
utterly wasteful surveying of each plot, and
finally, since it also splits the economy and
the territory of the various parts of the set-
tlement, which exceedingly complicates any
general solutions.
W e must approach each site as a
unified w hole in which the basic elem ents
are as rationally and expediently distrib-
uted as possible; these include industrial
and agricultural production, transporta-
tion, power, administration, general liv-
ing conditions, upbringing of children,
and education.
Therefore, in the projecting of new set-
tlements or the replanning of existing ones
(including their individual parts), the fol-
lowing major objectives must be uncondi-
tionally guaranteed:
1. It is absolutely necessary that pro-
ductive units be rationally united with one
another and with major transportation
routes. In addition it will be absolutely nec-
essary to consider the most economical flow
(the shortest, and where possible, most di-
rect lines •) in the organization of the proc-
esses of production for the entire combine
and also in the linkage of the units of pro-
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