JUNIOR INTER ZOOLOGY MADE EASY BABY SPECIALLY MADE FOR YOU NEWLY ADDED FEATURE SUPER SCORING PAGES [ SSP] Most Imporant & ‘Super Scoring Pages' are enmarked with & & & SSP * * * | on the Top Header of the Respective Pages. Must & Should, ‘Compulsory Practice Models' are in SSP SRI PUBLISHERS MACHILIPATNAM Email: bulletbabystar@gmail.com Facebook: Bullet Baby Star Youtube Channel: Bullet @IPE BLUE PRINT o- JR ZOOLOGY UNIT (Total Marks) VSAQ(2m) |SAQ(am) |LAG(8m) | Total | Marks: | DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD (6) aa STRUCTURALORGANISATION (10) | |. | ANIMAL DIVERSITY-1 (6) /. | ANIMAL DIVERSITY-1 (6) | LOCOMOTION & REPRODUCTION(8) | vil - poe | Wil ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT (14) é le | ‘IPE Weightage 40x2=20 6x4=24 | 2x8=16 "The Blue print is prepared according to the ‘Model Question Paper' issued by BLE. © Please, note that, at times, the public question paper gets slight deviation from the above given Blue Print. IPE TRENDS FROM BULLET BAB IK AP MAY-22 TS MAY-22 | AP MAR-20 | TS MAR-20 + twa [3516 Marks | 4 16marks | 3316 Marks 2 16 Marks > 24 Marks | 13->24Marks| 6» 24 Marks | 6+ 24 Marks VSAQ | 10-+20Marks | 13->20Marks| 8 16Marks | 9-> 18 Marks 60 Marks 60 Marks | 56 Marks | 58 MarksI. LAQ CHAPTERS |e. PERIPLANETAAMERICANA (8 Marks) }s. | ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT (8 Marks) ll. SAQ CHAPTERS © _DIVERSITYOFLIVING WORLD ——_(4Marks) |_STRUCTURALORGANISATION (4 Marks) (4 Marks) LOCOMGTION@REPRODUCTION (4 Marks) [BIOLOGY INHUMAN WELFARE (4 Marks) PERIPLANETAAMERICANA (Marks) ECOLOGY ANDENVIRONMENT (4 Marks) aa a lll. VSAQ CHAPTERS ~ 12, . DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD: (Marks) | 18. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION (2422 Marks) | peel Ee farks) (2 Marks) A 16. | LOCOMOTION &REPRODUCTION (242 Marks) 17, | BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE (2Marks) 18, | ECOLOGY ANDENVIRONMENT — (2Marks) Loeb (IV. STAR QUESTIONS PLUS | Me "BULLET. MODEL PAPER | VI._5 MODEL GUESS PAPERS [vu 5 STEP REVISION PROGRAM “The Chapters are Renumbered as per VSAQ, SAQ, LA division.LAQ 4. | Lag 2. LAQ 3. LAQ & LAQ 5. LAQ 6. LAQ 7, LAQ & LAQ 9. LAQ 10, Lag i. BABY BULLET-@ tS ‘++ BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE[ 8 MARKS] + Expl the structure and life cycle of Entamecba histolytica with the help of neat labelled diagrams, Describe the life eyele of Plasmodium vivax in man. Deseribe the life eycle of Plasmodium vivax in mosquito. Describe the structure and life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides with the help of a neat labelled diagram. te PERIPLANETA AMERICANA [ 8 MARKS]* +4 Describe the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a neat labelled diagram. Describe the blood circulatory system of Periplaneta in detail and draw a neat and labelled diagram of it Describe the respiratory system of cockroach with the help of neat and labelled diagrams, juni GY AND ENVIRONMENT [ 8 MARKS]+*, Describe lake as an ecosystem by giving examples for the various zones and the biotic components init Describe different types of food chains that exist in an ecosystem. Give an account of flow of energy in an ecosystem. List out the major air pollutants and describe their effects ‘on human beings. Ans-Page Index far P 10(1)) ler P 122)] [oP 14) leP 16(4)| loP 19(6)) fo P 210) Lo P 23(8) | faeP 25(9) | Ta P26(10) | Lo-P27(11) | fa P28(12) |BABY BULLET.Q & JRZOOLOGY 6 Ans-Page ex x DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLDI 4 MARKS] «++ SAQI. Define species. Explain the various aspects of species [oP 3013) SAQ2. What is the ‘evil quartet? Jers SAQ53. _Explin'Rivet Popper hypothesis je P 108) SAQ4. What are the reasons for greater biodiversity inthe topies? [=P 3106)| 44+ STRUCTURAL ORGANZATION[ 4 MARKS] +** SAQS. Explain Haversian system, [a P 32(18)| SAQ6. Describe the structure of. skeletal musele [=P 32019) AQT. Describe the thee types of cartilage. | [orP 33220)] SAQS. Describe he stmerue of cardise mule fe? 3320] ee ANIMAL DIVERSITY-I[ 4 MARKS] *** SAQ9. Write short notes on the salient features of the athozoans. | (oP 3824] SAQ 10, What ate the salient features exhibited by polychaetes? [a P 3525) | SAQ Hl. What are the chief characters ofthe erstaceans? (oP 3820) SAQ 12. Mention the salient features of Holothuroidea, | [oP 3628] ++ ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II[ 4 MARKS] ** | SAQU3, ‘Name the four hellmarks' of chordstes and explain the principal funtion. [oP 3700)) SAQ id. Compare and contrast cartilaginous and bony fishes. [oP 3731)} SAQ 15. What ae the modifications that are cbserved in beds hathelp them in Bight? | jor P 38(32)] SAQ IS. What are the features peculiar ta ratitebirds? Give nwo examples ofraite binds. | [ar P 65(182)] +++ LOCOMOTION & REPRODUCTION [ 4 MARKS] x * SAQ17. Deseribe the process of transverse hinary fission in Parameciu. [oP 4037] SAQIR. Deseribe the process of longitudinal inary fission in Euglens feP 40(38)] SAQ 19. What are lateral appendages? Based on their presence and absence, [oP 41(39)] “write the various types of flagella giving atleast one example for cash pe $AQ20. Give an account of pseudopedia [xP 41440) *** BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE [ 4 MARKS]«+* SAQ 21. What are the adverse effects of tobacco? [oP 43(43)) $4022, Why in adolescence is considered vulnerable phase? ie? 340) SAQ 23, ‘Prevention is better than cure’ Justify with regard fo TDA abuse, far P 43448) | 33% PERIPLANETA AMERICANA 4 MARKS] *** SAQ 24. Drawaneat labelled diagram of the mouthpans of cockroach, [oP 45130) | SAQ25. Draw aneat labeled diagram of the salivary appatanus of cockroach. iP 45051)| SAQ26. Draw aneat labelled diagram of ommatidium. lo? 45(52)| +** ECOLOGY & IONMENT [ 4 MARKS}+* * SAQ27.. Describe Green House Bic [oP 464539) SAQ 28. Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be lar P 46(S4)j* BABY BULLET- VSAQ I VSAQ2. VSAQ3. VSAQs. VSAQs. VSAQ6. VsaQ7. VSAQS. vs) Vs. vs vs. AQ’. AQ 10. AQT. AQ 12, VSAQ 13, YSAQ 14, vs) AQ 1S. VSAQ 16, VSAQ IT, VSAQ 18, VsaQis. VSAQ20. VSAQ2i. vs vs) vs) vs. Si AQ22. AQ 23. 3AQ 24. AQ 25, AQ 26, TOP 50° VSAQ = JAZOOLOGY* (VSAQ HIT List) Ans-Page *** DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD [ 2 MARKS] + + What does ICZN stand for? ‘What is biogenesis? ‘What i trinomial nomenclature? Give an example. ‘What is meant by tautonymy? Give two examples. Differentiate between Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Define species richness. ++ STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS[2 +2 +2 MARKS] #4 ‘What is cephalization? How is it useful to its possessors? Mention the animals that exhibited a tube-within-s-tube' organisation for the fist time? Name their body cavity ‘Why is the truc coclom considered a secondary body cavity? ‘What are retroperitoneal organs? ‘Whats Enterocoelom? Name the enteocoelomate phyla inthe animal kingdom? Distinguish berween endocrine and exoerine glands with examples. “Mention any two substances seereted by mast cells and thei funetons, ‘Distinguish between a ligament and a tendon ‘What isthe strongest cartilage? In which regions of the human body, do you find it? Define osteon. ‘What is @ Sesamoid bone? Give an example. ‘What are mieroglia and whats ther origin and add note on their function. ‘What isthe haematocrit value? *Cardiae muscle is highly resistantto fatigue", Justify. Distinguish between white matter and grey matter of CNS! + ANIMAL DIVERSITY-I[ 2 MARKS] #3 ‘What are the Functions of canal system of sponges? ‘What i motagenesis? Animals belonging o which phyhumexhibt metagenesis? Which arthropod, is called aliving fossil” Name its respiratory organs? ‘What isthe fimetion of radula? Give the name of the group of molluscs which do not possess a radula? lan? 496591 lor P 406001 far P 49(62)) leoP 49663)) for P 496891 IP 50166) [oP 5107391 for 51(74)] Lo-P 51075) Io P 51(76)} far 5177) Io 51(78)} [oP 51¢79)] fo P 5280] [oP 82080] lar P 52182) a P S2(83)] lar 52(84)| Jor P 52(85)1 lo-P 52(87)] lor P 52088) Jor? 30891 Jo P 5490)] [oP 5309491 Jor P 5309591 [ar P 53096) | Whats Aristotle's lantem? Give one example ofan animal possessing i?y — sesRZOOLOGY Vsaq2t. Vsaqza, vsag29. YSAQ30. VSAQ4t vsaqaa. VSAQ33. sass. VSAQ35. YSAQ26, YSAQ37, ¥SAQ38, ‘vsag39. Ysag0. vsagat VsAQa2, SAO 43, Vsaq4d. YSAQ SS. vsaqas. vsaqa7, VSAQ 48. Vsagas. YSAQ 50. YsAQst + ANIMAL DIVERSITY: [2 MARKS] #** | ‘Write four salient features ofeyelostomes. How do you distinguish in a male frog from a female fros? ‘Distinguish between milt and spawn. [Name two poisonous and non poisonous snakes found in South Tia, | ‘What are pneumatic bones? How do they help birds? [Name the three meninges. In which group of animals do you find all of them? 4 LOCOMOTION & REPRODUCTION [2+2 MARKS]*+! Draw a labelled diagram of TS of flagellum. Listany owo differences hetween a flagellum and cium, What is 2 kinety? Distinguish between proter and opisthe. Distinguish between lobopodtum and filopodium Give an example tocach of them. Define conjugation with reference to ciliates. Give two examples, | Why do we rete tothe offspring formed hy asexual method of reproduction, | aclone? j + BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELEARE[ 2 MARKS] ** | Define parasitism and justify this term. ‘What isa hyper-parasite? Mention the name of one hyjper-parasite, ‘What do you mean by parasitic castration? Give one example, ‘What is meant by noctumal periodicity with reference tothe life history of a nematode parasite you have studied? In which way does tobacco affect the respiration? Name the alkaloid found intobacco. From which substances ‘Smack’ and Coke’ are obtained? | a * ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT [ 2 MARKS]}+ +x ‘What are circadian thythuns? Mention the advantages of some UY rays to us. ‘What is cyclomorphosis? Explain its importance in Daphnia. Define commensalism, Give one example. What is meant by osmotrophic nutrition? rr BABY BULLET-O | torr sa(133)| | jor sian] for P 55(108}] teP 56115) [oP setts) | fork 560117) | toP $6(120)] tor P 60123) lerP 57024] Jor $70125)} JoP 570126) jer? 570128) jor SK129)] [oP 571139)] [oP 63076) [orP $8131] forP 58(132)] fe P 59(139)) farP $9(143)} (oP 66(150)) ler P 60152)] | fe P 600153)1 | for 60s] | te 610056) What is an ecosystem? Distinguish between lotic and lentic habitats. | jor ost | err 611858))wk JR.ZOOLOGY-LAG BABY BULLET-O%& f- = =) MOST FAVOURITE SECTION LAG SECTION-C —_—_—_—{ 1AQ CHAPTERS 16 MARKS _| | BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE "** 2. PERIPLANETAAMERICANA (8 Marks) ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT @ Easy Chapter Biology in Human Weare Imp © Thorough preparation of allthese LAQs helps to you cover SAQ & VSAQ as well © After finishing LAQ Section, revising VSAQ Section is a Good ideal hapler: Ecology & Environment HOW TO MAKE ZOOLOGY AS EASY AS BOTANY? Keep focus on Side Headings & Key words [ Bold «icv Font words inthis material] in LAQ Answers, some sub points may be skipped to save time. Rigorous practice of diagrams really saves time in the Exam Select the tess length answer questions’ to save time, Try to finish Zoology LAG Answers within 25 minutes. LAQs are three types: 41) LAQ without diagrams 2) LAQ with Single Page Answer 3) LAQ with Two Page Answer. So, be wise in selecting the right LAQ in IPE. per Scoring Pages | RR KSSPRE IW Page 10, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26,28 Total SS Pages: 10.~ - JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ BABY BULLET-O® *** 4 BIOLOGY & HUMAN WELFARE” ** 1. Explain the structure and life eycle of Entamoeba histolytica with the help of acat abetted diagrams. ITS M-19]] AP M-15,18) A: Entamoeha histolytica: Phylum Protozoa; Class- Rhisopodea Ttis a monogenetic histozoic parasite. It lives in the large intestine of man. It causes amoebic dysentery 1) Structure of E histolytica consisis of 3 slages. 1) Trophozoite stage: 5} In this stage, it lives in mucous and submucous layers of karge intestine of man, ii) Its body is surrounded by plasmalemma i) Is eytoplasm is differentiated into an outer, non-geanular eetoplasm and the inner , Endopiasin Pivosome | Food vacuole with bacterium granular endoplasm iv) Endoplasin containsribosomes, food v2 with bacteriu Nucleolus and food vacoules with Food vacuotal RBC, a cart wheel shaped nucleus prea ¥) It produces the proteolytic enzyme = +, Ectoplasm | sie Pe etai TROPHOZOITE STAGE yl called histoly sin(tissue digesting enzyme) vi)This is the most active, motile, fect and pathogenic stage. 2) Precystie stag 4) Wefounds inthe lumen of large intestine {i) Tt becomes small and owl at this stay yeogen granules i) Is cytoplasm consists of glycogen granules and cchromatoid bars. They act as reserve food iv) It isthe non-feeding, non-motile and non-pathogenic stage. 3) Cystic stage: 4) Tis round in shape i) It founds in the lumen of large intestine 4H) Formation ofa thin, delicate highly resistant eyst_ | ai wall takes place. | jv) The nucleus undergoes two mitotic divisions and — four nuclei are formed. Hence itis called tetra bar nucleate eyst. This isthe infective stage to man. | \) These eysts pass through faeces and wait untill = Glycogen they reich a heathy person weet’ |#JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ mo BABY BULLET-Q [Lite Cycle of histotytien: 1) E histolytica in trophosoite ste undergo binary fissions and produce a number of daughter centamoeba 2) “They feed upon the bacteria and hosts tissues, They grow in size and multiply by binary fissions, 3) Some of these, exter the lumen of the large intestine and transform into ‘precystic stage’ 4) tere, the precystic stage transforms into ‘eystic atage’ 5) There they inturn develop into tetranucleateeystsThis entire process is completed within a few hours. 6) These tetranueleate cysts come out along with the faecal matter. They can remain alive for about 10 days. 7) ‘These cysts then reach new host through contaminated food and water. 8) The eyst wall gets ruptured by extzyme trypsin inthe small intestine ofa new human host 9) ‘There it releases the tetranucteate amoebae. These are called metacysts 10)Flere, four nuclei of the metacysts undergo mitotic divisions and produce eight daughter nuclei bach nucleus gets a bit of eytoplasm and thus eight daughter entamoebae are produced. L1yPhey reach the wall of large intestine and become mature trophozoites causing amoebic dysentry 12)Fatra intestinal amoebiasis: Some times, the trophezoites reach te liver and cause abscesses! ry amoebiasis). From there they may go to lungs, heart, brain and kidneys. There they cauise abscesses in those parts leading fo severe pathological conditions. Prev sat ye rss ‘Comes out along ‘with tae mater of == extraintestinal ‘smoebiasis i oe ‘Tetranucteat \ “P| ° cc, | intestine and become oyetie stage ‘mature trophozs 5 iD) nineteen | Preeytesone ioe O O LIFE CYCLE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA2 A. BABY BULLET-O® _ Ak 7 JR.2OOLOGY-LAQ ar *}+— Peony LAG ___f SSP 12 * # #}— ae JAP MUI} ITS May 17) Deseribe the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax in aa _ protoroa; Clase -'Tetopores (Super Second "| ‘Plasmodium vivax’: Phylu It is the malarial parasite of man. Its digenetic intra cellular parasite that Hivex inthe liver cells and RIBC of man Life cycle of Plasmodium in man (Human phase) In man, plasmodium reproduees by asexual reproxducti¢n called schizogony- Itis of two types: (e Valarial Parasite O" | | (1) Hepatic schizogony(occurs in liver cells) 11) Erythrocytic schizogony (occurs in RBC) 5) Don't Leave this! & Don't 4 [vows mon tat | 1) Hepatic Sehizogony: It was discovered by Shortt ancl Carahian ‘When an infected mosquito bites @ healthy person, the sporozoites enter the blood of man. With in half an hour they reach liver cells. In liver cells, the parasites increase their number in two cycles. They are 1) Pre-erythrocytic and 2) Exo-erythrocytic cycles: 1)Pre-erythrocytic cycle: i) The sporozoites enter liver cells and transform into trophozoites. 4) They become round and grow in size and are called schizonts 4) The nucleus divides several times. Its followed by the cytoplasm divisions, producing 12,000 cnyptozoites (or first generation merozoites). iv) They enter the sinusoids of the liver by rupturing the cell membrane of the schizont and the liver els ¥) The duration of pre-erythrocytic cycle is # day's ‘4) The eryplozoites may enter into either fresh liver cells to continue exo-erythrocytic eycle oF they can enter into RBC to continue erythrocytic cyele. 2) Exa-erythrocytic eycle 3) The eryptozoites that enter liver cells undergo schizogony and produce two types of metacryptozoites within two days | 1 ti) Some are small called micro meta eryptozoites(male) i i) Others are large and called macro meta eryptozoites(female) | ‘The macro meta cryptozoites continue hepatic schizopony, | Prepatent periad (No clinical symptoms): |) The interval between the frst entry of plasmodium (sporozoites) into blood and the second entry of plasmodium (cryptozoite) is called prepatent period ii) Noclinical symptoms are observed, ii) It takes generally 8 days.a ‘IR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ BABY BULLET-O 1p Erythrocytic sebleagany 1) Gol eyeles Tt was deseribed by Gil i) The eryptoroites or micro meta etyptozoites enter into the fresh RBC. fi) They transform into trophozoi ai) A small vacuole appears in trophozoite, iv) Teenlarges by pushing the cytoplasm and nucleus to one side, ¥) The parasite looks like a ring and hence its ealledsiznot ring stage. Vi) Here the vacuole disappears, Pseudopodi develop and the parasite changes to amoeboid stage. vii) Atthis stage parasite exhibits hypertrophy condition (RBC grows almost double the size). viii) It feeds on globin part of haemoglobin and grows in size. ix) Ieeonverts the soluble haem into insoluble haemozoin called malaria pigment. x) Small red colour dots appear in the eytoplasm of RBC called Schullner’s dots Xi) It becomes a round schizont xi It undergoes schizogony and produces 12 to 24 erythrocytic merozoites. xiii) Finally the erythrocyte bursts and releases merozoites and haemozoin into the blood. xiv) The release of haemozoin causes chill, fever x0) They attack fresh RBC and continue the erythrocytic eyele. xvi) The duration of erythrocytic cycle is 48 hours xr [mcubatian periad: The period between the entry of plasmodium (sporozoite) and the First appearance of symptoms of Malaria is called incubation period. Its duration is 10 to 14 days. 2) Formaticn of Gametocytes: (3) Atter several erythrocytic schigonies, some merozoites enter the RBC and transform into gametocytes instead of continuing the erythroeytic cycle ii) There are two types of gametocytes. (a) Female gametocyte (b) Male gametocyte, iii) The gametocytes do not develop further in man. They have to reach female Anopheles. | iv) They die if they do not reach the mosquito within a week, Sporozoite cule ng wage (W)EXO-ERYTHROCYHC CYCLE (ERVTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONYSK 2 nl BABY BULLET. XIRZ00L0Gy-LAG cae gape sa} PA sg arms wean, (ABAS M6723) 3° Deseritve the life cyele of Plasinodinn viv phavey- oss CSE: (AP Mar-26) At Life cycte of Plasmodium in Masquitad Moxa uit Gametoeytes of Plasmodium are Farmed in man and thei forINeT FE trendy Third evelopment takes place in female Anopheles mosquito : ‘When a female Anopheles masquito bites and Tajamoults Super Hi sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes along ‘with the other stages of the erythrocytic eycle reach the ei Jr, Zoo Super Hit‘! ‘thee et Great Ross | stop of mosquito. Here all the staves are di Further part of the life eycle consists of four phases. wis DGametogony M1) Fesilization 113} Farmation of Ookinetic & Ooysts 1¥) Sporowony ') Gametogony:The formation of male and female gametes from the gametocytes ts ‘gametogony: It occurs in the hunten of 41) Fermation of male gametes 4) During this process, the nucleus of microgametocyte divides into eight daughter nuclei ii) The eight daughter nuclei pass into eight flagella like structures and form male gametes, ii) Then the flagelta like structures begin lashing movernents and get separate from the Mlagellated body: This process is called exagellation (2) Formation of femate gamete ‘The female gametocyte undergoes a few changes and transforms into a female process is called maturation. ) The nucleus moves towards the periphery, and the eytoplasm forms a projection called wnete This 1) Fertilization: The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization, 1) One of the active male gamete comes in contact with the ‘fertilization cone’ af the gamete and enters into it, 2) The pronuclei and cytoplasm of these two gametes fuse with each other. As a result the zygote is formed. 3) These gametes are dissimilar in size and hence the process is called unisegamy IIL) Formation of Ookinete & Oocysts: 1) The, tes aind becornes motile and is called ookinete within | to 24 hours 2) Itpierces the wall of the crop and settles beneath the basement membrane 3) It becomes round and secretes a cyst around its body 4) This encysted ookinete is now called oocyst 18 )Sparogony: The oocyst enlarges in size and beyins sporogony 1} According to Bano, the nucleus of the ooeyst first undergoes reduction division. 2) Then the nucleus divides repeatedly by mitosis and procluces a number of nuctel 3) Bach bit of nucteusis surrounded by a litte bit ofthe cytoplasnn anti wast into a sickle shaped sporozoite, Ooeyst with such sporozoites (about 10,000) is calle! sporoevst 4) Sporoeysts are forined into spindle shaped sporoites 5) From there, they travel into the salivary sland andl become eeady for infection of a healthy person. Tick Boxes 6) Treliteeyeleofplasmodiun inmosquitoiscon pleted inabout 1.0% days Pf] |re JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ Sr} BABY BULLET-Q& -+Gyet wall crop wall Vermiculo/Ookinote 11] zygote Formation of Female gamete sporoblasts FERTILIZATION J] IVSPOROGONY Sporocyst -BABY BULLET-0y > JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ i jeoides with the help of a neay 4. Describe the structure and life eycle of Ascaris lumbri a ema labelled diagram. [TS May-19]AP M: AS + Ascaris lumbricoides: Phylum Nematoda; Class- Phasmidia Oartens Oo) ge 'Q” @ veberdh Bg boo'd’ It is commonly called the ‘common round worm’. It reaches the intestine of children through contaminated water, food and causes Ascariasis, Its dimorphic, monogenetic pseudovoelomate, enterozoic parasite, 1) Structure of Ascaris lumbricoidi 1) Sexes are separate and the sexual dimorphism is istinet. 2) Im both males and females, the body is elongated and cylindrical 3) Inboth forms mouth is atthe anterior end surrounded by Chitinous ips, 4) Exeretory pore is present ventrally close to the mouth. A) Male: Ic is short with posterior curved end. There is cloaca in the curved end bearing equal sized a pair of copulatory spicules or pineal spicules. 5B) Female: The body is long with a straight postetior end Pemale genital pore is at about one third the length from anterior enda RIS ITIIT T x JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ ri BABY BULLET-O U)Life eyele of Ascaris tumbricoides: 1) After copulation in the small intestine the female releases about two lakh eggs daily. 2) Bach egg is surrounded by a rippled protein coat and hence it is called ‘mammillated egg 3) These eggs are passed out along with faecal matter. 4) In the moist soil, development takes place inside the egasand first stage rhabditiform larva’ is produced, 5) Ttundergoes first moulting and second stage thabditiform larva is formed. This second stage larva is the infective stage to man ©) These eggs reach a new host through contaminated food and water. 7) In the small intestine, the shell gets dissolved and larva is released. Here larva undertakes extraintestinal migration, 8) Itreaches the liver through hepatic porta vein, 5) Then it goes to heart through post caval vein, 1D)ft reaches mgs through pulmonary arteries. 11yThe second moulting take place in alveoli of lungs and third stage larvae! are formed, 12)The thitd moulting take place in alveoli of langs and 'fourth stage larvae’ are formed. 13 )fureaches the small intestine tarough bronchi, (rachea, faryix, glotis, pharynx, oesophagus and stostacn 14)Fourth molting Fine! moutting)takesplace in smal intestine and then becomes young round worn, 15) Itattains sexual maturity in 8 to (0 weeks. 16) Pathogenicity: Ascaris enuses ascarinsis. When the infection is heavy it can eause Nutritional deficiency, severe abdominal pain ard stunted srowth in children. ae 7 ie ae 1st stad thabaititorm storie nego Phaffin i) 2at stage Hsoaittorm % ; ee an NN “gy mle tunes LIFE CYCLE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDESAT A * JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ 7 ee gram. 178-18) BABY BULLET-Oy é haneat di 5. Describe the life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti will smidia A. + Wuchereria bancrofti: Phylum- Nematoda; Class- Phasmmic It is called commonly called the filaria worm. Itis digenetic, dimorphic, histozoic, pseudococlomate parasite. It lives in lymph vessels of man. Tts secondary host is mosquito. 1) Structure: 1) Sexes are separate and the sexual dimorphism is distinet. 2) The body is long and filiform. The anterior end is blunt and po: 3) Mouth is anterior without any lips i 3) Mater thee pesterior curved end with cloaca and a par of unequal copulatory sp —. 5) Female: Ithas anus atthe posterior straight end. Female genital pore is about one third the length from the mouth, Itis ovoviviparous : 11) Life eycle: Wuchereria completes its life eycle in two hosts. Man and temale culex mosquito. 1) In. man:Mate and female worms remain coiled in lymph vessels. 3) Aer copulation the female releases ensheathed microfiaia lar. ) Tt is surrounded by lease cuticular sheath. It lives in deep blood vessels during day time and comes to periphery during night between 10 PM and 4AM. This is called nocturnal periodicity ii) The larva can live for 70 days, before which, it has to enter a mosquito. 2) Ia Mosquito: ') When female culex bites the infected person, the micro filaral enter the mid gut of mosquito. i) The sheath is dissolved in midgut if) The larva penetrates the gut wall and reach the thoracie muscles. Wyn to days Becomes fr staye mirfla ¥) Ieundergoes two moults to become long slender infective, third stage micr viv The 3% Stage goes to the labium of nocauilo and waits toemer egg ae 3) In man after infection: When infested mosquito bites a healthy person, the 3"stage larva 5 enter blood relation and nally reach the lymphatic vessels, ° “ undergoes third and fourth moultings to becom itarial wor i) They attain maturity in $0 18 months ce. 4) Pathogenicity: Light infection causes filarial fever, Heav sterior end is pointed. y lntbeti ‘causes inflammation of lephantiasis, lymph vessels and lymph glands, The final condition is ElBABY BULLET-O } ‘ke JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ wee SSPION OD ee as 2.PERIPLANETA AMERICANA” ae Deseribe the digestive system of cockroach with the help of a neat labelled diagram At Digestive system of Cockroach: JAP M-201[1S May-19{[T5 Mar-19] The digestive system oF cockroach consists of J. Alimentary canal 1. Digestiv 1) Alimentary canal: The alimentary canal extends from mouth t anus. Jtis divided into 3 regions. They are (1) Foregut (I) Midgut (I11) Hind 1) Foregut (Stomodacum ): }) Foregut has pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard i) Pharyn isa very short tube, It leads into a narrow tubular oesophagus. i) esophagus opens into a sac like crop. It stores food for digestion iv) Mts outer surface is covered by tracheal tubes ¥) Behind the crop there is thick walled museular pivzatd. vi) ‘The chitinous inner fining ofthe gizzard has six powerful teeth. vil) These teth form an efficient grinding apparatus, viii) Thus Gizzard acts as a grinding mill and sieve, ix) The membranous funnel projected into mesenteron from gizzard is called storndeal valve, x) This valve prevents backward movement of food from mesenteron into gizzard, Tl) Midgut(Mesenteron): i) Ttisa short narrow tube, 4i) Anterior part of midgut contains 6 to & finger shaped diverticula called hepatic caecae. i) These are helpful in digestion and absorption of digested food material. iv) The anterior part of midgut is secretory and posterior part is absorptive, v)_ Secretory part secretes enzymes. ‘vl) The food bolus is surrounded by chitinous and porous peritrophic membrane which is secreted by the funnel like stomodeal valve ofthe gizzard ‘ii) Itprotects midgut wall feom hard food particles,rr ner ee ee =~ & JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ Tht a as {20 }- 1D Hindgut (Proctodaeum ): i) itis long coiled tube. i) The hindgutis divided into ileum, colon and rectum. iil) There is a sphincter between mesenteron and hindgut, 'v) The sphincter prevents back movement of undigested food an ¥)_Tleum collects uric acil from Malpighian tubules which are present at Yi) Colon is. long, coiled tube. t opens into short and wide rectum which opensout through an, vii) Rectum has 6 longitudinal folds called rectal papilla. They absorb water from undigested food, viii) Entire hindgut is internally lined by cuticle M1) Digestive glands: The digestive glands of cockroach includes (1) Salivary glands (2)Hepatie caccae (3) Glandular cells of mesenter0P. 1) Salivary glands: 4) Appair of salivary glands are present on either sides of the crop. ii) Each salivary gland has two lobes fil) Fach fobe has many lobules called acini iv) Each acinus is made up of secretory cells called zymogen cells ¥) All the zymogen cells are connected by ductules. vi) The ductules open into.a common salivary duct. The two common salivary duets are joined to form the median salivary duct vil) There isa pair of salivary receptacles to store saliva viiiy The receptacular duets unite to Form common receptacular duc. i ix) ‘The median salivary duct is connected to common receptacular duct to form an efferent salivary duet x) The efferent salivary duct opens atthe base of hypopharynx in mouth cavity xi). Saliva is seoreted by zymogen cells which contains starch digesting enzyme amylase. 2) Hepatic caecae: There are six to eight finger like diverticula called hepatic caecae which suri acid ftom the hindgutto midgy, the anterior end of ileum contain secretory and absorptive cells 3). Glandular cells of Mesenteron: proteases and lipase Hypopharynx Etterent salivary duct oe of salivary giana SALIVARY APPARATUS OF COCKROACH Boxes*JRZOOLOGY-LAQ (exe SSPE] BABY BULLET-Q% 1 scribe the blood circulatory system of Periplaneta in detail and draw a neat and labelled diagram of it, {AP May-17,19} [TS M-16,20} [AP M-15} |IPE-14] A: Blood Circulatory System of Periptas 1a:The Circulatory system transports digested food, hormones from one part of the body to other parts of the body. ‘The blood flows freely in spaces of haemocoel. Hence this circulatory system is open type. The three main paris of circulatory system are (1} Haemocoel (2) Heart (3) Blood. 1) Hxemacoet: 2) _Ikis divided into three sinuses by two horizontal muscular membranes called dorsal diaphragsn and ventral diaphragm, 2) Both the diaphragins have valvular pores. 3) There isa series of paired traingular muscles, called alary muscles. 4) One pair of muscles are present in each segment, on the lateral sides of the body. 5) The dorsal diaphragm is between pericardial sinus and perivisceral sinus, 6) The ventral diaphragm is between perivisceral sinus and perincural sinus. 7) Pericardial sinus surrounds heart 8) Periviscerat sinus surrounds viscéral organs. 9) Perineural sims surrounds ventral nerve cord, 10) Perivisceral sinus is large and other two are small H) Heart: 1) ‘The heart is dorsal. tis present below the tergal plates surrounded by pericardial sinus. 2). Itis ong, muscular, contractile, 13 chambered tube. 3) Every chamber opens into its anterior chamber by a valvular opening. 4) The posterior end of heart is closed and opens anteriorly into aorta. 5) At the posterior side of each chamber, except the last, there is a pair of small apertures called ‘osti |, one on each side. 6) Ostia have valves which allow the blood to pass only into the heart from the dorsal sinLE TE ~~ BABY BULLET. %eIR.Z00LOGY-LAQ * H1) Blood (haemolymph): 1). The blood of Periplanea is colourless and called haemolyz¥P 2) tteonsiss of plasma and phagocytic haemoeytes - 3) There is no respiratory pigment inthe blood andso it plays ne major role i FesPraton 1) Important functions of Blood: |) Blood absorbs and distributes digested food. fo excretory organs. 1c transports nitrogenous wastes from various pars ofthe body to eNerslor¥ OFBs It carries phagocytes to the places of infection. iv) It transports hormones to target organs. 2) Circulation of Blood: i) Blood flows from heart to norte and to head sinus by the contraction of From head sinus, blood flows into perivisceral and perineural sinuses. sfheart muscles, fi) Alary muscles contract pulling down the pericardial septum. Blood flows into pericardial sinus, ii) Alary muscles relax and pericardial septum moves up foreing, blood into heart and circulation continues. Alary muscles — Heart chamber Blood circulation Circulatory System CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF PERIPLANETAseJR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ. BABY BULLET-O% 8 _Deveribe the respiratory system of cockroach with the help of neat a ab wi it) The spiracte has hair like trichomes to filter dust from ais, labelled diagrams? [AP M-16,18] [TS M-15,19} Respiratory system of cockroach: Its explained in oo pans 1) Th heal System IT) Mechanism Tracheal system consists of (1) Stigmata (2) Tracheae (3) Tracheoles. Stigmata (spiracles): ‘The eXternal openings of tracheal system are called stigmata (or) spiracles. There are ten pairs of spiracles, ‘The fist two pairs are in thorax. Remaining eight pairs are present in the abdominal segments. Spiracles are located on the pleura ‘The espiratory system of cockroach is described as polypneustic (having more than 3 pairs ‘of spiracles) and Holopneustic (all the spiracles are functional). All spiracles are valvular, Each spiracle is supported by a chitinous ring perireme. 2) Tracheae: fi) All the stigmate open internally into small chambers called atria. ii) Inthoracis region, horizontal macheae arise from atria, They join to form dorso cephalic and ventrocephalic trunks. fi) Branches tom these trunks enter various parts of heed, Lateral longitudinal trunks are also present i) Three tracheal tubes arise from each abdominal atrium, 6) They open into 3 longitudinal tranks, namely dorsal, lateral and ventral longitudinal trunks. i). These trunks of both side are connected by commissural trachene. Vil) Branches are given out from all these trunks to various parts of the body vit The tracheal wall has three layers. They are (a) Outer basement membrane (b) Middle epithelium (¢) Taner cuticle called intima, ix). Intima is produced into a spiral thickening called Taenidia, x) Taenidia prevents the collapse of trachese, when air is not present in it. 3) Tracheoles: §) Trachea ends in tracheoblast cell. It has several intra cellular tubules called tracheoies. i) Intima and taenidia are absent in tracheoles, Their inner surface is lined by a protein calied wwachein ii) Tracheoles ate filled with wacheolar fluid. i ———% JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ BABY BULLET-O® W Me isa:Respiration involves lwo events namely inspiration anid expiration, ‘The musetes that help in this process are dorsoventrat and ventral tongitudinal muscles 3) Taking in ofair is inspiration, ‘The volume of body is increased by relaxation of dorsoventral and ventral longitudinal muscles, Airis drawn into tracheal tubes and reaches tissues. 4) During inspiration, thoracic spita kept open and abdominal spiractes are closed, itl) Inspiration is a passive pros (Goes not ase energy) 2) Expiration: Sending out aur is Expiration During expiration, thorace spimete spirack i) Expiration isan ative process a ives closed. The thoracie spiracles are closed and ablomtins are kept open. netyy. iti) Opening and closing of spiractes is influenced by CO. tension in waemolymph and Q, tension in taches L \ yp Ventral aval = “Dorsal cephalic trunk wile) Thoracic spiractes ESS coe — Lateral longitudinal trunk Veotrallonghudlinal trunk \ aap oss spe Hage Ae al \e . Eplinelit cells Tesco ot et muscle” ‘Tracheoles without fluid during active ‘Tracheoles with fluid during resting% *** 3 ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT *** Describe lake as an ecosystem by giving examples for the various zones and the biotic components init, IAP,TS May-19][TS M-15,17] 1) Lake Ecosystem: Lakes are large inland water bodies containing still water, They contain water throughout the yeat. The lake ecosystem performs all functions of ecosystems. They are photosynthesis, heteratops feeding on autottops, decomposition, mineralization and reeyeling of minerals and circulation of nuttients. Deep water Takes contain three distinct zones. They ate 1) Littoral zone 2)Limnetic zone 3) Profundal zone. 1) Littoral zone: Its the shallow part of the lake and is close to the shore. Light reaches upto its bottom. Henee it is Fuphotic(good light zone). It has rich vegetation and high rate of photosynthesis I isrich in oxygen. 2) Limnetie zone: Itis the central largest and open zone away fromt shore and it does not ouch the bottom. It extends vertically upto effpetive light penetration level. Zone of compensation separates the limnetic zone from the profundal zone. Here, the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration. 3) Profundal zone: It is the decp water zone below the limnetie zone, Light is absent. Photosynthesis dees not take place, Itis poor in oxygen. I) Biotic components of Lake: 1) Biota of Littoral zone: (a) Flora- Plants Examples 1) Free floating hydrophytes ~ Pistia, Lemna, Salvinia ii) Rooted iydrophytes with floating leaves Nymphaea, Vietoria regia iii) Submerged suspended hydrophytes Hydrilla,uticularia iv) Submerged rooted hydrophytes Valliseria 1) Amin pla(eebeky wardopyeiasboenat}- Satara, Typha viyPhytoplankton ~ Diatoms, Green algae b) Fauna-Animals Examples 4)Zooplankton (have water fleas) Daphnia, Rotifers, Ostracods ii) Neuston -Epineuston (live on water surlacs) — Water bugs, beetles ii) Neuston-Hyponeustoning fi sivarntxps:) — Mosquito larvae iv) Nekton( free swimming forms) - v) Periphyton(attached on plants) = ‘i Benthos(ve in the bottorn) 2) Biota of Limnetie zone: 3) Ithas phytoplankton, zooplankton and nckton. i) Phytoplankton examples are Euzlenoids,distoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, green algae, 8) Zooplankton examples are copepods. iv) Nekcton examples are fishes, fogs, water snakes. Fishes, snakes Hydras, Nymphs Red annelids, Cray fishes, 3) Biota of Profundal zone: Ithas decomposers, detritus feeders, chironomid larvae, phantom larva (chaoborus) clams ete, All these are capable of living in low oxygen levels,% JR.ZOOLOGY-LAQ BABY BULLET-Q% ike & SSP 26 * x *] 10. Describe different types of food chains that exist in an ecosystem, ITS May-22]|AP TS Mar-19][AP May-17] [APTS M-16]]IPE-14] Az 1) Food Chain: 1) Sun is the main source of energy to ecosystem. 2) The biological systems of environment have several food levels called trophic levels. 3) A trophic level is composed of organisms which have same source of enerzy and same number of transfering steps There are generally 3 to 5 trophic levels. 4) Sometimes, a given species may occupy more than one trophic level. Ex: Sparrow 5) The food energy always passes from lower trophic level to higher trophic levels. 6) When the food path is linear, the components resemble the links of a chain, Hence, itis called food chain. 7) The food chain generally ends in decomposers. M1) Types of Food Chains: 1) Grazing food chain 2) Parasite food chain 3) Dettitus food chain. 1) Grazing food ehain:Itis also called predator food chain. The first trophic level is occupied by ercen plants(producers). Second trophic level is occupied by Herbivores. The third, fourth and fitth trophic levels are occupied by primary, secondary and tertiary camivores respectively. Ex: i) Rose bush > aphids —+ spiders —ssmall birds —> hawks, ii) Grass +Grass hopper Frog Snake—> Hawk iii) Grass Goat Man iv) Plants Caterpillar Lizard» Snake v) Grass Deer Tiger. 2) Parasitic Food ehain: In this, the food energy passes from lange organisms to small organisms. ‘The first trophic level is occupied by large tees. They provide shelter and food to a variety of birds, reptiles and mammals, These animals form the second trophie level. Each of these animals host many ecto and endo parasites. Ex: Tree Birds, lizards, mammals —>par. 8. 3) Detritus Food chain: This food chain begins with detritus. Detritus is dead organic matter of leaves, dead bodies and faeces of animals. Detritus has decomposers which secrete enzymes, that break down detritus into simple absorbable substance, Detritus feeders are earthworms, fies and maggots which form the second trophic level Ex: Detritus —+sEarthworms —>Frogs ~>Snakes—> Hawks, + Food web: The food chains are not isolated chains. They are interconnected. They form & ‘web called food web. The feeding relationships are not simple.There are omnivores which ‘complicate the chains. Ex: Man, Beat, Crow.JR.ZOOLOGY.LAQ 2 BABY BULLET-O% energy bn an econystem, JAP M-15} reosystent 1) Sun isthe unly sue aFeterey fora the ecosystems on earth 2) Solar enerpy Captured by plants pases remy diferent organisms of an ecosystem. 8) Low thi S06 uf ineidoutal solar energy in Photosynthetically Active Radiation(PAR). 4) Phngseaptire only 2 10% of PAR, which sustains the entire Tiving world. 4) All hetersteophesave dleperulent ov the producers for their food, either directly or indirectly 6 he fin of Law of thermodyammies is the law of conservation of energy’. atates that, enerpy isneither eed nor destroyed. nay change from ane form to the other. Hinergy Mut wench bis ahve by the energy that leaves as heat radiation. Transler of energy is essential for survival of life, needs continuous flow of energy. 7) Second Law of therpiodynanies st hat there is degradation of energy at each level. dloprided ¢ yy tn the fora unavailable heat energy. 1 comstitutes entropy i, energy nel available for work. {ihe transfer of energy trou a foal ehsin is known as energy flow. The amount of enerpy’sivilable decreases at suevessive trophic levels, £8) When an onjganisin dies, it becomes st sotuce of energy for its decomposers. 9) Vael trophic Fevel has a certnin mass of Living material and itis called the standing crop. Une stancinge crop isthe inna Hom ‘ean be expressed in terms of fresh weight or dry wiht, Dry weight is more accurate 10) The 10% ov: Hh was inirouced by Linderman, {st trophic level Wsays th during transfer af energy, ely 10% of energy is slored in a trophie level and remaining, cenerey is used for metabolic aetiviv like | 2nd wophic tevet respiration Linderman’ 10% rule is most widely used measure of ecological efficiency. (Climax consumer Fa: Ifthenet primary production of pant is 10041, |__Etergy flow in an ecosystem the biomass available for herhivores is LOKI Next carnivares wets only kd— BABY BULLET. human beings. 12. List out th Hutants and describe their effects on ———e [AP M-17,20}, [TS May-17]AP.TS-19] ‘* Air pollution: Any deviation from the natural composition of air in the environment, causing adverse effects to humans and plants is called air pollution. The agents which carry air pollution are called ‘air pollutants’, . * Majorair pollutants: 1) Carbonmonoxide 2) Carbondioxide 3) Sulphurdioxide 4) Nitrogen oxides 5) Aerosols 6) Noise pollution. 1) Carbon monoxide (CO) : It is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Sources: Automobile exhausts, Factory fumes, Emissions from power plants, Forest fires, Buming of fire wood. Harmful effects : i) In the presence of carbon monoxide, oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin is reduced. It causes headache and blurred vision, at lower concentrations. ii) I1Jeads to coma and some times death also, at higher concentrations. 2) Carbon dloxide(CO,): [tis produced by respiration of living beings. But plants utilise CO, for photosynthesis, Sources: Buming of fossil fuels (gasoline), automobiles, aeroplanes, power plants ote Harmful effects: {) When its concentration level rises above normal it results in global warming, Giobal warming results so many adverse effects on mankind. 3) Sulphurdioxlde(S02) tis mainly produced by buming of fossil fuels, melting of sulphur ores and metal smelting Harmful effects: {Breathing problems like asthma fi) Agaravation of cardiovascular problems. iil) Corrosion of buildings and monuments 4) Nitrogen oxides (NO, N;O, NO;): They are produced by automobile exhaust. Harmfl Effets: ‘Oxides of nitrogen and $02 together produce acid rains. i) Acid rains acidity water boies, poi erops,buiings and monuments (Tajmahal) + Nisogendoxie along wits hyhocabons sunlit ogy canon pro: photochemical sn, @ Spots are formed on leaves. (i) Photosynthesis reduced. (i) Crop veld nrodneny + Nitrogen oxides combine with secondary pollutants to form PAN {Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate) Itirvtates eyes and respiratory tracts 5) Aerosols (particulate mutter: Acrosols are colloidal particles, dispersed in gas, They are produced from combustion of fossil fuels, flyash thermal plants, cement factories, asbestos plants ete. Harmful effects: They decrease lung function. They cause Asthma aggravation, Premature death of patients of heart and lung diseases, Chronic bronchitis, regula heartbeat. 6) Noise Pollution: Undesirable high sounds (above 120dB) cause noise pollution. Harmful effects: Extremely bigh sounds (more than 150 dB) damage ear drums and causes permanent hearing impairment, Noise also causes auditory fatigue, anxiety, sleeplessness Tick Boxes Dae ‘SAVE ENVIRONMENT! Tr wie GET You's! © (insomia) and stress,JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ* SA ‘MIDDLE SECTION WITH MID RANGE ANSWERS SECTION-B SAQ CHAPTERS a MARKS #e* 4, DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD (4 Marks) 30-31 +** 5, | STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION (4 Marks) | _ 32-34 **+* 6 | ANIMAL DIVERSITY-1 (4 Marks) | 35-36 | ** 7, | ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II (4 Marks) | 37-39 _ | LOCOMOTION & REPRODUCTION (4 Marks) | 40-42 BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE (4 Marks) ERI INETA AMERICANA — (4Marks) .| ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT (4 Marks) @ Easy Chapters: Diversity of Living World, Structural Organisation, Biology In Human Welfare Scoring Chapters: Animal Divers I, Locomotion & Reproduction Super Scoring Pages KKKSSP KK Page 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36,37, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46,47 Total SS Pages: 13te JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ 13. A 14. 4.DIVERSITY OF LIVING WORLD*** 4 MARKS ek Define species. Explain the various aspects of ’species'. (T'S M-16,17)[IPE-14j 1) Species JAP M-20,22} 1) lis the basic unit of classification of living organisms. 2) John Ray described spe on the basis of common descent(ancestors) 3) Buffon’ s def: Species isan interbreeding groups of similar individuals, sharing a common {gene poo! and producing fertile offspring. Tick M1)Various aspects of Species: mm 1) Species isa breeding unit as it isolates reproductvity of individuals — 2) Species is an ecological unit, es its shares the same ecologieal niche | 3) Species is a genetic unit, as it shows similarity in the karyotype. a 4) Species isan evolutionary unit asi exhibits similar structural and functional characters, L] 5) Species is dynamic, 2s it refleets continuous tendency for change. Rowse Whats the evil quartet”? 1) Habitat loss and fragmentation 2) Over exploitation 3) Invasion of Alien species 4) Coreatintions 1) Habitat joss and fragmentation: {Deforestation leads to habitat loss for many species. i) Conversion of forestland to agriculture and also leads to habitat loss. ii) Pollution deyrades habitat because it changes the quality of lan. §v) Deftagmentation division of main land to small Iands leads to population decline, 2) Over Exploitation: When need tums to greed, it leads to over exploitation Ex: Steller’ see cow and passenger pigeons are extint due to over exploitation by man. 3) Invasion of Alien Species: When alien species are introduced into a habitat, they tum invasive and establish themselves at the cost of native species. x: Nile perch introduced into lake Vietoria 4) Co-extintion: It is an obligate association between a plant and an animal Ifa plant becomes extinct, the animal also becomes extinct, Fae Ex; Host and parasite, plant and pollinator. OE ok & SSP 30 we BABY BULLET-O% }* Bs \ 1. Expl Y OP a JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ* ivet Pop "hyp JAP Ma, May 17] [18 May-17,19.22} 1) "Rivet Popper hypothestv! explain the coniequenicen that happen when inne species are ln inn cote wives Popper) és a Comparison: &| 2) Rivet Hopper Hypottest © What » Comparion: ©) Wve Vs Specie 4) An aeroplane ts taken ay an exumple far cconiyiter Plane Ya Rensystem 4) Varios tively of the plane are conadered as various species. 5) Removal vel (peer) fron eal (on pov ob rivet (ron a wing (sitienl part) 1 important party may not daroage the plane, but reat int a erash 1) Likembaes renewal nf" Speen! mayatTet entire ro What are the reasons for greater biodiversity in the tropics? [tS M-18,22) 1 eet enn bre i (i i 2) ‘Tropica Latitudes ined undisturbed for millions of year, 4) Tropics hd long. undisturbed evolutionary dime: 4) This Hon dra on helped speciation and species diversity. 5) ‘Tropica! imate are more constant which promoted niche speciation and greater biodiversity. (6) Solar energy andl wa Yer are abundant in nature, Hence food production also leads to greater biodiversity, odiversity Hot Spots’. [APM-19} 1) ‘The concept of ‘Biodiversity Hotspot! was proposed by Norman Myers 2) Biodiversity hot spotis ‘Biogeographic region’ with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat of extinetion from humans. 3) They are the earths biologically richest and most threatened terzestrial Ecoregions. 4) There are about 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world. festern whats and Srilanka, Indo-Burma and Himalayas. 5) Ecologically unique and biodiversity rich regions ate legally protected in (i) Biosphere Reserves. (ii) National parks (i Sunctuaries (iv) sacred groves. [cr Few More SAQ are in Pages 63,64]x YR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ (re 7 x SePx2 oe ¥) BABY BULLET-Q& *** 5 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION*** 18. Explain Haversian system. TAP, TS May -17| [AP M-16|[1PE-14} At + Tmadense bone, a Haversian canal and the surrounding lameac and lacuna ae collectively called Osteon or Haversian system, It works as transport system [tis a unit of eampact bone. ‘©Osteon 'Q" ') Haversian canal: This canal nuns parallel to marrow cavity of bone. So Strong contains an artery. a vein and a lymph vessel as Bone! 2) Concentric Lamellae: There are concentric rings of bone lamellae around the haversian canal, 3) Lacumae: Small fluid filled spaces called lacunae are present in between lamellae. These spaces enclose osteocytes (inactive) 4) Canalicuti: They are minute canal connecting various lacunge and haversian canal. The protoplasmic processes of osteocytes present canaliculi Tick Boxes 8) Volkmn's canals: They connect haversian canal to marrow cavity, 19. Describe the structure of a Skeletal Muscle. IAP M-18] [TSM-15] A:T) Structure of Muscle: [AP May-19] 1) The muscles which are attached to skeletal structures are called skeletal muscles. 2) Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. 3) A skeletal muscle consists of many long cylindrical unbranched musele fibres 4) Skeletal muscle fibre is surrounded by thin connective issue sheath, the endomysium. 5) A bundle of muscle fibres is called fascicte. 6) Each fascicle is surrounded by connective tissue sheath called perimysium. 7)-A group of perimysia form a muscle. 8) Muscle is surrounded by connective tissue sheath called epimysium. 9) The connective tissue layers form a tendon by which muscle is attached to skeleton. 1) Structure of Skeletal muscle fibre: 1) A skeletal muscle fibre is along, cylindrical unbranched cel el 2) Itis multinucleated (syncytium) and nuclei are peripheral 3) The protoplasm is sareoplasma and has many myofibrils, 4) Bach myofibril has altemate dark and light bands, hence called striped muscle. 5) Skoletal muscles contract quickly and fatigue quickly hiBABY BULLET-O es JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQK 20, Describe the three types of cartilage. [AP M-18,20}1 TS 18,20] 1) Cartilage: 1) lisa solid flexible connective tissue. 2) has collagen fibres, clastic fibres, chondroblasts enclosed in lacunae and surrounded by perichondrium, 3) Cartilage has no blood supply. 4) Growth and regencration of cartilage takes place by the activity of perichondtial eels. 5) Perichondriurn has blood capillaries. 41) Types of Cartilage: There are three types of cartilage. 1) Hyaline cartilage: i) Bluish white, translucent cartilage. il) Ithas delicate collagen fibres. ii) It is the weakest and most common cartilage. jv) Ex: Walls of nose, costal cartilage, trachea, bronchus and laryBx. 2) Elastic cartilage: 5) Misyeltow. ii) Ithas elastic fibres in addition 10 collagen fibres. i) Itprovides strength and elasticity. iv) Ex: Pinna, Eustachian tube and epiglotts, 3) Fibrous cartilage: i) Matrix has bundles of collagen. Tiek ii) [tis strongest cartilage. i) Perichondrium is absent. iv) Ex: Intervertebral dises and pubic symphysis, 21, Describe the structure of a cardiac muscle. A: Structure of cardiac musele: 1) Cardiac muscle is the heart musele(myocardium) 2) The myocardial cells are shor, cylindrical, mononucleate and striated, 3) The muscle fibres are branched 4) The muscle cells are connected by gap junctions for quick conduction of electrical impulses. 5) There are dark lines called intercalated discs which are characteristic of heart muscle 6) These discs help in rapid conduction of electrical impulses, resulting in heart beat 7) Heart beat (contraction of muscle) is involuntary and carried on by pace maker. 8) The rate of heart beat is under the control of nervous systems and adrenalin. 9) The cardiae muscle is highly resistant to fatigue. 10) The cardiac muscle isa functional syneytium, [=-Few More SAQ are in Page 64] nr2. Multipolar neurons are the common neurons ofthe body. They consist of (1) Dendrites (2) Cell body (3) Axon. 1) Dendrites: They are short branched processes Which arise from cell body, ii) They contain Niss! granules and neurofibils. iit) They conduet nerve impulse towards the sell body (alTerent) 2) Cell body : i) Its also called eyton or soma or perikaryon. iiyitincludes nissl granules (RER) for protein synthesis, = iit contains larger spherical nucleus, — — snacnc tn ‘Neurofibrils & Lipofuscin granules. Muttipolar Neuron 3) Axon: §) Itisa long cylindrical thread like structure which arises from cell body. ii) The junction between cell body and axon is called Axon hillock iif) The plasma lemma is called axolemma, iv)The eytoplasm is called axoplasm. -Y) Microfibrils are present. Nissl bodies are absent. ¥i) The terminal part of axon is branched into stvall filaments called telodendria, Vii) Telodendria have knob like endings called synaptic knobs or terininal boutons Vili)Synoptic knobs contain neuro transmitters (ace! choline), ix) Axon caries nerve impulse fom the cell hody tothe next neuro (efferent) Give an account of glandular epithelium, ITS May-19] [AP M15} 1) Glandular Epithelium (GE) is tissue responsible for formation of glands, 2) Location: GE forms the covering of all major glands 3) Based on the combination of cells GE are two types (i) Unicelluar i) Miicllolar 4 Unicelllar glands are isolated gran cels. Bx: Gabel cells ot gu 5) Multcelular glands consist of clusters of ells, Rx: Salivary glands 6) Function: Secretion isthe main function of GE. 2 Based on the seretions GE are two types () Exocrine lands (i) Endocrine glands Salivary glands, Mammary glands. Ex: Pituitary, Thyroid 8) Exocrine glands: They are glands with ducts. Ks 9) Bndocrine glands: They are ductless glands tees gc aso-SAQk BABY BULLET-O Garena) JR.ZOOLOGY-SA\ 24. ay Mee *** 6 ANIMAL DIVERSITY:I tk Write short notes on the salientfeatures of the anthozeans, [AP M-16][TS-18.20] Salient features of the Anthozoans 1) Anthozoans are commonly called as (Ganthozoans® | 2) They are socetary manne anima | Flower like An mals 3) There is onl, pul sp form in life cycle. |. sea anemones, Corals} 5) (walycstes occur both inthe ectoderm and endoderm: 6) Mesuplea contains connective tissue Tick Boxes 17) Goorin cells are formed in endodetm, AC] ~—] 48) They are sdvanced cpidarians, 14 9) bos Adamsia (sea anemone), Corallium rubrum(Coral), Pennatula (sea pen) Whut are the salient features exhibited by polychaetes? [TS M-16, 19]|4P-18.20] Salient features of Polychaetes: 3) Polychactes are marine anselic 2) They are corn bristle worms or clam worms. 3) Many are free moving farms. Others live in tubes, 4) Distinet head with sense on 5) Purapodia are locomotor organs. 6) Parapodia sorve nespuration in addition to ils eyes, tentacles and pal 7) Clitellurn and Gonodlucts are absent 4) They are bisexual 19) Sex eells are released into coelom and passout through nephridiopores. 11 Fertilisation js external Ly Larva Trachophirs 12) bax: Neseis (sandworm), Aphrodite (sea mouse), Arenicola (lugwarm) Nereis rsofthe crustaceans? [AP May-17| [TS M-15,17) Chief characters of Crustaceans: ITS May-19] 1) Crustaceans are squstie mandibulate artoropods (Crust menas Skeletor 2) Their exoskeleton is made of caleiuna carbonate, OCrads, Prawns @ 3) Head und thorax ave Tused ta form eephallothorax 4) Head region (cephalic) has five pairs of appendages oy amines i antes i) mandibles (rs pair of mile (¥)secondpair ofan, and abdominal appendages are biramous 6) Respiratory organs are gills (branchiae) 7) Exeretory glands ave green glands or antennary glands. ek See '8) Sense organs are antennae, compound eyes and statocysts. Te 9) Development is ininect having several larval stages, uw is 1W)kx: Palaemon (fresh water prasun), Cancer (crab), Daphina (Water flea),i ee cee BABY BULLETo, | #JR.Z00LOGY-SAQ [a 4 85036 * +9} ET eo [AP M-17,19,29) 27. What are the salient features of th At Salient features of Eehinoids: Tchinoid Means Globular Oaristotie’s lantern @ VSAQ.E IMP'Q! 1) Fchinoidea is a class of phylum echinoder nat 2) Theirbody forms 3) The spines over the body are movable. 4) Arms are abyent 5) The calcarious ossicles unite to form a strong test (corona or case) er somiglobular or dise like 16) Madreporite ancl Anus are Aboral yen 7) Ambulacral grooves are Closed i 8) Peidicellaria have Thiee jaws. 9) Aristotle’ Jantern is a five jawed masticatory apparatus present in mouth Tick Boney ‘of sea urebins and absent in heart urchin. { 10)Larva is Echinopleuteus, 11)Px: Eehinus (sea urchin), Echinocardium (heart urchin), Echinodiscus (sand dollar). 28. Mention the salient features of Holothuroidea. [AP M-I5| Az Salient features of Holothuroides : 1) Holothuroids are soft cucumber like echinoderms. 2) Their body is elongoted in the oro-aborst axis. 3) Skin is feathery containing dermal spicules. Holothuroides sea Cucumbeng Not meant for Eating 4) Arms, spines and pedicellaia ate absent [ASAP] 5) Mouth is surrounded by retractle tentacles. [MRT] 3) 6) Ambulacral grooves are closed, { [Ac] a 7) Tube feet helps in locomotion, 8) Madreporite is Internal (coelom) * im 9) onfentey esx are repair op \ 10) Larvais Aurculria i: Holaturia, Syapla, Thyone Ke 29, Mention the general characters of Arachnida, age A: General characters of Arachnida: 1) Arachnide are terrestrial chelicerate arthropods | 2) Their body ean be divided into prosoma and opisthosoma, | 3) Prosoma has six pairs of appendages | (a) psi of eelicrate (2) pair of pecipalps () 4 pairs of wal | sis of walking le 4) Spinners fdr ere psi Spinners temo ebbre a appendage ') Respiratory organs are book lungs(scorpion) and trac 6) Respiratory pigment is haemocyanin contains copper. 1) Exeretory organs are malpighian tubules and coxal glands 8) Development is direct. No larval staye 9) Scorpions. +heae(some spiders). | Ae Viviparous, Ex: Palamnacu (scorpion), Aranea spider), Sarcoptes (itch mi)GY-SAQ* ABY BULLET: ke SSP IT kee 20010 30, Name the four ‘hallmarks’ of chordates and explain the principal f ** 7 ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II* * (_4 marks _) ction of each of them, [TS M-16) [AP M-18,20, A: ‘Hallmark’ characters of chordates: 1) Notochord: 11s present in all chordates at some stage of life. 1tis rod like structure located above the alimentary canal and below the nerve cord. It ts supportive in function, It is mesodermal in origin 2) Nervecord: There isa dorsal tubular fluid, filled nerve cord present above the notochord. In vertebrates the anterior end becomes the brain and the rest of the cord becomes spinal chord. coordinates various functions of the body. It isectodermal in origin 3) Pharyngeal gill slits: The pharyny is perforated on either side which become gill Slits. They are well developed in aquatic lower vertebrates and lower chordates. They are reduced and ron functional sn higher vertebrates, They help wn exchang oF gases (respiration). They are cecto-endoderinal in origin 4) Postanal tail: Part of the body that projects hesond the ans is tail Generally i hits vertebral colum, blood vessel ad muscles. [thelps iw locomotion, balancing, prehensile ( ley) and defence organ 1. Compare and contrast cartilaginous and bony fishes, IAP M-16), 4P May-17] nw between cartilaginous and bony fishes ITS May-19,22] ‘urine ') Bony fishes are found nat agaut hablo | 2) Endoskeleton is made up of carlage 2) Endosketeton is made up of bone: 3) Mouth is ventral 3) Mouth isterminal 4) Seales are placoid | 4 Seales are eyo ‘tenoid, ganoid or cosmoid. | 5) Ai bladder is absent | 5) Air bladder is present | 6} Excretion isureovetic | 6) Excrionis | _— | ammonatclic | “audal fin isheterocercal | 7) Caudal fin ishomovercal or diphycercal, | 8) Claspers are present in males, 8) Claspers are absent in males, | 9} Mostly Viviparous 9) Mostly Oviparous 10) Ba: Scotidon(dog fish), Torpedo 10) Ex: Exocoetus (flying fish*YR.200LOGY-sAQ BABY BULLET.Q, }_ Se 32. What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them in Night? A: Birds are masters of air, Almost every part of their body is suited for fight. [ARTS M.15,17) Plight adaptations of Birds: 1) Body of birds is boot shaped with reduced tail 2) Bxoskeleton consists of feathers. 3) Feathers are light in weight and provide support in air. 4) Eyes are large with sclerotic plates and comb like pecten 5) Skin is dry without glands, except preen 6) Forelimbs are modified into wings. land in the tal 7) Bones are pneumatic (weight reduction) with extensions of aie sacs 8) All modem flying birds arc provided with powerful breast muscles. 9) Airsaes, attached to lungs, provide vontinuous oxygenation, 10) Syrinx is voice box 11) Olfactory lobes are reduced in brain, 12) Posterior caudal vertebrac are fused to form piynertyle which helps in movement of til feathers, 13) Inter clavicles are fused with clavicle to form fureula 14) Sternum is large and gives attachment surface to larue flight muscles 15) 055 of urinary bladder is un adaptation to reduce body weight 33. Deseribe the structure of the heart af frog. ITS M-19) i Structure of heart of fray 1) Frogs hear is a museular pump lacated in upper part of the body eavity 2) Frogs heart is three chambered 3) There are two auricles and ane ventricle Carian 4) Double layered pericardium surrounds oR Sibi the heat and protects fram mechanical | ici prsival, Ca hs shocks. ¥} Celt precaval reighacioa-f PE! Ls cues 5) Sinus venosus isa triangular chamber ‘opening into right atrium (auricle) on the. {wn sei dorsal side ofthe heart. 6) The ventricle opens into conus arteriosus on the veniral side of hear. 7) Conus arteriosus bifurcates snd each FROG HEARI branch give rise to three aortic arches namely carotid, systemic and pulmocutaneous '8) Blood frorn the heart goes to various parts through wortic arches 9) Three major veins collect blood and joins sinus venosus. 10) Circulation of frog is described as incomplcte double cireulationBABY BULLET-Q an JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ* Write eight sallent features of the class Amphibia. [TS M-20,22] [AP M-19,22] out the extant orders of the Class Reptilia. Give two examples for exch order. Living orders of reptitia with examples: 1) Chetonia : Chelone (marine green turtle), Testudo (land tortoise), Trionyx (fresh water) 2) Rhynchocephalia (beak healed reptiles) Sphenodon (living fossil restricted to New Zealand). 3) Crocoditia: Crocodylus palustris (Indian crocodile), Alligator, Gavialis gangeticus (gharial) 4) Squamata: Sealy reptiles. Ithas two groups. 1) Lizards: Hemidactylus (wall lizard), Chameleon, Draco (flying lizard). ii) Snakes: a) Non- poisonous: Ptyas (Rat snake), Tropidonotus (pond snake). b) Poisonous : Najanaja (cobra), Ophiophagus( King cobra), Bungarus( krait), Vipera russelli (chained viper) List out eight characteristics that help distinguish a fish from the other vertebrates. Exclusive characters of fishes: IAPM-19] 1) Fishes are aquatic, ectothermal, sealy vertebrates, 2) The scales are mesodermal: In some fishes the are modified into shields or spines. 3) Vertebra are amphicoelous (cavity on each side of centrum) +) Fins are present for locomotion 5) The fins ate pared (pectoral and pelvic) and median (dorsal, caudal and ansl) 6) Gill are respiratory organs. 7) Gill slits are open in cartilaginous fishes and enclosed by operculum in bony fishes: 8) The heart is venteal and two chambered, itis also called Branchial heart and Venous heart. Salient features of Amphibia: 1) Amphibians are first tetrapods. 2) They live both on land and in water. 3) The body is divided ino distinct head, trunk and tal (present or absent). 4) Skin is moist, glandular and without scales 5) Limbs are pentadaetyle 6) Skullis dicond lie 7) Vertebrae are generally procoelous, amphicoelous and opisthocoelous. 8) Stemum appeared firs time in amphibia. 9) Respiration is pulmonary, cutaneous and bucco pharyngeal, 10) Heat is three chambered. 11) Sinus venosus and conus arteriosus are present 12) Kidneys are mesonephrie 15) Amphibians are ureotelic 14) Meninges are wo: piamater and duramatet, 15) Middle ear has columellauri that connects tympanum with internal eat 16) Lacrimal and barderian glands are present inthe eye. : 17) Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is exterul, larva is tadpole 18) Ex: Bufo (Coad), Rana(irog), Hyla (fee frog), Rhacophorus (flying frog) (2-Few More SAQ are in Page 65 ]ral BABY BULLET.O4 scribe the process of transy ene seas jourable conditions stops feaing and dhe onal ge e disapHEAE. us MES 86 TO By asides mio m9 BY aiosis 3) A manaverse constriotians appears in the migsle 9 Them 2) the macro dives te parent nie ovo daughter inv Maas proferatd posterior is opie Seve conmavtle varus of pugs anl second vacuole sew feme in hod the posters comet abotes along with mavio and ntcto nucle wompanclie are ely develapeal ty bed }Baty fasion is completed in wo hous 2iin aay, she parameonn sau peadnse t generations 3)Mhe rans ere bioary tisiow is vallal Home oronlspring Pe Baar te Process of longitudinal binary fission in Euglena, (TS N-t6][4PE-t4] A: Binary fission in Euglena: uglena undergoes longitudinal binary fssiow during favourable conditions 3) During ths process he stig, prayer haan eontacte vacuoles dappeae. 3) Nucleus, basal granules cromatophores andy toplasm undergodicann 4) A longitudinal groove appears in the central part of amerioe era 5) Itgradually extends to posterior and divides the organism ino to, 6) One daughter Euglena retain parental Magela, te other dauhce develops new Agel 2) Asdaughtsfooms ook like mierr images the fission icalledsyremetoeene dh ier 8) Stigma, paraflagellar body and eontractte vacuole develop fresh invee pena Chromatin Cntomesomat_—_Sewatiew Dtuphtereupiense AB RRR VA a N' is NucleusBABY BULLE \GY-SAQ* 39. What are lateral appendages? Based on their presence and absence, write the various types of flagella giving at least one example for each type. JAP,TS M-15,17| At Lateral appendages :One or two or many rows of shor, lateral hair like fibrils found on some: ‘flagella are called lateral appendages or mastigonemes. There are $ types of flagetta based on the arrangement of mastigonemes 1) Stichonematie: This flagellum bears one row of mastigonemes, Bx: Euglena, Astasia. 2) Pantonematie: The flagellum has two or more rows of mastigonemes Bx: Peranema , Monas 3) Acronematic: There are no mastigonemes on this flagellum. The tip of axoneme is naked ‘without any sheath Ex: Chlamydomonas and polytoma 4) Pantacronematic: The lagetium has two or more rows of mastigonemes and a naked terminal filament Bx: Urceolus 5) Anenvatic (simple) : Mastigonemes are absent. There are no terminal filaments Ex: Chilomonas and cryptomonas A-Stichonematic B- Pantonematic C Acronematic D- Pant E+ Anematie 40. Give an account of pseudopod ITS May-19} [AP M-19,20,22 AS 1) Pseuodpodia:Pseudopodia means false feet, They are temporarily formed for locomotion and food collection in Rhizopods. They are extensions of eytoplasm in the direction of movement W) Types of Pseudoposdia: ()Lobepedia- Blunt, finger like pseudopodia, Wx: Amoeba and Entamoeba (2)Filopodia. Filamentous pseudopodia, Ex: Fuglypha (2)Reticulopodia. Network like pscudopodia, Ex: Elphidium “iAxopudia or Hetiopodia- 111) Process of form: Ray like pseudopodia Ex: Actinophrys 1) Pseulpodium is formed by conversion of el eytoplasm to sol eytoplsm. and vice versa Sol to gel) 2) Solel theory isthe most accepted theory. 3) Allen's theory 'Front contraction’ or ‘fountain zone! ‘ction’ oF fountain zone’ theory is more appropriate 4) Actin and myosin molecules also have a role, mre 5) Pseudopodial movement or amoeboid mo Wvement is performed 02 ‘mutcrophages, neutrophil = 0,a SNe ae = BAST PHL ero | ssrzoorcar.se =a-— 108 \ 41. Deaw a neat labelled diagram of Euglena. 42. A 44. 4 BABY BULLET-O {uae £4 58P as, maxx} a JA.ZOOLOGY-SAQ* 45/ Prevention is better than cure’. Justify with regard (TDA abuse. {APTS M-18] % whe " kkk 9.BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE What are the adverse effects of tob: TES May-17,19,22] [Al Adverse effects of Tobacce: {AP Mar, May-19| 1) Tobacco is smoked, chewed as gutkha or snuffed, PM-16]]1PE-14) O68... 2) Smoking increases carbon monoxide level in blood wissen and reduces oxygen level rae | 3) Tobacco contains Nicotine, an alkaloid. Rade (Bob 10 4) Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland. 5) The fiormones adrenaline and non-adrenaline increase blood pressure and heart rae. 6) It causes bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease and gastric ulcers. 7) Itinereases the incidence of cancer of throat, longs and urinary bladder. ‘Why in adolescence is considered yalnerable phase’ [AP M-15,18,22} 1) Adolescence is the teenage between 12 (0 18 years 2) Itisa bridge between childhood and adulthood. | 3) During this period a child becomes mature. | 4) Several biological and behavioural changes take place during this period. “Tick tRoxes | 5) So Adolescence is suit bea vulnerable phase of mentatand YF) Cc] psychologes development ofan indivi, TDA means Tobacco, Drugs, Alcohol : atsasue | ‘The proverb, ‘Prevention is better than cure’ halds {, TEENAGERS | true in case of TDA abuse BEAWARE OF : | @rpavor Measures useful for prevention: oF undue parental pressure: All childten have their own choices, capacities and | personalities. The parents should not force their children to perform beyond their capacity ‘They should not compare them with others in studies, games et. way 2) Responsibility of parents and teachers: They have to advise, counsel andhelp the children ‘who ate likely to get into the trap of TDA. 3) Seeking help from peers: IF classmates find some one getting into trap of TDA, it should be brought to the notive of their parents or teachers. 4) Education and coun u: There must be a continuous provess of educating the children regarding TDA, at every level in the form of lessons 's) Seeking professiveal and qualified psychologists, psycl edict help: A lot of help is available in the form of highly trists and de-addiction and rehabilitation programmers.IR ZOOLOGY GAG [aj RABY BULLETO® 46 Distinguish hetweem hyper OUY and hyperphicis vith an coumple for Cate SD Hypertophy: Some pansites Guise abnorial inerease is Hae size of the het cell wh finally euptires [ATS 02m, annie Ince: inthe size of HSRC whieh Siuully bra 2) Hyperplasia: Sone Parasites cause increise inthe size 1 the rain ly mice of cells, Thies c convenience or ett to the best a: nial hepatic lives in hie del hor Ilse the pase of lees by the cells 47 ates Opioids AS Opioids are drugs ohtamned fron popyyy plant paparer toaniteruin Shee deus bind ia ppenitie OF ONS ant a Oplods: 1M i) Win pradiced hemdeied baler oe unnip fratset pegqey plan 1) Wis in the forms of colonttews crystals ot vile erytalline: prondes iii) 1s taken orally or hy injcetion iv) His an effective sedatives anal pains Filles YH ICis unctial for surgery putionts anal sabes sitter trrae panfil slants 2) Mervin 1) His produced from sionplaise by eet pation ii) 1 is a white bither poveder iit) Chemically i isebigcoty noaphie iv) It is also called Samick! vy) ILis taken in by snort and injection vi) Heroin causes depression and slows doven the hody function: # notes on Cannabinvids. ls: These dings are obtained frown Indian berop plant Casinabis sativa (yanjai mokkay lower tips, lenves and resin of these plant are used in various combination to produce marijuana, hashish, chara andl ganja 2) These drups are used by sports person to enhance their performance 3) These drtyes are taken in esther orally or inh 4) Cardio vascular system iy effected 49. Write a short note on the pathoge Av Pathogenicity of Entamoeba: 1) Entamoeba causes avers in large intestine: 2) ‘The ulcers o07¢ blood cells, cellular debris and bacteria, 3) Ultimately there will be blood and mucus motions. Ti called intestinal smnuebiass or amoebic, desentry. 4)Sometimes the wophozoites enter the blood stream and reach lunys,heaet, kidneys and brain ‘causing abscesses in those organs leading to severe pathological conditions. [Lis called extra intestinal amocbi 5) Some people do not exhibit syinptoms such people are called carriers or asymptomatic oyst passers as their stool contains the tetranucleate eysts. ty of Entamoehs histolytion [7-Few More SAQ are in Page 66 & 67)BABY BULL eee JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQK Mandible Hypopharynx Labial pal Draw a neat labelled diagram of the mouthparts of cockroach? {AP, TS M-16] | We aru (TS M19} AP MANET} Paragios: Maxillary palp Glossa olen Prementum eae Paipiger na vent aie Tick Bones Mouth Partsof Cockroach Hypopharynx \ obs of eavary gland Salivary apparatus of Cockroach $2. Drawaneat labelled diagram of ommatidium. [TS May-17,19|JAP, TS. M-15,20] — LENS FACET) ‘CORNEAGEN CELL tess CONE CELL, I Gest ALLine CONE inser sxcarn—-\ 7 TRS PQMENT SHEATH “Ms ect armwancan tf) coneceus | | ! cone remnant) Bemuas SOE ‘SHEATH # PRABDOME 5 5 ) ¢ saseneit Ae eMBRan IEMONANE ‘C RETINULAR PlaeNT NERVE FBRES A SHEATH 51. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the salivary apparatus of cockroach.|APMar-19,20| IAP.TS M-17] Tiek Boxes Tick Boxes***41 ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT* ** 53. Describe Green House Effect. JAP Mar, May-17|[1PE-14) A: Green house effect: ‘Green house eifect is a naturally © ‘Green House" ‘occuring phenonmenon, that is responsible for heating of @ a'Don House! the Earth's surface and atmosphere. 1) When sunlight reaches the outer most layer of the atmosphere, it absorbs some radiation, 2) About one fourth of solar radiation is reflected back by clouds and gases and only half ofthe incoming solar radiation reaches the earth surface and earth gets heated. 3) Then a small poriton of heat is reflected back into the atmosphere. Due to the presence of green house gases CO, and methane a major part of the radiation again reflects back to the earth surface. Tick Boxes 4) Due to this, earth surface heats up once again, This phenomenon is called Green house effect. $4. Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control ‘Global Warming’? (ES. M-15] [AP M-15,16] A: 1) Global Warming: Rise of temperature above normal level inthe atmosphere is called global warming, This happens due to the increase in the emission of green house gases. 2) Causes of Global Warming: (2) Air pollutant (COp) is the major responsible factor for global warming, (b) ILis produced by (i) incomplete combustion of fossil fucls. (ii) Automobile exhausts (iii) Factory fumes (iv) Emissions from power plants {v) Forest fires 3) Effects of Global Warming: (i) Climatic changes (i) Elnino effect (iii) Melting of snow caps of mountains resulting in submergence of coastal areas, 4) Control measures: (9 Reding the use offs fl Benes (i) Improving efficiency of energy usage. ‘ntire Globe is (iii) Planting of trees and avoiding deforestation. getting heated {Gv) Slowing down the growth of human population. _ Reiiaxes (8) Kyoto protocol: To save earth from the dangers of global warming. 191 countries have signed the protocol in Kyoto of Japan to reduce ‘| the emission of green house gases to the level of 1990, What are the deleterious effects of depletion of ozone in the stratosphere? [1PE-14} 1) Depletion of Ozone layer: 1) When ozone layer is depleted marketedly, it Ieads to ozone hole. TS May-19) [A Mr-19] 2) Then ozone layer becomes very thin and it can't prevent the UV radiation completely: 3) Then the UV radiations with shorter wavelengths (UV-B) enter the earth surface. Il) Deleterious(Harmtul) effects of depletion of ezone: 1) UV rays damage DNA and may induce mutations 2) They cause aging of skin, damage to skin cells and cause skin eancer, 3) High concentrations of UV-B radiation results in inflammation of cornea 4) This leads to snow blindness and cataract. Some times it permanently damages cornea 55. Tick Boxes — aan. | % JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ (ews S5P06 x4} BABY BULLET-G&~~ seer TPs SAK BABY BULLET-Q Hae SPAT RRR} JR.ZOOLOGY-SAQ: so, Whatis steatifie xphh [1SM-17.20) [AP M-18.20) A: 1) Summer Stratification water is called Summer stratification, uring summer, in temaporate lakes, the formation of three layers of jodie circulation of water During summer the temperature of lak rises upto 25°C. Hence, P takes place, ‘Then three types of layers are formed 1) Kpilimnion 2)'Thermoctine 3) Llypatitnnion The upper, warm, oxygen rich layer of water having a temperature range of 21°C-25°C iscalted epilimnion, 2) Thermocline: The below layet of epitiranion i e Here, the temperature decreases at the rate of 1°C per meter. 3) IypolimnionThe bottom layer where the temperature is about 7°Cis called Hypolimaion In this layer, the water is stagnant, relatively cool, nutrient rich, low oxygen content cue to absence of Photosynthetic activity. 11) Autumn overturn is followed by Summer Stratification: 1) During Autumn the temperature of surface water falls to 4°C. 2) ‘The water hocomes heavy when the temperature is at 4°C, Tt sinks to the bottom. The bottom water eomes to the surface with many nutrients, Ths circulation is called autumn (Fal) over torn. 3) Duetoautumn overturn uniform temperature and uniform distribution ‘of nutrients and oxygen in the lakes take place. ‘and seawater mode of life 57. Compare the adaptations of animals A: 1) Adaptations of Fresh water animals: {TS M-16} 1) Fresh water organisms undergo eadosmosis. 3) Fresh water fishes developed glomerular kidneys fo remove excess water from the body through urine. 3) Fresh water sponges produce gemmules 1 survive in summer. 44) African lungfish undergoes aesivation by forming a gelatinous cocoon, fo survive in summer. 11) Adaptations of Sea water animals 1) Sea watces high in salt content compared tothe body luids. So, marine animals continuously Tose water from their bodies by exosmosis. 2) Marine forms developed aglomerular kidneys, with Jess number of nephrons, salt seereting chloride cells in gills 3) Marine birds and penguins eliminate salt drops through nostis. '4) Sharks retain urca and trimethylamine oxide (TMO) in fishes to maintain salt balance in body ‘uids. 58. Write a note on DFC. Give the significance in a terrestrial ecosystem. |AP.TS-18] A: 1) DFC is Detritus Food Chain. Its an important food chain in testestrial ecosystem. 2) Detritus is formed from leaf litter, dead bodies, and faeces of animals. 3) Detritus has decomposers which are heterotrophic organisms, Ex: Fungi and bacteria. 4) They mect their energy and nutrition requirements by degrading detritus. 5) These organisms are called saprotrophs. 6) Decomposers secrete enzymes thal break down detritus into simple absorbable substances. 7) Detritus foodAIRZ00L0GY-vsag BABY BULLET.O VSAQ ‘SECTION-A. VERY EASY & CUTE SECTION WITH MANY MINI ANSWERS WSAQ CHAPTERS zomans }—" | 12.| DIVERSITYOFLIVINGWORLD — (2Marks) | 49-50 | 19, SrmucTURAL ORGANISATION (2 +2+2 Marks) 51- 52 14, | animaL DIVERSITY (2 Marks) | 3-84 15. | ANIMAL DIVERSITY. (2 Marks) 16.| LOCOMOTION A REPRODUCTION (242 Marks) 17.| BIOLOGY I HUMAN WELFARE (2 Marks) 18. ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT (2 Marks) Easy Chapters: Diversity of Ling World, Locomotion Imp Chapters: animai Diversity, Biology in Human Weltare Super Scoring Pages| xx SSPe re Page 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, Total SS Pages : 9—— A x BABY BULLET-.Q (* ¥ SsPaa KH) JR.200LOGY.VsAQ * 59. What does 107; stand for? A: 1) ICZN stands for Inter: 2) Itis used to. [AP,TS M-19}|TS M-15,22] ational Code of Zoolo; »gical Nomenc lature. name an identified organism, 60, A: 1) Biogenesis is a the eee bi 8 "ine theory of evolution which says life begets life! 2) Thus living beings are produced from living beings only but not from nor-living matter, 61. Define the term histology. What is it otherwise called? [AP M-19, 15] A: 1) Histology: Histology is the study of microscopic structure of different tissues. 2) Its also known as Microanatomy. 623QV hat is trinomial nomenclature? Give an example [AP M-15}[TS M-16] A: 1) Trinomial nomenclature: Naming an organism with three words, for genus, species and subspecies is called trinomial nomenclature. It is used to name the subspecies of an organism. 2) Ex: Homo sapiens sapiens 63, What is meant by tautonymy? Give two examples, [AP M-16,17]|TS M-17,20,22] ‘A: 1) The practice of naming the animals in which the genetic name and specific name are the same is called tautonymy. 2) Ex-I: Naja naja- The Indian cobra Ex-2: xis axis- Spotted deer = Differentiate between Protostomia and Deuterostomia, [AP M-22][TSM-17,18] A Ef Protostomia Deuterostomia ] * | 5 Frarasiomia are eamelazoans im whieh ie 1) Deuterostomia are eumtzonns in which Jastopore develops into mouth. anus is formed from or neat the blastopore. 2) Pe annetid “Arthropoda, Mollusea 2), Ex:Echinodermata.Hemichordata, Chordata Mention the different types of ecological diversities. 65, What is ecological di A: 1) Ecological diversity is diversity at the level of Ecosystems. Ex: Deserts, Rain forests, Mangroves. ; cersities: Jes of Ecological div 2) Types aiversity- based on number of SPECS OF Xa ) Ale ty « based on endemic species between two adjacent ecosystems. ii) Beta diversity - iy Garnma diversity- tural boundaries: | eS SS ‘overall diversity of various ecosystems in an ecological region with- —p wR. ig ZOOLOGY-vsAg [50 } BABY BULLET-Q * ITS M-22]1AP M17] 66. Define species richness. Az 1) Species richness: Its the number of species per unit arca More number of species indicate more species richness, 2) Formula: Log $=log C+ Z log A species richness, A= Area, Z= Slope of the line, Here, 67. List out any four sacred groves in India. Ae Sacred groves are small group of trees in an area venerated by local people. 1) Khasi and Jaintiahills~ Meghalaya 2) Aravallihills ~ Rajasthan and Gujarat 3) Sanguja, Bastar = Chattisgarh 4) Chanda ~ Madihyapradesh 68, Write the full form of IUCN. In which book threatened species arc enlisted. [APM-20]/TS M-19] A: 1) [UCN stands for Intemational Union for Conservation of Nature and natural resources. 2) Threatened species are enlisted in 'Red Dats Book! of IUCN, 69. Define the term metabol ive any one example, ‘A: 1) Allthe chemical reactions that take place in the body of an organism are collectively called i ‘metabolism, Metabolism isthe distinctive character of living beings. jon, Photosynthesis ete. 70. How do you differentiate between growth in a living organism and non-living object w ‘A: Increase in size is celled growth, 1) In living beings, growth takes place by increase in number of cells from inside the body. Hence itis growth from inside. n animals growth is limited whereas in plants itis unlimited, 2) Innon-living objects, growth takes place by the aceetion of matter from outside, 71. ‘Zoos are tools for classification’ Explain. At 1) Zoo is place where wild animals and birds are kept under the care of man with restricted ‘movement 2) Ithelps to study extemal characters, feeding habits, behaviour ofthe animals It helps to determine their systematic position in animal kingdom. Hence 2008 ae tool for classification ‘72. Where and how do we preserve skeletons of animals, dry specimens ete? As 1) Skeletons and dry specimens are Kept in museum, 2) The skeletons are cleaned, bleached and articulated, whereas the specimens are stuffed (Taxidermy) before exhibition,a ee BABY z {ex * SePsi ees} BULLET-Q wee SSPSt RRR JR.ZOOLOGY-VSAQ* 73. What is cephalization? How is it useful 0 Hs pessessors? [TS M-20]/AP M 17] A: 1) Cephatization isthe formation of nerve and sensory cells tthe anterior part of the body. 2) Animals with cephalization can sense the new environment and move efficient that the other animals in seaking food, locating mates and in avoiding or escaping from predatots. ~ als that exhibited a time? Name their body cavity. ve -withi fube' organisation for the first | A: 1) "Tube-within-e-tube onganisation is fitst formed in Nematoda. 2) The body cavity in Nematodes is Pseudococtom 75. Why is the true coelom considered 2 seconsta y body cavity? [AP M-16)[TS M-15] A: 1) In eucoelomate animals, blastocoe isthe primary cavity during development. |{PE-14] 2) Later the blastocoel(primary body cavity) is replaced by true coelom(secondary body cavity) derived from mesoderm. 3) Hence the body cavity of eueoelomates is considered as the secondary body cavity. 76. What are retroperitoneal organ: [TS M-16,19] [AP 18} A: 1) The organs like kidneys in vertebrates are cavered by the parietal peritoneum only on the ventral side 2) Such a peritoneum is called retroperitoneum anil the organs lined by it ae called retroperitoneal organs. 77. Whatis Enteracoelom? Name the (Ts M-15] As 1) Enterocoelom is & type of true coelom that arises by mesodermal out pouching of the enteron Jom Animalia are Eehinodermates, Hemi 2) Enterocoelomate phyla in kin 78. Distinguish between endow lanels with examples. [AP M-18] [TS M-15} Jexoet af Fndocrine glands | __Exocrine glands 1) Endocrine glands are ductless glands. 1) Exocrine glands are glands with ducts. 2) They seerete hormones which are 2) They seercte saliva, mucus, ear wax, directly reteased into blood oil mitkand digestive juices. 3) Ex:Piwitary gland, Thyroid gland 3) Ex: Salivary glands, Mucus glands 79. Mention any two substances secreted by mast cells and their functions. {AP. TS M-16} A 1) Heparin, histamine, bradykinin and serotonin are secreted by Mast cells. [TS M-20] 2) Heparin is an anticoagulant 3) Histamine and, Bradykinin are vasodilators. 4) Serotonin is vasconsirietior