[sel alias saclay: Wo Fao 1 | orice shsucture. aie \- 2 |closification of | 3. & aot ERements 3 | cherscal Bonding 6-% eS Pe , a SAQ's te | States of matter I-k 13-18 5 Thermodynamics C+ 1q- 2h 6 | Organic Chemistry 8— 12 22-25 + Cherrical Bending 13-1F 26-28 8 |ist Qnoup 18-20 29-30 1 |Hydvogen And Hs | e124 Bl- 3y Corrrpounds '0 |Stochiomeby [24728 Sus ss ul Chernica) equidibyd 29-33 Bqa ue Km Aids and basesS-8l chapker Name ished: O-o Fg:No 12 | States of Malter I-6 | eg 13 | Stochiomedtn zo t be 1 ' ane ae men Mirae iy Ovganic chemistry 13-23 | tae te | Eavironmental chery Ru 33 ome tt | (uh quopp Elements [5-4 PO 18 | DATA Gowup Elements [5-55 | 51-53 Chemical Bonding i 66- 60 53LAG if \What are the postulates of Bobs made! of Fydragen | atone? Discuss the Importance of this racde! to expbin \avious sevies of the Line spectya ?n hydyvagen atom? Rostulates:- eo ) The election in hydyogen atom veuolves around the nucleus fn.a ftxed civeulay Patith called ovbrts 2) Each orbtt ts Associated with definite encigy-Sovhed ave dalled energy leuels - i ) “The energy levels ave repvesonted a 1,253) ~~~ Can) kyLyrafh form-the Side of Nucleus: H) The angulov moment ofan electron ts al moulltple of ft . hey cays Freya) lalhevey rn= mass of electron Ve ueloctty of electron v= Radius of oybrt N= prtreteal Quantum Nurabe he Planks Constant rs leuel tf may e@ratt Cov) Obcorh enewy te, vuhere; x= Energy of higher ovbtt Et= Energy of Locoay evbtt HYPROGE NS SPECTROM: ~ Ee} tay Urs [4 ty] 16Ace) Quantum numbers ave lo exphin complete explinatton| lalhove, Ri= Rudbera's constant = 1)09-6330m" m= Locoey orbrt 92= Highe vorbHt OFAGRAM:- Chae ST ee orien =b we - | [Pind Sertes (far ae) Evy |, Ul] Bracket sevtes Contd te Tm) ; 4 | IIIT pashan sertes Crear re) aa LIT elamer sortes Cuter bie veafon) nef Lumen Sevies Cuy vegfon) Nawne of Sovies Region nm ng Pia Br. meee 2) Blarmey utsfole 2 144 3) Pashcor neavdR teens 4) Bracket middle ae 1, a 5) Hund a fav oe 5 6)9)---- How ate guardur numbers Pid and ry awited at? ExPotn the signtftance of these Quantum numbers Lov) Address of electron finan erbrt “the -four Quarrte| Nambors ave :- ( Principal Quanturn tum bey (fi) ARmuthal Quantum Num bey Gi) mMagnelic Quantum Number (i Sptn Quarrlum NumberO38 {o Principal Qeanturn Numbev Cn): — 21> DS eas proposed by Mefls bhov 2) D4 ts denoted by ‘o! By the ualues ave 0% 3) 4 ---- Cov) Ky Li D1 N- ~~~ u) the maxfum number of electron fov gtuen ualue n=on” h 6) Angulay mementum { muy= er Significance: Tt tadteates stze ofan orbt! and energy ofan electron: Gi) Aztmuthal @vontum Norobev C/):- NE ceas proposed by Sommey ferld . DL coos doroted by Lotter \y! 2) When x Ualues = oy 27% ----C01) 4) Argulav Mormertuny =f Jd) Signiftconce- Dl tndtvades the © hape of ovbt{a | Orbital Yualue shupe Ns ° sphovita| a 1 Durnpte ad 2, Double pumb_bep “EF z Fouv Fold dumb -bet) (@) Magnetic Quomturn Murnbenr- Lt coas proposed by Lande 2)94 is denoted by WW 3) ualues ae =-hoy tl u)Tolal Ualues = 214)Oy Signifinance Tt todscated the ovientatton of ovbrla! (tw Seta Quarlum Murnben:-(s) ) St cans proposed by Goudsmith and ublen becly 2)P} ts denoted by 3! 3) °s' ualues ave tand =f 4TE the Clectron veuolves around Clocle cotse Cs) dtvetion Spin fs +1 and fFelechen veuohes around antt-clods colsec\) spin ts ~b Signffrancer T4 tnditcates the divec-ton of lhe stn of -the electven- ic ©] Deftne Tec and T& + tohy fs Ler 7E, fora gfuen ata, Discuss the factors that effect Tt of an olectyan DP Dootsatfor Lerthaley Cov Polertfal Cre! The chewy % vequtved to rermove an elecdvon frorna Neutval ; fsolated gaseous Q4orn 1s Called Te; 4 Met TE 9 witgy + 1 2 Fovisatten Erlbalpys- (142) In) “The energy vequtved +o vernate an elector fron, unt postttve gasceus fon Called TE, + 40 1)-+ Tp ~—> 79) + ©ra oS that Is a pevedte property? Uoco-the Follocsing praperttes Ua ina group fna PerodfC ? Explain: @ Ptomee vadrus @ Election gata eottalphy oven ore @ Natuve of ortdes CEN Poredic Propertes: The vepetttton of properties of elements of veoulay fntevvals of 4tme fs alied PeIedtetty and the prepewel Ave called pevodte Properties: @) Atomic vadtus:- The difsfance helwaen the Corby of Nucl and athe Cutamest shell ofanatom ¢s alled AR. GRovp PERTOD Ina Gap fie top-to Th © pevfod From lat ty Bollore AR frcvers) . VOHM+ ComPe radfus ec reas Becauk dt fle vertattrs Because Ath fovensert 5 enters Thto need ghel! ity © enkers to40 samme shel} - CB Lonizattsn Enthalpys ee as The mfnfurn amount of eCnerg 4 ¥RQUP LOD 10 Vernove the cutev moc+ & From Qarour nou tral atom catia te Moy + TE, >My) +e06 (3) te, rteu- Lee =I Second Tonfsa-tton enthalphy fs alesays gvea tev thon the ftrsd Tonteatfon emthalphy Because move effecttve nucleay Chayae' H) factors tnfluenetag tonasation emthalphy —1,r4 @) Axtomic_vadtus: ~ As the Plomie radfus fncveases;-the Mucleav fevee of Adltyaction guer the ualency Cledvon clecrarses. (® Necleay charge +- Tonfsattor erthala Increases ff fs Because the force of attraction on tre ualere Clectron trcrecos Nucleay chavge y TE © Scveentno effect :- * T+ veduce’ the fowe cf AH ractlor Joucavds Nutleys Here outev mest eC lectyor can be easly removed- UigheY the senting affecd “The Lesv-+ho UalUo of te ! Screening effect y ae (@) Penetration of orbitals of yalenve Clee-tvons :- More Ff the peretvatfoo of ov bfta) move etl be the fonisattén enthalpy "the Order of penetration Prewoy its [srp>aof] : Jot GrRoop Tnagroup from top +0 Bottom Te decreases Recause 92 Fncveass * PeRSoD:. Sna perFod frarn Left to ¥fght Te Therea®> Because PR decrana Coy ELECTRO MeGpTTuTTY Cen) —9m the ve latte tendency of an olor -to attract He Trared pate o¢ Ptocerndss Plsott & ated ev: GrRoup Th aprgrouP From top to bottom EN decrarss Boxe Otto. vadFes Ther eases - . PERSco! Bn a pertod from Left to vight EN Increase because artoenic vadiue clecren ses WD EA CEleckon AHtnity) Len cine ef eneqy welecsed cohen an election fs Added t> the valency shell of nevlol qaser abasic : called election ostfini ty C eo, AEA Algu& Bi Groupe Th oa qreup from top —bettery A clereaces Ihe cause orttornic —vadiug — Incre aces:oe Pentecd- dn a pertod -from lett to wight EA teevenset because Atoen'c vadiuy cecrenses- © nlatuve of opiden- the elements when hated seth Ongar -forms — cowesponding odes: srTRese axe 3 types: Dacki'e a) haste ayammphoker’e oxides Group Period D Beidic orlces Clecrenses Increases, ©) Baste oxfdes seairennses decvates LibHe on essay on Sifds¢ block @ lements. (eer Depending on the eleélons ave classified on tu Hocks a) S-bleck elements. an then de-frerentiatig election enters into orbital is s-block athe General electronic configurdlion ts ns'> D Tt contoins a-qreups ies) BA -ns! ITA -nc® Peblock’ etennentit. the dletperentioting elertion eritey int poBlbak ye pr block etements an athe General electronic configuration ts ns opt grt wo placed vight — sicle of Periodic table wT contains 6 qroupscS 9 O- Block elements; —s 2m ) When differentiating electron entevs into Ch-i) d-ov6ital jg called df-block efement s The qeneval € fectronic Con fiqara tion 7s (n-) id '7!0 pF 5101) > “ 2) Jt was placed in middle of 5 & p- block Elementy. 4) The Qroutps ave cesiqnated -from 3-12. id) E> Block € fements.- eae ) when oitfferentiating electron enters into (n-d f-orbital 78 cafted f-block Elements. P)The geneval electronic config wratton i$ (n-2) ¢' en=1) doting 3) These ave placed in bottom of the periodic table. 4 4t contains Lanthanotdes § Antinides. What do you Under stand by fy bridi sation? €iplain dtfferent types of Ay bridisation involwing séporébital. Hy brief iat [The intermining of atomic orbitals faving same Enevqy to produce Equal no-of Telentical fy bride ovgitals 1S Called Hybridi ration — 1M,: ®® f ; s D) sphybridisation;- —>.M the inter mixing ofone's'and one P orbitals to Produce 2 SP Aybride orbitals is called s-p hybridisation. + S/.=S507.and P+/-=S07- I> Shame 7s linear and Bondangle 5 180° O+00 ——s $ P Sp-hybride orbitals . Sxample,- Bech molecule: 4 DJn Becia, Centre atom Be’ undergo's p’ Ay brichisatigh b) Shame 75 fineay and Bond angle (80° 3) In Bech Contains 2 «¢, Bonds. cl — Bet cl 2) Sp? hy bridisa tion ;~ —52M The intermixing of ones‘and 2 p-orbitals to Produce 3spr hy bride orbitals 7s called sp» ~ HG bridisation [> S character = 33-334. r> P Chavactty = 66: 66+ > SRape of the molecule 7s tigona ¢ plannay and| Bond angle iS 120° fi L+— O ©@® O+2 = sa Ss 3-Sp2 hybride orbitals . \ Example;- Belgmolecule ;- D $n Belg ,Centralatom ‘B’ undergoes spt hybridis- lation. K i It contains 3 ora bonis. 3) Shape is trigonal planar and Bondangle is 120° chy eur T 3 sp hybridisation~ —s 944 The intermixing of one's’ ¢ ap-orbitals to produce MSP3 hybride orbitals is Called sp3 hybridisation [> S-chavactey =254. [> p- chavactey - 457 le Shape is tttrahedral and Bond angle i's (09°28) ee $s U -Sp3 hy bride - 016i tal: Srarmple:- P3 hybride 7 S. CHu mote cule; D9n CHy molecule central atom’ undergoes sp3(> 7 Hybridisation @ ® b) Jt contains Y ogps gbonds 3) Shape 75 tttvahedvaland 4) Bond angle fs (09°28). - Give-an account of VESPER theoryand TES applications? Pos tulates;- ) The Shape of the molecule clepends vPOn number of Electrons pairs in valency Shelf of Centralat'on. 2) The shape and bond angle depends on repuls fon Between electron Pairs. 2) lone paty of Electron occupies more Space the bond paty of Electrons. W) The vepulsion order Of Electron pairs . S) Repulsfon among the various bond No-oF eLlectogsNoof [No-oF Pats "eon pat tone, | Shape [Bond Rs ; paiys angle oe 7 2 > flineay | 180° [eect] ®) = ° ITvigonal u Plannay| !20° | Bel «RGM 9 etrahedat!09°2' | CHYy_8®©_ ml 3 \ Pyramid toe? | NHS ie bs 2 gular] toy? 26 = Si © frigonas | go} 20° | pets foi Purana 6 6 ~aot / 0 octahe aorieot SF6. aieiee natts molecule: - 32M, = 2D In Nig Molecule ‘N’ ator undergo Sp3-hy bridisatig ) It forms 3 G3-5 bonds . B) Jt Contains Bond patys=3 . done patis=; 4) The vepulsion s of B:Pand Z:P Shape 7s Pyramidal and bond angle is lo#® “aS hs bes Is Given the moleculavoreital energy diqrarm of Naand 05 Caliculate the vespective bond ordeg= )N2 contain [U electrons 2D Bond order = Nb-Na _ By = [Oeu. | “> = 62=3 CNEN) 3) gt ts diamaqneticnatune 1m. Au d —> 2M Thapy T2P2 [1 hy ri 2s rb Fl o2s iL x hy | Ve* 1 ee Ise ols: | (Oar \ pdn or contain 16 Electrons. im 2 Bond order = Nb-Na_ lo a a ale, BO fo3) Tt fs Pararnagnetic fatue —> i ra 2S) as;SHORT ANSHER QUESTIONS STATES OF MATTER Write the postulates of Kinetic molecular theory of gases: () Gases consist of large number of tiny porticles called as molecules - (2) Gas molecules move randomly tn all dtrections with different Velocitres- (3) Collisions of qas molecules ave perfectly elastic. (4) The actual volume of the gas molecules t's negligible In comparision to the total volume af the container: ts) Average kinetic energy of gas molecules ts divectty proportional to the absolute temperature State and explatn Graham's law of diffusion. At constant temperature and. pressure the yote of ali-ffusion of a given mass of a qos is Inversely proportional to the square root of its density: y= Yate of diffusion d= density af a gas Med t Vet Ta3) M= 2x Vel neve Im _ Ra % Ja IM IVa, Tf tt ave times taken -for -the cli-ffusion of vy, ave volumes of two different gases then rates of diffusion is qiven by Nite vt, a te Applications of diffusion : 1) Molay mass of unknown qos ts determined. 2) Tt ts used as Ansils alarm, Decuce (a) Boyle’s law (by Charle’s law ()Graham’s law (d) Dalton’s law ce) KE from kinette gas equation (a) Boyle’s law: According to kinetic gas equation Pye. nmonu> Pve = -Lrenv'—_@ Kk E=tmnvt—G@_ | Pvetmned, According to kinetic molecular | Py=Constant theo kELT | KET KE =«-T —© (k is Constant)| From equations O,@ £@ i! || a Ve Ek | Pp ZK Pv= Constant [At constant +] ”, This is Boyle's law. w Chale’ s low? From Kinetic gas equation A . Py=temnu Formula’ i Pye = bmn Pv=t-mnuyins Pye 2 ke veh. kT 3 sz P —— Pua 2 eT KEaT ve 2. kT KE = tmnt KI Lmnu' | At constant pressure veConstant tT VAT « This is Charte’s lav. () Graham’s laos Py= + mnv*| At constant pressure ails Urns * TE [ee] [? vores J “. This is Graham's low of diffusion (4) Dalton’s Law: Consider ‘n’ molecules of a gas ts present in a vessel of Volume'v’ and m, *s mass of gas molecule and v4, IS ReMes Speed . Accorcling to kinette gas equation 2 = mny, et iss Ray m™e —_@ Pv=-bmnuvns Ty the gas is replaced by another qas taken then : Py ap Te —@ Suppose the two gases are taken together in the Same vessel: let the total pressure of the mixture be Ppp, then Pete 7 rou Lo mn, uy ol 2 aot s 5 vi Vv = P4+P. Total fe Ce) Kinetre energy from Kinetic qes equation + According to Kinetic gas equation Py=tmanu" Py = = srn™Pra Ek—@ Formulats - NaS , where & is Kkinette energy von &.= pv Ee pe az &= 3 et E.= 3 ner 6, ~ Smet (For 1 mole of ges Pvener] State ancl explain Dalton’s law of partial pressure | At constant temperature and Volume the total pressure of non-reacting gases is equal to Sum of porttal pressures of all qeses Pee ee ee (At Constant v7) where 2,P,R -- are partial pressures of Gases Accoreing to Tdeal gas equation —, 1m Alccoreling to Dalton’s law Pa A+R +--- Pa RT, ART, MRT Vvo— PM Mole fraction % Total pressure Gm)THERMODYNAMICS State and explain fisst law of thermodynamics Explain - : First low ot thermodynamics :. STKis is brown as “fow of consesvation He con be defined in morn, ways: 8 Enexqy con neither be created nov be destroyed: But it con be converted from one fosm to ancthex form: —> am of energy Let us assume that o system * A" having intemal enesqy Ua absoshs 0 cextaln amount of heat eMeQY CQ) from suvsoundings and undego a charge in its stole to Big Ug. tH) tet the internal enemy in the state B is Up - tet wW amount of wosk done by system - ty The net gain of enesqy (Q-w) must be egual ito chonge ‘nm internal erexqy (Au) from Fisst law. 4u> (Ug-va) Q-w () Q= AUtW For infinite simally small changes —> OM20 Stote and explain Hess tow of constant heot Suramoation Hess low of constant heat eummation states that total heat charge tm O veaction is “the same wheathes the ehemical seaction takes place in the One Step (or) im the ceveval steps —> am ST path Bs" A’ changes to By disectty in one step’ A—>D AH=4+Q Aer b % Br path Te bad A changes to D in 3 steps ° 8 dy. A—> Btd, Cov) AH=-2, B—> cg, (or) AH=-% > ¢ —> Dtd3 (ors AH=-2y The total teat chonge In the path Q Q= 9,4 Wt Fa — IM ex CO, is obtained rom (Coraphitdyand Os in rrany ways step- Bt C40, ta Os ¢q) 3» OH=-393- Sk FE step-Ir + (?) C#AL Os (gy > Com) > OH ~lto-S kT ud Cott Oy —s COs.) OH=~883' 08 RE Total Av= (-1to-s)+ (assoa) = ~3¢3-sakT 1M+t Define Heat capacity. What ose Cp and Cy 2 show that Cp—Cy=R - op is Molex heat capacity ot conctont pressure Cy is molox heat capacity at constant volume. > IM. Heat capacity of a substance Ce): - Tris ts defined os the amount of heat reguived to wise ite temperature Hough a —> IM a ae Y= heat absorbed {a= du+pdv] ae esise in tempenatere we com write eguations ag At constant pressure :- 9p = CpAT =AH->@ constont volume :- MW, = CyAT =AU-3@ ‘From Tdeat qas equation Aut ART =AU+RaT SH= AU+ RATS @O — IM Put OF @ m @ we get CpAT= CyAT+ RAT Cpat = AT (CytR) Cp =Cy+R Atgr ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Complete the following veaction and name the product A,B and cae, a0. A Hot metal, Q _Alel 4 tube CHacl | Coc, BHO s copy Hetmetal Cott, Als Core city. tube cH cl A —> OM (Acetylene) B —> CoHe (Benzene) C —— > CeHs CH (Methyl benzene) fum] ® Nome the product 4,8,¢ bevmed in the follow seaction ¢ ° Ethylene Brs /ecly, A Al se Bh Lo ee re (\,a-dibromo ethane) BY RY B—s cHecH (Acctylene) - 7s By | ¢-—~ he ch (a1, 2,2 tetra. bromo ethane) Cum) 1 By Br © Give two examples each for position and CHonal teomesiem 9 The compounds which axe having same woleculay fosmula but differ in thely position of atom (or) functional group ts called position isomerism:23 Faw Curae CuHge | HoH WOW H 4 em pop d—b Bie wah bdo a Ra) tha Moet mw oH t-chioro Butane Eat Catgd Cute 0 H H ow H Be) EU) bey eet Ae te eee H-E—e— b-d-4 A Aa HOH oH H t-Butanol &-Butono| ¥) Rurctignal Tromevism - [The compounds having the same moleculas formula but different functional qmups £9 dy Cattg0 CaHg0 Hou oH How i -b-b-b-on H -t-b-o-b-H ey Ale and tty Cys 0s CyHg0, wow OH M liot |) a se H-t~ d- d-coon H-b- ob bey & |, 3 a tot HoH HOH + What do you understand about geometrical Esomerism: Explain geometrical tsomey of a-butene FExomess hoving some structural formula But differ in the spatial asva: ement of thean qmups sound the double bond ave called geometrical isomer * There ave two types hy) cis -isomey 8) Teans~tsomex —> aM ) cis isomes: tuhen the Same qsoup axe tie on the some side of double bond then it is cig—icomer- Aas un c A Ze 8 c=c i Nu H cis. tsomex oe UM 8) Trans - isomers: then the some group ase lie on opposite side of double bond cH a uf Hany | Peete Trans—isomey => 1M. Explain the method of writing €-% configuration for geometrical tsomersa taking cHct=CFBy- as example - Ge Ocguntene =~ configuyation: when atoms have higher atomic Number axe on same side of double bond. [Tt ig BZ configuration - =I mM]c Tig w F Z- configurati on) Ldhen atorns Of higher E- confiqurakion:- are om opposite stde of double bond E ~ conf tg wxation cl Fe Sea a —E-c on figuration aM atomic qumbbey it hove — IM26 CHEMICAL BONDING molecule 2 Explain the hybyidiga tfon fnvolved tr Pele Ans) Pa Pets Molecule ‘P? te the central arto - — I % Shape is tHgona| (Pere) bi pyromicial ect 3) Bond angles faye tage Wea 120" : peed &) Hybricisailion — fs sped ae 4) Pie + bonds are present eS ar \[Explat the hybridization involved 0 SF6 rdlecule? || Pn She olecule ‘S is the cental ator ny 2) shape ts octahedral = 1m ee 3) Bord angles are a0 ard tee" RSgHF «) dybridtcation te spd pF 5) Six ‘so ' bonds are present {oe tabedvat) IM @ State Fajan's Rules ond give sutable examples 7 Ans! Fajen vles explain the partial covalent chonacler of the Tonite bonds ) Por a Qiven cation covalent character trereaser with increase in stze of anfon Qi KT ts noe covalent than KF —™m 2) Covalent character fneveases with Frereasing charges of etther cation (61) anion: Eg Se Clu fis more covalent than Sn ly LES —_—there are -two types of hydrogen bonding DDriter Molecular hychogen bending 2. The hylrogen bond formed belween cirfferent polar enole culee called ‘inter molecular hydro ger bonding. roe. H-F ee caer he) 4 — IM i) Tota molecular bydregin bending:- the hydrogen bond -formed pelweer two atom of same molecule iS called frita moleeulay hyhogen bonding - ae oo eye ok —™2» For a que anton covalent character increases utth decrease tn size of cation qr Lip is enoe covalent fs higher than kF Be W) Covalent character is higher -for compounds cations with —Reeudo inevt Gas con figuration than with inert qos configura tion . Gx Cucl ts More covalent than Nall sim Define dipole moment? write fs Appitcations- Beef fnttton:- “the produet of magnitude of charge on the poles ard the cléslance belie two poles i the tipole enoment- aM Tt % denoted Applications: ) be delermined D Geometiy of the molecules can 2) Cre ard trans fsomers con be separated: 3) Bond angle can be cetermined WD th of fonte character « poke 2100 —— 1m ———_— What is hydrogen bond 2 Explain the different of hydrogen bonds with ae fferent types The weak electrostatic doe of attraction between partially - postttvely charge hydrogen actom ond highly electionegative atoms (FON) fs known as hydrogen bond 3ama 13°" Group Explain the stwuctise of Di borane: Ans Shuctine of Diborane «- Di borane ts an election deficient enolecule i 4 tof h-¢C - ¢-A H-B - B-H 1 \ i : 4 H u 4 — |» Orbital structive EF Diboranes- DT APhorane each boven atom undergoes sp? hy bral? sation. ld) Diborane contain 4 terminal 2 bridged hyckogen atorns In Atberane bonded hydrogen ates and 5 (| Besant ieatoane +o 4 terminal Hychogens Hough sp" § bends t) B-W-B bend 16 formed bby the overlapping oF Sp hybrid orbital with ere electron -from one own atorn sts orbttal of hydrogen actorn ond vacant ép hybriel oxbttal of onothev a-three contred +? elector bond banana lord ©) tau AC A wn gO" i aa, Siete a’ Qa “kK w ue gs known as loond- 32M ayAes) ®) | Expl borax bead test wlth 0 suitable example | On heating hoor first Loses uaciter—rnoleculer and Swell: up on -further heating TL teans toto oO -Lrang perent Ug utd — wohich nodes toto glass rratevia) know as borax bead - a A No, ByD. tomo > Na, Bud, —> 2Na BOr+ 8.05 Usedium metal Corte anhydride) bovate 1M For example. lhen boar % healtd to bunsun burner Flame with cenbalt oxide on a loop of pleitiques volte 5 a blue coldured C0 (B0:): bead is B:03 +C00 — C0(R0,), 1h Give two cnethods Of preparation of Atborore? Reparation of de bevare (BH. s- Bets rack with idly to form drborone in Preserce of dle thy! ether 2M UBcls +3UBlHy 328) Hed aur Cl +38, DBR veact with Nat -to form — diborane apratenah 4S Buy +6NOF mtn3) HYDROGEN AND LIS COMPQULDS PENS ISS, Goacfeal NonaON An “ah Sek WO, CON AEN 198 eafleRafing a3 Loall oa xedudiog, agpete | WP CAS Og baty osldiaing ond xoducting ongrks CAESA Yagattas: (OMe cases Wack toad suithe to with land s.igeate PPSUS*IN,O, —SPosoughADER SM ( | DX o*e 238 | SRS aRAifod Looms Slrake Ao honge. Saignete | & * | Brae, MS ocean rae | Reduding WoPEdfoe- Nypochlorous acid is reduced to cl” ton HOC] + HrO2 —yH30*+CI7 +09 = =—s ym | { | (2) Im presence oF base I iS reduced to Iodide (r~fon) | T2+ Ho02+ 20H ——y2T + 2H20+02 —> IM: | | | ; ; \ 22) Explain the Following with suitable examples | | Wy electron deficient 1 Ui, electron precise and | ali, Electron vieh hydrides |32 Ans 23) When dihydrogen react with p+ block elements Forms molecutay hydrides: dy Electron deficient hydrides :- These hydrides hove the lesser Dumber OF electron to write theiy lewis structures £q: Diborane (Bs Hs) =r diy Electron precise com, ounds + “These hydrites have the required nureber of electrons to write ‘theiv leis structuye eq: CHy » OB a =~ et Explain the..terms hard water and sort voatey , corite a note on it: i, Calgon method For the removal oF haydness oF water: 4, Soft water? water which gives good quantity oF lather with Soap Is soft water: —> 1M: 2 Hard water: water which does not give good quantity oF lathey with soap is Known as Haid water 3, Hardness oF watey is due to presence oF dissolved Salts oF calcium, magnesium as bicarbonates- 4) Hardness can be removed by calgon method and lon exchange method ame Shit var Oi | cal gon method : sodium hexameta phosphate (Nas Ps O12), aw e> i 7 ey Lis known as calgon: | ahen hard water is passed ovey calgon calLium and ' Magnesium cations are removed as Follows | NaGPe0is —> 2Na*+ [ay Pe Ore)” cat® + [Nay PeOw]”> —s [Nas Ca PeOwe) “honor | 721M: 2u) wlrie a Few lines on the otility oF hydrogen Os | a Fuel A‘) 1} Pollutants in combustion of hydrogen witl be tess thai | petrol nD IM ;2) Atomic hydrogen and oxy hydrogen torches ave used for welding and cutting the metals | — iM ,3) Hydrogen also used as rocket Fye} 3M 4 4) Hydrogen also used to Fuel cells For gene rating electrical energy -STOICHIOMETRY Balance the Following redox reaction by ion - electron | jMethod taking place fn acidic medium: @ (ro¥ 4 Noy ——» Cry Nog (by) Mnog + $03" —_, Mot? 4 sou? P (a) cvs OF? + Nod ——> Cr#? 4+ N05 ¢- oxidation a a Creoy + Noy —> Cv*>4 Nos 3 1M NS Ain at] Reduction: dyidation haf reaction Reduction half veaction ) Noy —» Noe 0) creoy? —> ¢r#3 - a> nitrogen atoms cre balanced (¥g09" ——» 20 ev are balanced : — Nos e po) eae stb 0 J) Cys 03’ —> 2¢1* 94 4 Hao oxygens are balanced oxygens are balanced -AM la) wos + Ho — Atos + 2H* (3) Cry07°4 1YHt—y 2004 H20 Hydrogens are balanced Hydrogens are balanced - eo -. 43 [U) nloy +H2.0—> Nogtent+ 20° —O lay crpog ets 6 Der + # tao —-® changes are balanced — 4M charges are balanced i i Ox 3N0+3H20 —y anos +bH t+ GeO Oxi > Crrog4tynt 46e —> 2144 FHr0 x 2 +3, g3+t4tHro 4 @ Cr20743NOT 4 RHI —y BON + SN03 ie adh25 *) Given oxidation : se we Mnoy + $03 —» Mnt* 4 sod RSE! ERD LAE reduction Cee ae St 0) Moog ——+ mp%* roll sakoms ane balanced fais vel Ldotanceds nee ste > sol? @) Mnog —— Mn*? + a Heo oxygen atoms axe balanced —— prugen atoms are balanced: 1M (@) sob"4 Hao —> Soy "+ oH @) Mnoy + 8Ht —> Mn+ GH20 Hydrogen atoms are balanced Hydrogen atoms are babanced- 4) $03? eHx0 —> 0g +2444 90O— OD (UMnod 48H M450 charges are balanced charges are balanced > 1” Ox5 5 503% + 5 H20 —> S504*+ tH + Loe” @Oxe 3 eMnog +t6H*eloe > 2MN*? 4+ PHeO- SG Soy OHeD HIM SS ee oe 2 ea 4 © = 2rMnog +5503 + 6Ht~y 2Mnt — 25)'} A carbon compound contains 128% oF C, W414 OF H, |} (6:54 of Br the M-wt of the Compound js 184% °4 calculate the molecular Formula