v¥//Most Crazy Book for Inter Students 7 /Rocking All over AP & TS ¥ Gun Shot Qs with Easy Answers *“JUNIOR INTER ~ HUE Uh =r ee ey SRI PUBLISHERSJUNIOR INTER BOTANY MADE EASY BABY NEWLY ADDED FEATURE SUPER SCORING PAGES [ SSP] Most Imporant & ‘Super Scoring Pages’ are enmarked with x * & SSP * * *) on the Top Header of the Respective Pages. Must & Should, ‘Compulsory Practice Models’ are in SSP SN SPECIALLY MADE FOR YOU SRI PUBLISHERS MACHILIPATNAM Email: bulletbabystar@ gmail.com Facebook: Bullet Baby Star Youtube Channel: Bullet QIPE BLUE PRINT o- JR BOTANY CHAPTER(Total Marks) PEC Cu es CU UNIT-I DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD [ 14 Marks] 1. | THELIVING WORLD (2) 2 - rin} 2 2, | BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (6) ‘SCIENCE OF PLANTS (2) 2 |= = PLANT KINGDOM (4) = UNIT -Il STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS [ 12 Marks] 12 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS( 12) UNIT -Ill REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS [ 12 Marks] MODES OF REPRODUCTION (4) 7. | SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FP (8) = 8 UNIT -IV PLANT SYSTEMATICS [ 6 Marks] 8. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS (6) 2 4 = a ba UNIT -V CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION [ 14 Marks] 9. | CELL-THE UNIT OF LIFE (6) CELLCYCLE &CELLDIVISION(6) 2 4 1- |e 11. UNIT -VI INTERNAL ORGANISATION OF PLANTS [ 12 Marks] 12 | HsTOLogy ano anaToMy oF FP(12)) | 4 | 8 | 12 UNIT -VII PLANT ECOLOGY [ 6 Marks] 2. ECOLOGICALADAPTATIONS (6) 2 4 IPE Weightage | 10x2=20 | 6x4=24 | 2x8=16 60 '*' The Blue print is prepared according to the ‘Model Question Paper' issued hy B.l-E. F Please, note that, at times, the public i inti 3 at, , the public question paper gets slight deviation from the above given Blue Print. pene BONE1, LAQ CHAPTERS (7. | WORPHOLOGYOFFIOWERNGRLANTS —(@Waks) | 10-14 | SEXUALREPRODUGTION —_—(@Maks) | 18-17 “(@Marks) __| HISTOLOGY & ANATOMY I. SAQ CHAPTERS | BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (4 Marks) _|PLANTKINGDOM (Marks) | MODES OF REPRODUCTION (@Marks) EXUAL REPRODUCTION (Marks) 2. sth L-THEUNITOFLIFE (Marks) CELLCYLCEANDCELLDIVISION (4 Marks) 11. HISTOLOGY & ANATOMY OF 12, | ECOLOGICALADAPTATIONS. (4 Marks) E Ill. VSAQ CHAPTERS a THE LIVING WORLD (2 Marks) OGICAL CLASSIFICA (Marks) (2Marks) MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING (2+ 2 Mar TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS —_(2Marks) 18._| CELL-THE UNIT OF LIFE (2 Marks) 19,_| BIOMOLECULES (2Marks) LLCYLCE AND CELL DIVISION (2 Marks) 21. | ECOLOGICALADAPTATIONS IV. STAR QUESTIONS PLUS V. BULLET MODEL PAPER | § MODEL GUESS PAPERS+ BABY BULLET- = JR.BOTANY (e | (LAO uit List } TOP 10 LAQ ‘Ans-Page Hom | Index ‘+ * MORPHOLOGY OF EPI 8 MARKS]*«* LAQ 1. Define root modification. Explain how root is modified toperform | [a P 10(1)] different functions, LAQ 2. Explain how stem is modified variously to perform different functions. IoP 1202)| LAQ 3. Explain different types of racemose inflorescences. [xP 143)] #++*SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN EPI 8 MARKS}R+#+ LAQ 4. With aneat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a mature [oP 15(4)] angiosperm embryo sac. Mention the role of synergids. LAQ §. Draw the diagram of a microsporangium and label its wall layers. [oP 16(5)] Write briefly about the wall layers. LAQ 6. Describe the process of Fertilization in angiosperms. [oP 176) * *HISTOLOGY & ANATOMY OF F.P[ 8 MARKS]* * LAQ 7. Describe the internal structure of dorsiventral leaf with the [oP 18(7)] help of labelled diagram, LAQ 8. Describe the T.S of a Dicot Stem. [oP 20(9)) LAQ 9. Describe the internal structure of a Dicot Root. Io P 22(11)] LAQ 10. Describe the internal structure of a Monocot Root. Jo P 23(12)) CfBABY BULLET-Q& —Ls_} (Sno mit ust } TOP 30 SAQ 3k JR.BOTANY. * * * BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION [ 4 MARKS] * * * SAQI. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids? SAQ2. Give the salient features and importance of Chrysophytes. SAQ3. Giveabriefaccount of Dinoflagellates. SAQ4, Write the role of Fungi in our daily life. * * * PLANT KINGDOM RKS]* * * SAQS. _ Differentiate between red algae and brown algae. ae SAQ¢. Differentiate betwen vervors and moses, 7. What is meant by homosporous and heterosporous ptcridophytes? SAQS. Write anor on economic importance of Algae and Byophytes. ***MODES OF REPRODUCTION [ 4 MARKS]** * SAQ9. Write a brief account on gametogenesis with examples. ‘SAQ 10. List the changes observed in angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilisation 'SAQ II. Discuss the various types of pollen tube entry into ovary with the help of diagrams. ++ * TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS [ 4 MARKS}*#* SAQ 12, Describe the non-essential floral parts of plants belonging Fabaceae SAQ 13. Describe the essential floral pars of plants belonging o Liliaceae. SAQ 14. Describe the essential organs of Solanaceae. SAQ IS. Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae. + *CELL-THE UNIT OF LIFE [4 MARKS}** SAQ 16. Describe the cell organelle which contains chlorophyll pigments. SAQ 17. Describe the structure and function of power houses of cel, SAQI8, Describe the structure of nucleus. ‘SAQ19. What are nucleosomes? What are they made of ? +#CELL CYLCE & CELL DIVISION [ 4 MARKS]** $AQ20._ Which division is necessary to maintain constant chromosome number inall body cells of multicellular organism and why’? SAQ21. Though redundantly described as a resting phase, interphase does not realy involve rest. Comment, $AQ22. Explain prophase lof meiosis * * HISTOLOGY AND ANOTOMY OF F.PI 4 MARKS]* * SAQ23._ State the location and function of different types of meristems. AQ 24, What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot stems? SAQ28, What is the difference between lenticels and stomata? * * ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS [ 4 MARKS]*** SAQ 26. What are hydrophytes? Briefly discuss the different kinds of hydrophytes swith examples. SAQ27, Write a brief account on classification of xerophytes. SAQ 28, Enumerate the morphological adaptations of xerophytes. Ans-Page [oP 25(13)) [arP 25(14)| [oP 26(15)| [oP 26(10)] [oP 2717) [=P 2708) [=P 2709) [=P 28(21)] [oP 2922)), Ia P 29023) [oP 107) [=P 3300) IP 3302)] [oP 33G3)] IP 3384) [oP 35038) [oP 3539) lar P 36(40)] IP 37043)) [oP 38(45)] lorP 38(46)] [oP 39(47)] lar P 4049)), lor P 40(50)} Io P 4152)1 [oP 42(54)] IP 43157) lor P 44(58)) Io P 44(59)] $AQ 29. Give in detail the anatomical adaptations shown by xerophytes.3 BABY BULLET-Q > JR.BOTANY & VsAQt. YSAQ2. Vsaqs. saad. sags. VYSAQ6. YsAQ7. YSAQ8. YSAQ9. VSAQ 10. VsAQut. VSAQ 12. YSAQI3. VSAQ 14, VSAQ IS. YSAQ 16. VSAQIT. VSAQ 18. VSAQ 19. VSAQ20. VSAQ21. YSAQ22. VSAQ23. VSAQ24, (WSAQ wir List} TOP 45* VSAQ ‘+ *THE LIVING WORLD [ 2 MARKS] «+ * ANEESES, ‘What is flora? Jar P46(62)| Define the terms couplet and lead in taxonomic key. [ar P46(64) | ‘What is meant by manuals and monographs? Jeo P 46665) | ‘What the basic unit of classification? Define it. LP 46(66) | Give the scientific name of Mango. Identify the generic name and specific epithet. | [arP 46(67) | * *BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONI 2 MARKS] «+ How are Viroids different from Viruses? [a P47668)] ‘What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify? [oP 47(69)) Slate two economically important uses of heterotrophic bacteria. le Pa77)) "Name two diseases caused by Mycoplasmas, [oP 47(73)1 Give the main criteria used for classification by Whittaker. [oP 56(138)) + * *SCIENCE OF PLANTS[ 2 MARKS] « * * ‘Whois popularly known as father of Botany? What was the book written by him? | [a-P 48(74)] Why is Mendel considered as the father of Genetics? lar P 48(76)] ‘Who discovered the cell and what was the book written by him? [oP 48(77)] ‘What is Palacobotany? What is its use? [oP 48(78)| ‘Name the books written by Parasara and mention the important aspects discussed in those books. [oP 56(142)1 ++MORPHOLOGY OF F.PI 2+2 MARKS] +x Differentiate between Racemose and Cymose inflorescences. lo P 49(84)| ‘What is the morphology of cup like structure in Cyathium? In which family Io P 49(85)] itis found? Differentiate actinomorphic from zygomorphic flower. [a P4987) | ‘What is meant by epipetalous condition? Give an example. [oP 49(88) ‘What is meant by pulvinus leaf base? [oP 50(89)| Inmembers of which angiospermic family do you find them? Define venation. How do dicots differ from monocots with respect to venation? | |2-P'50(90)| Define placentation. What type of placentation is found in Dianthus? [oP 5092)] What is meant by parthenocarpic fruit? How is it useful? far P50(93) | Ja P 50(95)| Define mericarp. In which plant you find it?2xJR.BOTANY = BABY BULLET-O% ** TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS| 2 MARKS]+ * YSAQ 25. What is “Omega Taxonomy"? YSAQ 26. What is natural system of plant classi sao cation’? Name the scientists who followed i What is geocarpy? Name the plant which exhibits this phenomenon. YSAQ28. Write the floral formula of sotanum plant. YSAQ29._ Give the technical deseription of anthers of Allium cepa. 4% *CELL-THE UNIT OF LIFE[ 2 MARKS] ** * VSAQ30. What is the significance of vacuole in a plant cell? YSAQS1. Mention a single membrane bound organelle which is ric in hydrolytic enzymes. YSAQ 32, What i the feature of a metacentric chromosome? VSAQ33. Whatis refered to as satelite chromosome? YSAQ34. What is middle lamella made of ? What is its functional significance? ** *BIOMOLECULES| 2 MARKS) * #* VSAQ35.. Give one example for each of amino acids, sugars, nucleotides and fatty acids, VSAQ 36. Explain the Zwitterionic form of an amino acid VSAQ37. What constituents of DNA are linked by glylosidie bond? YSAQ38._ Glycine and Alanine are different with respect to one substituent on the a-carbon, ‘What are the other common substituent groups? ** CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION[ 2 MARKS] + * VSAQ39. Which tissue of animals and plants exhibits meiosis? VSAQ40. Which of the four chromatids ofa bivalent at prophase-I of meiosis can involve in cross over? VSAQ4I. Ifa tissue has at a given time 1024 cells. How many cycles of mitosis had the original parental single cell undergone? VSAQ42._Ananther has 1200 pollen grains. How many pollen mother cells must have been there to produce them? VSAQ43. At what stage of cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur? * * KECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS 2 MARKS} * * VSAQ44. Climax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession. Why? VSAQ45. Name the type of land plants that can tolerate the salinities ofthe sea, VSAQ46. Define population and community. lar P 51098) | lark 519%) | lar P 510000) | bP 510102) ar F 510104) [ar P 52(106)| far P 52(107)| [a P 52(109)| Ia P 52(110)} [oP 520112) | [oP 530114)] [oP 53(115)] [oP 53(116)] io-P 53117) | [oP 54(122)] [a P54(124)1 [oP S425] lor PS4(126)) [oP 54(127)] [oP 851129) | [or P 55132) Lar P S5(134)] VSAQ47. Hydrophytes show reduced xylem. Why lo P5130)* BABY BULLET-Q = JR.BOTANY-LAQ YOUR MOST FAVOURITESECTION [AQ SECTION-C LAQ CHAPTERS MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERINGPLANTS (8 Marks) .. | SEXUAL REPRODUCTION HISTOLOGY & ANATOMY (8 Marks) & Imp Chapter : Morphology of flowering plants. Easy Chapter : Sexual Reproduction. ‘Thorough preparation of all these LAQs helps to you cover SAQ & VSAQ as well. @ After finishing LAQ Section, revising VSAQ Section is a Good idea! TIPS FOR WRITING LAQS EASILY: * Keep focus on Side Headings & Key words { Bold/ colour Font words in this material] * In LAQ Answers, some sub points may be skipped to save time. © Rigorous practice of diagrams really saves time in the Exam. * Select the less length answer questions’ to save time. ‘© Tryto finish Botany LAQ Answers within 25 minutes. © LAQsare three types: 1) LAQ without diagrams 2) LAQ with Single Page Answer 3) LAQ with Two Page Answer. So, be wise in selecting the right LAQ in IPE Super Scoring Pages Page 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 23 Total SS Pages: 7APR-BOTANY.LAG Taw Sapo wa} BABY BULLET-O *** 1. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS* ** © BABY CHAT : C&08 Cosy Der, SVD SPO GABE aS! 1. Define root modification, Explain how ri ified to perform different functions. ITS 20] [AP May-19]] AP, TS M-15,17] 1g plant is called root. A: Root: The under ground part of the flow: Roots are of two types: (i) Tap Roots (ii) Fibrous Roots Root modification: Roots in some plants change their shape and structure to perform some additional fun © Wow! Your favourite Carrot, Banyan, Sugar ‘Cane, Avicennia are all root modifications Mw other than absorption and conduction ‘Such modification of roots is called Root Modification. ‘Types of Root modifications and their Funetions: 1) Storage roots: 4) Roots of some plants store food material ii) Due to this, the roots become swollen, Ex: Tap roots in carrot; Adventitious roots in sweet potato; Fibrous roots in Asparagus. 2) Proproots: ’), Roots of some trees arise from heavy branches. ii) They hang in air and enter into soil. iil) They give pillar like support to the heavy branches. Ex: Banyan Tree 3) Stilt roots: Banyan Tree {) Roots of some plants arise from the lower nodes of the stem. tit roots ii) They give mechanical support to the plant. Ex: Sugarcane and maize Sugaveane 4) Respiratory roots(Pneumatophores): 4) Roots of some plants grow in swampy area. ii) They grow vertically upwards into the air. Their openings on their surfaces help to get oxygen for respiration. Ex: Avicennia and RhizophoraJABY BULLET-Q * Bi JR.BOTANY-LAQ& © Pirstis gest Easiest 2 Page LAQ 5) Velamen roots: i) Roots of some plants are found on the ‘branches of some other plants (epiphytes) ii) The function of these adventitious roots isto absorb moisture from atmosphere, Branch of another tree Clinging roots Ex: Vanda, 6) Parasite roots(or) Haustorial roots : Parasite i) The plants that depend upon some other plants “en for their fod and water are called parasite plants 5) They are two types. Host a) Complete parasites Ex: Cuscuta,RamMesia ae ») Partial par 7) Nodular roots: 3) Roots having nodules are called nodular roots, ro nodules ii) These are present in the members of Fabaceae, iil) Rhizobium bacteria live in the root nodules and they fix atmospheric nitrogen. iv) Ex: Ground Nut 8) Photosynthetic roots: 4) Roots of some plants becomie chlorophyllous (green). 4 In these plants, normal, green leaves are reduced. ii) They perform photosynthesis. iv) Ex: Taeniophyllum, Taeniophyllum Tick Boxes> JR.BOTANY-LAQ (uw SSP 12% #} 2. BABY BULLET-Q * (lecetiat mccnidaalD) Explain how stem is modified variously to perform different functions. [AP M-19,20]| AP May-17,22|[ 1S M-16, IPE-14] ‘Stem:The aerial part of the flowering plant is called stem. permanent structural change jn the stem to perform some special functions Suitable to the environment i called stem modification. This is of three types. D Under psnase modi © Ginger, Onion, Potato, ‘ub-aerial stem modification. ayers *Bulbil! sounds well. }) Underground stem modification: 1) Insome plants, the stems grow into soil 2) They can with stand unfavourable conditions and become Perennial plants. 3) They perform vegetative propagation, They store food material Examples of Underground stems : ples of Underground stems >Axllary a) Rhizome of ginger b) Bulb of Onion bud ) Corm of Colocasia d) Stem tuber of Potato 11) Aerial stem modification: Thisis of four types. oe 1) Stem tendrils: i) These are slender, spirally coiled structure. ii) They help in climbing up, Ex: Axillary bud is modified into a tendril in cucumber, watermelon. ‘Terminal bud is modified into a tendril in grape 2) Thorns: i). The buds of the stem which modify into woody, a straight and pointed structures are called thorns. fi) They protect the plant from grazing animals. he Spins “F Phylloctade v Ex: Bougainvillea, citrus. 3) Phylloclades: 4) In some xerophytes, the leaves are modified to reduce transpiration. ii) Their stems become green, flat and photosyntheti to perform photosynthesis Ex: Opuntia, Euphorbia, Casuarina. : 4) Bulbils: Bubbil i) Some plants detach from the parent plant, oe ‘and develop adventitious roots(buds) to store food. ii) Such buds are called bulbils. ii) This helps in vegetative repro.‘uction, Ex: Floral buds (Agave), Vegetative buds (Dioscorea)* BABY BULLET-O x SP 18 8) JR.BOTANY-LAQ# ) H11)_ Sub-aerial stem modification: SECOND is Si Here the stems are partly aerial and partly underground. AC FIRST is missed. They help in vegetative propagation. They are fourtypes, | Boti= Bod! BOO sereyl 1) Rumi + Leat ') In some plants, subaerial stems spread to new niches and form new plants when older parts die, — Petiole ii) Such plants are called runners, Stem Ex: Strawberry, Oxalis. 2) Stolon: {) In some plants, a slender lateral branch grows aerially. ii) After some time, it arches downwards to touch the ground and produce adventitious roots. ii) Such branches are called stolons. iv) When detached from the parent plant they lead independent life. Ex: Jasmine, Nerium, Mint plant 3) Offset: ') ‘One internode length’ of lateral branch of acquatic plants is called ‘offset’. ii) It bears a rosette of leaves at each node and a tuft of balancing roots . Ex: Pistia and Eichhornia 4) Sucker: i)_In some plants, a part of the stem lies in the underground. ii) Some lateral branches originate from the main stem. ii) They grow horizontally and then come out obliquely upwards giving rise to leafy shoots. Tick Boxes iv) These branches are called suckers. ‘Ex: Banana, Chrysanthemum. OoJR.BOTANY-LAQ = BABY BULLET-O& {et io 3. Explain different types of racemose inflorescences. [AP M-16] | TS M-191 At + Inssimpie inflorescence, the flowers grow on the | [AP MAY-191 Main Peduncle (Main axis) + In.compound inflorescence, the flowers grow on their branches. “OworS What a beautiful interessant D Types of racemose inflorescences: 1) Raceme: ‘) InRaceme, the peduncle grows indefinitely . : ii) 1c bears several pedicellat, bracieate flowers in an . acropetal succession, Ex: Crotalaria(simple raceme), Mangifera (compound) . 2) Corymb: i) In Corymb, the peduncle is long. It bears many flowers in Simple Raceme Acropetal manner fi) All the flowers are brought to the same level even though they are bome at different nodes. Ex: Cassia (simple Corymb), Cauliflower(Compound) 3) Umbel: ')_ In Umbel, the peduncle is condensed. All the flowers appear to have arisen from the same point of the peduncle. iii) At the base of flowers, all the bracts form a whorl. Ex: Onion (simple umbel), Carrot (Compound Umbel) Involucre of bracts 4) Head: Primary peduncle Simple Umbel™7¥ °° i) InHead, unisexual and bisexual sessile flowers develop centripetally on a condensed peduncle. > ii) Such an arrangement of flowers is called Q\ y oF + Fay to head inflorescence. Disc florets Ex: Tridax and Sunflower, vinvplucre of 5) Spik Recepiacle ’) In Spikes, the peduncle is long. It bears many sessile flowers arranged acropetaly. Ex:Achyranthes (Simple), Grass-Poaceae (Compound) \ 6) Spadix: — spathe i) In Spadix, the peduncle is fleshy and it produces many Haieeatd sessile, bracteate, unisexual flowers acropetally. Spadix ii) The inflorescence is protected by a modified bract called spathe, Ex: Colocasia (Simple Spadix), Cocos (Compound Spadix)* BABY BULLET-Q {x SSPis as} JR.BOTANY-LAQ& **** 9. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS*™*** 4. With a neat, labelled diagram, dese ¢ the parts of a mature angiosperm embryo sac. Mention the role of synergids, [T'S 20,22||AP & TS M-16,17,19} A: The mature angiosperm embryosae has three parts. 1) Egg apparatus 2) Central cell 3) Antipodals 1) Egg apparatus: ') Three cells grouped together at the micropylar end constitute the egg apparatus, ii) They are two synergids and one egg cell. il) The synergids with special cellular thickenings atthe micropylar end is called filiform apparatus iv) The middle largest cell is called egg or oospore. 2) Central cell: Iris the largest cell of embryosac. ii) Ithas two polar nuclei which fuse to form a single diploid secondary nucleus, 3) Antipodals: i) Three cells present at the chalazal end of embryosac are called antipodals. ii) These are smallest cells of embryosac. iil) They degenerate before or after fertilisation. iv) They are considered as vegetative cells of embryosac. Role of Synergids: ’) Absorption of nutrients from the nucellus into the embryosac. ii) Nourishing female gametophyte nutrients, iii) Guiding the pollen tube into Egg cell. Antipodals Tick Flitorm — ‘apparatusBABY BULLET-Q * * — JR.BOTANY-LAQ fee 5. Draw the diagram of a microsporangium and label. its wall lay rs, Write briefly about the wall layers. IAP, TS-18] [AP M-20] A: Wall layers of Microsporangium are of 4 types: © Long & Shortest wi ‘They are 1)Epidermis 2) Endothecium 3) Middle layers 4) Tapetum: 1) Epidermis: The outer, thick, protective layer of microsporangium is called epidermis. ‘The cells present betwcen the two pollen sacs are thin walled and this region is called as stomium. This is useful for the dehiscence of pollen sacs. 2) Endothecium: It is below the epidermis and expands radially with fibrous thickenings. At maturity, these cells lose water and contract. They help in the dehiscence of pollen sacs. 3) Middle layers:Below the endothecium, I to 5 layers of thin walled cells form the middle layers. They help in the dehiscence of anther. 4) Tapetum:The inner most wall layer is the tapetum. It encircles the sporogenous tissue. ‘The cells are large, thin walled & multinucleate. It nourishes the development of pollen grains. Endotheclum -Sporogenous tissue ‘Tapetum b) Enlarged view of Microsporangium a) Transverse section of Anther MICROSPORANGIUM Tick Boxes* BABY BULLET-Q Gr. JR.BOTANY-LAQ& on in angiospern 6. Describe the proce: ITS 22)[ AP, TS M-15} A: Fertilization in angiosperms: The fusion ofmale and female gametes is called Fertilization, The process of fertilization in angiosperms consists of five steps, 1) Entry ofthe pollen tube into ovule: The pollen tube enters the ovule by any one of 3 ways. 5) Porogamy: Entry ofthe pollen tube throuh micropyle is Porogamy. Ex: H ') Chalazogamy: Entry of the pollen tube through Chalazais Chalazogamy, Ex: Cas il) Mesogamy: Entry ofthe pollen tube through itezuments is Mesogamy. Ex: Cucurbita 2) Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac: During the entry of the pollen tube into the embryo sac, the filiform apparatus of synergids guide the pollen tube. 3) Discharge of male gametes into Embryosac: The pollen tube always enters the embryosac atthe micropylar end of embryosac. After entering one of the synergids, the pollentube bursts and releases two male gametes into the eytoplasm ofthe synergids 4) Syngamy: One of the male gametes fuses with the egg cell, resulting in the formation of diploid zygote. This is called syngamy or true fertilisation, 5) Triple fusion and double fertilisation: The second male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus and results in the formation of a triploid Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN). This phenomenon is also known as double fertilisation. As this process involves the fusion of one nuclei of haploid male gamete’ and two polar nuclei, this fusion is also known as triple fusion. A Micropyle Hf Micropyle ~ Pollen tube C) (A ——Pollen tube Chalaza Integuments / NZ chalaza lect CHALAZOGAMY MESOGAMY Tick | Secondary udeus(2n) 1” Double Fertilisation BoxesBABY BULLET-O * JR.BOTANY-LAQ oa ** 3, HISTOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS | f dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagram, 1e main parts. [TS 17.20] 7. Describe the internal structuré At TS (Transverse Section) of dorsiventral leaf (dicot leaf) shows thre ‘They are I)Epidermis 11) Mesophyll III) Vascular bundles, | AP M-191 1) Epidermi 1) Tt consists of the upper surface and lower surface of the leaf. 2) Itismadeup of single layered, rectangular, compactly arranged ces 3)* It contains epidermal hairs(trichomes). 4)*Thick cuticle is present in upper surface and thin cuticle jn lower surface, 5)*Stomata are present mostly on lower epidermis. They help in transpiration. 6) Epidermis gives protection to the inner tissues and helps in gaseous exchange. 1) Mesophyll: 1) Mesophy!l tissue is present between the upper and lower epidermis 2)*Itis divided into upper palisade parenchyma and lower spongy parenchyma, 3)*Palisade parenchyma consists of vertically, elongated cells arranged in two layers. 4)* Spongy parenchyma consists of loosely arranged oval shaped cells. 5) Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts. They perform photosynthesis, 6) Mesophyll helps in the synthesis of food III) Vascular Bundles: 1) Vascular bundles are present in the mid vein region of mesophyll tissue. 2) They are conjoint, collateral and closed. 3) Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a bundle sheath. 4) Xylem lies towards the upper epidermis and phloem lies towards the lower epidermis. ') Vascular bundles help in supplying water, mineral salts and food material. Hair Upper epiderm t+? Palisade parenchyma +—? Phicem :* BABY BULLET-Q 8. A fe JR.BOTANY-LAQ& Describe the i ‘ernal structure of an isobilateral leat with the help of labelled diagram, TS (Transverse Section) of isobilateral leaf shows three main parts ‘They are I. Epidermis Il. Mesophyll_ 111. Vascular bundles Ape Only *STAR points differ. . Remaining Same to Same! 1) It consists of the upper surface and lower surface of the leaf, 2) Itis madeup of single layered, rectangular, compactly arranged cells 3)" It does not contain epidermal hairs(tichomes), 4)*Thick cuticle is present on both the upper and lower surfaces, 5)"Stomata are present on both surfaces, They help in transpiration ©) Epidermis gives protection to the inner tissues and helps in gaseous exchange. 7)*In grasses, bulliform cells are present. They help in rolling and unrolling ofthe leaves. 1)Mesophyl: 1) Mesophyll tissue is present between the upper and lower epidermis 2)*Itis not divided into palisade and spongy parenchyma, 3)*Entire mesophyll is made up of spongy parenchyma cells. Tick 4)*Mesophyl is loosely arranged with many intercellular spaces. oO 5) Mesophyil cells contain chloroplasts. They perform photosynthesis 6) Mesophyll helps in the synthesis of food. 111)Vascular Bundles: 1)*. Numerous vascular bundles are present parallely in the mesophyll, 2) They are conjoint, collateral and closed Boxes 3) Each vascular bundle is enclosed by bundle sheath. 4) Xylem lies towards upper epidermis and phloem lies towards lower ef 5) Vascular bundles help in supplying water, mineral salts and food material. > Butitorm cette Cuticle Upper epidermis ‘Bundle sheath extension ‘Bundle sheath xylem Phloem Vascular BundleAJR.BOTANY-LAQ BABY BULLET-Q % 9. Describe the T.S of a Dicot Stem. {TS M-1S|[AP M-17} A: T.S of young dicot stem shows three main parts, They are 1) Epidermis 11) Cortex II1) Stele 1) Epidermis: 1) Itis the outermost layer. 2) Itis madeup of single layered rectangular cells 3)* Itcontains epidermal haits(trichomes) 4)*Thin cuticle is present. 5) Stomata helps in gaseous exchange. ©) Epidermis protects innermost tissues, N) Cortex: The 1)Hypoder '),_ Hypodermis is present below the epidermis 4) Itis madeup of collenchyma. i) Tt gives mechanical strength to the stem 2) Parenchyma( General Cortex): ‘) This found below the hypodermis ani ii) They enclose a number of glands, 3) Endodermi ')_ Inner most layer of cortex is called endodermis. di) The cells are barrel shaped; tightly arranged without any intercellular spaces. i) These cells contain starch grains. Hence, it is known as ‘starch sheath’. iv) The radial walls show lens shaped thickenings called casparian bands. Stele: Stele is the central conducting cylinder. It has four parts (1) pericycle (2) vascular bundles (3) medulla (4) Medullary rays, 1) Pericycle: Pericycle is with single layer of cells surrounding the stele. 2) Vascular bundles: iy*Few number ( part between epidermis and stele is called cortex. It has three subzones ‘made up of thin walled parenchyma. 15) of Vascular bundles are present in stele. —Ttienomes ii)*Each vascular bundle is wedge shaped, conjoint, collateral, open iii)" Each vascular bundle is enclosed by bundle sheath ivytIn between the phloem and xylem, ‘cambium is present 3) Medulla(pith): i) Medulta is the central part of stele ii) Ithelps in storage. 4) Medullary rays: i). The cells between vascular bundles look like rays radiating from the pith. ii) They help in lateral conduction of food. LC aieBABY BULLET-@ = JR.BOTANY-LAQK {21 }_—________JB.BOTANY-LAQ 10, Describe the T.S of Monocot Stem. TAP M-15| As TS of Monocot Stem shows Four main parts, They are TEpidermis 11) Hypodermis M1) Ground tissues IV) Vaseular bundles 1) Epidermis: 1) It is the outermost layer 2) It is madeup of single layered , rectangular cells 3) It does not contain trichomes. 4)* Thick cuticle is present 5) Stomata helps in gaseous exchange. 66) Epidermis protects innermost tissues. 11) Hypodermi 1) Itis present below the epidermis. 2)*It is madeup of sclerenchyma and gives mechanical strength to the stem, 11) Ground tissue: 1) Except vascular bundles, remaining portion is called Ground Tissue 2) It is madeup of parenchyma 3) Ithelps in the storage of food. IV) Vascular bundles: 1)* Many oval shaped vascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue. 2)* Bundles are conjoint, collateral, closed. 3)* Vascular bundles are surrounded by bundle sheath 4)* Cambium is absent, S OFMONOCOTSTEMBABY BULLET-Q * JOTANY-LAQ [TS M-22|AP May-19,22] . Describe the internal structure of a Dicot Root. A: TS of Dicot Root shows three main parts. They are I) Epidermis 11) Cortex III) Stele D Epidermi Iltis the outermost layer 2)It is madeup of single layered rectangular cells. 3)lt contains root hairs. They help in absorption of water. 4)Cuticle and stomata are absent. ‘S)Epidermis is useful in the protection of inner tissue. 11) Cortex: The Region between epidermis and stele is called cortex. It has three subparts, 1) Exodermis: ‘It is 2 to 3 layered thick suberised cells. {i)lt prevents the exit of water from cortex. 2) Parenchyma( General Cortex): ‘It is found below the hypodermis and is made up of thin walled parenchyma. ii)They enclose a number of glands. 3) Endodermis: ‘pit is the inner most layer of the cortex. ii)Cylindrical cells ae tightly arranged, {ii)Endodermis contains 'casparian thickenings’ deposited with suberin in cell wall. III) Stele: Stele is the central conducting cylinder. It has three parts (1) Pericycle (2) Vascular bundles (3) Medulla 1) Perieycle: SE pibtema ‘) Pericycle is with single layer of cells equagre 1, Has itis. Few differences in 111 surrounding the stele, fi)* Secondary growth is observed ¥ 2) Vascular bundles: j) Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem on separate radii. ii)* Usually 4 xylem bundles alternate with 4 phloem bundles>7 This condition is called Tetrach'/ )) Xylem transports water. Phloem transports food. 3) Medulla (or) Pith : i)*Medulla is small (or) absent ii) Ithelps in the storage of food and water.* BABY BULLET-Q ke SSP 23 & & &| JR.BOTANY-LAQ& 12, Describe the internal structure of a Monocot Root. [AP MAY-19|[AP,TS May-17] A. TS of Monocot Root shows three main parts IAP M-20} They are I) Epidermis 11) Cortex 111) Stee. 1) Epidermis: 1) Itis the outermost layer 2) It is madeup of single layered rectangular cells 3) It contains root hairs. They help in absorption of water. 4) Cuticle and stomata are absent 5) Epidermis is useful in the protection of inner tissue. U)Cortex: The Region between epidermis and stele is called cortex. It has three subparts. 1) Exodermi ’) Itis 2 to 3 layered thick suberised cells fi) It prevents the exit of water from cortex. 2) Parenchyma( General Cortex): 4) Itis found below the hypodermis and is made up of thin walled parenchyma. ji) They enclose a number of glands. 3) Endodert 4) Itis the inner most layer of the cortex. fi) Cylindrical cells are tightly arranged. iii) Endodermis contains ‘casparian thickenings’ deposited with suberin in cel! wall. 111)Stele: Stee isthe central conducting cylinder. It has three parts (1) Pericycle (2) Vascular bundles (3) Medulla 1) Pericycle: i). Pericycle is with single layer of cells surrounding the stele fi) Secondary growth is not observed. ¥ 2) Vascular bundles: i)* Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem on separate radii ii)* Number of bundles vary from 6 to 8% iii)* Itis called 'Polyarch. iv) Xylem transports water. Phloem transports food. 3) Medulla (or) Pith: i)*Medulla is well developed and is made up of parenchyma. ii) It helps in the storage of food and water. Epidermis| Perieycle Pholem xylem ith> JR.BOTANY-SAQ = BABY BULLET-Q®& (a) =| ‘MIDDLE SECTION WITH MID RANGE ANSWERS SECTION-B SAQ CHAPTERS BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (4 Marks) | PLANT KINGDOM (4Marks) MODES OF REPRODUCTION (4 Marks) | SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (4Marks) TAXONOMY OFANGIOSPERMS (4 Marks) _ CELL- THE UNIT OF LIFE (4Marks) CELLCYCLEANDCELLDIVISION (4 Marks) [HISTOLOGY & ANATOMY OF FP (4 Marks) | 9. | ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS SUCCESSIONS (4 Marks) 2. ' @ Easy Chapters:Biological Classification, Sexual Reproduction, Taxonomy. Imp Chapters: Plant Kingdom, Ecological Adaptations, Super Scoring Pages * Page 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43 Total SS Pages: 11AosSY SULLETO __fy uu scha aaa JR.BOTANY-SAQ | *** 4. BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION* ** as. 13. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids? [TS M-17,20][AP M-16,17.20.22} A: Charaeteristic features of Euglenoids: 7 1) Euglenoids belong to kingdom Protista, 2) They area group of unicellular flagellate eukaryotes, vere 3) They are seen in fresh stagnant water, 8 Lo Nadeus 4) Ex: Euglena. 5) Their body is covered by a protein layer called pellicle Euglena 6) They have two flagellas, one is short and other is long, 7) The anterior part of their body consists of cytostome, cytopharynx and reservoir. 8) One eye spot (or stigma) is present on the membrane of the reservoir. 9) Reproduction in euglenoids is by longitudinal binary fission and palmella stage is seen. “""YO) They are autotrophic, but in the absence of sunlight they are heterotrophic. portance of Chrysophytes.| AP M-15][IPE Mar- 13] [TS Mar-17,22] 14. Give the salient features an A: Features and importance of Chrysophyt 1) Chrysophytes belong to kingdom Protis 2) They are a group of Algae 3) They are found both in fresh water and marine water. 4) Ex: Desmides Chrysophyte 5) They are small in size, freely floating and photosynthetic. © Chrysophytesod ‘Soap Box Shape 6) They have soap box like structure. 7) Chrysophytes include diatoms and golden algae. 8) 9) Cell wall of diatoms has 2 shells (i) epitheca and (ii) hypotheea. jcated walls are seen in diatoms. Tick 10) They reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by gamete Uses: 1) Polishing of glasses 2) Filtration of oils and syrup BoxesTE DARREN OTT AL 16. At 2k JR.BOTANY-SAQ 15. Givea brief account of Dinoflagellates. BABY BULLET-Oy Tx & SSP 26k * TAP M-17,19] [TS M-15,16,19,22] 1). Dinoftagellates belong to kingdom Prost. __TAPMay-191 2) They are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes © nee wot 3) Dinoflagellates are seen mostly in marine water. 4) Ex: Red Dino flagellates like Gonyaulax in Medeterranian sea. 5) They appear in various colours depending upon their pigments: 6) The outer surface of their cell wall has stiff cellulose. 1) They have to flagellae, one les longitudinally and the other His transverse 8) The flagellae produces spinning movements, so these are called whirling whips. 9) The nucleus has condensed chromosomes. 10) Due to absence of histones, nucleus is called mesokaryon- Tick Boxes 11) Marine dinoflagellates like Noctiluca show bioluminescence. 12) Toxins released by dinoflagellates may harm to animal cules. fe. [IPE Mar- 14} Write the role of Fungi in our dail Role of Fungi in our daily life: 1) Advantages of Fungi: 1) Yeast is the unicellular fungus. It is used in the ‘commercial preparation of bread and beer. 2) The Antibiotic ‘penicillin is obtained from a fungus called penicillium. 3) Mushrooms (Agaricus), morels and truffles are the common edible fungi. Il) Disadvantages of Fungi: © What Fungus says? © Thereis Positive for every negative. 1) Some fungi cause diseases in plants. 2) Red rot disease on sugar cane is dye to Collectotrichum. 3) Rust disease on wheat is due to Puccini Friend for every Enemy3x BABY BULLET-Q 14, pitterentiate b jee et Algae 1) Redalgae belongs toRhodophyccae class, 2) Theirred colour is due to thered pigment calledr-phycoerythrin 3) Major pigments in them are chlorophyll ‘ad andphycoerythrin 4) Reserve food material isFloridian starch. 5) Asexual reproduction is by non-motile spores. 6) Sexual reproduction is by non-motile gametes. Ex: Gracilaeria, Gelidium kk SSP 27 & & &} [enkeere a ***5 PLANT KINGDOM *** retween red algae and brown algne” 2) Their brown colour is due to the brown pi JR.BOTANY-SAQ ITS M-17,19,22}1AP M-16,19} Brown Algae 1) Brown algae belongs to Phacophycese class] facoxanthin, 3) Major pigments in them are chlorophyll ac carotenoids and xanthophylls 4) Reserve food material islaminarin (or) mannitol. 5) Asexual reproduction is by biflagellate zoospores. 6) Sexual reproduction is by motile gametes. Ex: Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus. 7 18. Differentiate between liverworts and mosses. IAP Mar, May-17] A: Liverworts Mosses 1) Plant body in liverworts is thalloid. 2) Liverworts are amphibians. 3) Sporophyte is complete parasite on gametophyte. 4) Sporophyte is small or reduced. 5) Elaters help in the dispersal of spores. 6) Ex: Marchantia 1) Plant body in Mosses is upright structure 2) Mosses are the advanced bryophytes. 3) Sporophyte is semi parasite on gametophyte 4) Sporophyte is more elaborate. '5)_Peristomial teth help inthe dispersal of spores. 6) Ex:Polytrichum,Spagnum,Funaria, ‘What is meant by homosporous and heter 1) Homosporous pteridophytes: ‘These are the plants which produce only Ex: Psilotum, Lycopodium 2) Heterosporous pteridophytes: A: -rosporous pteridophytes? Give two examples. JAP M-15,22)[PE Mar- 13] © wow! © one kind of spores a Lines «4 Merts! ‘These are the plants which produce two kinds of spores on the same plant. Ex: Selaginella, Salvinia,BABY BULLET-O% a 7 = JR.BOTANY-SAQ Fax SSP 30 eH} ——— examp {rs M-15,20) terospory, 20. What is heterospory? Briefly comment on its si AA: D) Heterospory: Production of two kinds of sporeson the sme pant inated he Ex: Selaginella, Salvinia Significance: 1) Two types of spores are seen () Microspores - germinate into male gametophyte (i) Megaspores - germinate into female gametophyte. 2) Sex organ in male gametophyte is Antheridia. It gives antherozoids as male gamets. 3) Sex organ in female gametophyte is Archegonia. It produces ee 5 female gamets. 4) Fusion of Antherozoids to egg results zygote. 5) Development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophyte, ed abit. This is considered as important step in evolution, A: T)Economic importance of Algae: 1) Fixation of carbondioxide on Earth is mainly carried out by algae. 2) Brown algae produces Algin. 3) Red algae produces carrageen. 4) Agar Agar is obtained from Gelidium. 5) Chlorella and spirulina are used as food supplements by space travellers. 1) Economic importance of Bryophytes: 1) Mosses provide food for herbivorous mammals and birds. 2) Sphagnum provides peat, which is used as fuel. 3) They play significant role in plant succession. 4) They prevent soil erosion. 5) They are used as packing material for trans-shipment. 6) This event is precursor to the se« ATs tae 21. Write a note on economic importance of Algae and Bryophytes- {APM-19]{TS M-16] [= Few More VSAQ are in Page 59) Tick O BoxesHk SSP 29 & ke EBABY BULLET-Q =; JR.BOTANY-SAQ 4 pres ‘6. MODES OF REPRODUCTION *** (4 MARKS } 22. Write a brief account on gametogenesis with examples. IAP MAY-19}17S M-16} ‘As 1) The process of formation of two types of gametes, male and female is called gametogenesis. 2) Gametes are haploid cells(n), 3) In some algae, the gametes are similar in appearance and itis not possible to categorize them into male and female gametes. Such gametes are called homogametes Ex: Cladophora, 4) In majority of sexually reproducing organisms, the gametes are morphologically distinct and separable into male and female gametes. So, they are called heterogametes. Ex: Funaria, Preris, Cycas 5) Here, the male gametes are called antherizoids and the female gamete is egg. 23. the changes observed in angiosperm flower subsequent to pollination and fertilisation. IAP M-16,17] [IPE- 14,13][TS May-17] A: A) Post-Pollination effects: 1) The pollen grain germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube. 2) Pollen tube grows through the tissues of the stigma and style and reaches the ovary. 3) Later Pollen tube enters into the ovule by porogamy or chalazogamy or mesogamy. 4) After entering into the embryosac, the pollen tube bursts and releases the two male gametes into the cytoplasni of the synergid. 5) The two male gametes of pollen grain are involved in double fertilization. B) Post-fertilization effects: 1) Calyx, corolla, stamens, style and stigma wither and drop away. 2) Fertilized ovary develops into fruit. 3) After fertilisation, ovules become seeds. 4) Zygote develops into embryo. 5) Antipodals degenerate. 6) Primary endosperm nucleus becomes endosperm. 7) Integuments become seed coats. 8) Micropyle of the ovule become micropyle of the seed. Zh. Define (a) Juvenile phase —_(b) Reproductive phase.v [AP M-20} a) Juvenile Phase: All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in ther life before they can reproduce sexually. This stage is called juvenile phase or vegetative phase. lowers is called b) Reproductive Phase: The phase where the plants start producing fl Reproductive Phase. This is the end of the Juvenile phase.BABY BULLET-O% a 3 JR.BOTANY-SAQ 25, Givea brief account on the phases of the life cycle of an angiosperm plant. |A:. The life eycle of angiospermie plant consists of two phases. [APM-19] A) Sporophytic phase: 1) Iti diploid 2m). 2) Itis the dominant phase ofthe life eye. 3) It is developed from the zygote. Reproductive organs dev B) Gametophyte phase: D tis haploid). ee 2) It is derived from a spore which is a product of meiotic division of spore mote! 3) In angiosperms, microspore mother cells and megaspore mother cells ae Present 4) The mega spore mother cells undergo reduction division and produces mesasPores '5) With the production of microspores & mega spores, the sporophytic generation comes 10 an ead. 6) Micro and mega spores produce male and female gametophytes respectively, 7) Male and female gametes formed respectively from male and female gametophytes fuse to form a diploid zygote. 8) The zygote isthe first cell ofthe sporophyte. 9) The zygote undergoes repeated mitotic di 10) The seed germinates and gives rise toa sporophytic plant body. © Lam your Choice! velop at this stage: jons to produce an embryo (2n) in the seed. ‘Anther ‘Microsporangium o> Mose {ovule) Sporophyte SPOROPHYTIC (2n) GENERATION \ Microspore Embryo £ (pollen grainy \ Mate ’ | sametophyte E99 Gametes Life Cycle of an angiosperm PA SY Zygote\ BABY BULLET-o 26. JR.BOTANY-SAQ "| ***7 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION*** that ab sexual chasmogamous flower can evolve to prevent self IAP M-15} List three strateg pollination (autogamy), The three strategies ofa bisexual flower to prevent self pollination are 1)Dichogamy 2) Hetkogamy 3) Selfsterilty 1) Dichogamy: The maturity of essential organs, that is, androecium and gynoecium at different times is called dichogamy. It is of two types Male sex organs mature earlier than female sex organs. Ex: Sunflower. Protogyny: Female sex organs mature earlier than male sex organs, Ex: Datura ‘oth androeejum and gynoecium mature at the same time, but male and female 2) Herkogam; reproductive organs are arranged in different heights, Ex: Hibiscus, Gloriosa 3) Self Sterility: This is a genetic mechanism to prevent self pollination from fertlising the ‘ovules. If the pollen grains fall on the stigma of the same flower, they won't germinate. Ex: Abutilon, Passiflora. Discuss the various types of pollen tube entry into ovary with the help of diagrams. The pollen tube enters into the ovule by any of the three ways. IAP 22](TS 18} 1) Porogamy: Entry of the pollen tube into the ovary through micropyle. Ex: Hibiscus, Ottelia. 2) Chalazogamy: Entry of the pollen tube into the ovary through chalaza, Ex: Casuarina 3) Mesogamy:Entry of the pollen tube into the ovary through stalk of ovule.Ex: Cucurbita2k JR.BOTANY-SAQ 28. Whatis apomixis? Whats its importance? At 29, AL 30. BABY BULLET-Q% 32. 1) Apomixis: Production of seeds without fertilisation is called apomixis. i) Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction. i) Itis an assured reproduction in the absence of pollinators, such as extreme environments, 2) Importance of Apomis ') Superior and desirable characters can be maintained for many generations. ‘i) Apomixis is very useful in commercial hybrid seed production. ‘Write briefly about the different types of ovules. ITSM -19] Ovules are 3 types. ‘They are 1) Orthotropous ovule 2) Anatropous ovule 3) Campylotropous ovule. 1) Orthotropus Ovule: In this type, the micropyle, chalaza and funiculus are on the same vertical line. Ex:Polygonum, 2) Anatropous Ovule: These are inverted ovules. The micropyle lies close to the funiculus. It results 180° curvature alongside of the funticulus, Ex: Sun flower family. 3) Campylotropous: The body of theovule is placed at right angles to the funiculus. Body of the ovule bends in such a way that micropyle comes towards the funiculus. Here, the embryosac is slightly curved. Ex: Bean family. Mleropyle Embroyosac Funicl (1) ORTHOTROPOUS == (2) ANATROPOUS (8) CAMPYLoTROPOUS What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique? 1) Emasculation: Itis the removal of stamens from a bisexual flower, before it dehisces and discharge its pollen grains. 2) This should be done duringbud condition 3) This is to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen grains31 Describe the non-essential floral parts of plants belonging Fabaceae. [IPE Mar-14] A: 1) Nom-essential floral parts of Fabaceae are Calyx and Corolla [Ts M-16} 2) Calyx: 5 Sepals, Gamosepalous (united sepals), valvate or imbricate aestivation, odd sepal anterior, 3) Corolla:5 Petals, Polypetalous (petals are fee), Papilionaceous consisting of a large posterior Petal (Standard), two laterals (Wings); Two anterior fused petals| (keels) enclosing the stamens and pistil, 4) They show vexillary or descendingly imbricate aestivation 32. Deseribe the essential floral parts of plants belonging to Liliaceae.|AP M-15,17,18,20| A: 1) Essential floral parts of Liliaceae are Androecium and Gynoecium. 2) Androecium: Six stamens in two whorls (3+3); epiphyllous, dithecous anthers , basifixed, introrse and longitudinal dehiscence : 3) Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, Syncarpous, Trilocular superior ovary with many ovules on axile placentation. 4) Style is terminal and stigma is trifld and capitate. 33. Describe the essential organs of Solanaceae. [TS M-15,19,22] A: 1) Essential organs of Solanaceae are Androecium and Gynoecium 2) Androecium: There are five epipetalous stamens, alternating with the petals. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed and introse. 3) Gynoecium: The ovary is superior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. It is usually bilocular but occassionally unilocular, Its oblique in position and anterior carpel to the leftis at an angle of 45°. There are numerous ovules arranged on axile placentation on swollen placenta. 4) The style is terminal and stigma is capitate. 34. Give economic importance of plants belonging to Fabaceae. [AP M-16,17,19] A: Economic importance of Fabaceae plants: ITS M-17,20] 1) Pulses - These are the sources of proteins. Ex: Redgram, Black gram, Green gram, Bengal gram. 2) Edible oils- Soyabean (Glycine max), Ground nut (Arachis hypogea). 3) Vegetables- Pods of bean (Dolichos), Soyabean (Glycine max) , leaves of Menthi. 4) Timber - Red sanders, Indian rose wood. 5) Fiber- Sun hemp (crotalaria) 6) Blue dye- Indigofera tinctoria, yellow dye- Butea monosperma. 7) Fodder - Crotalaria, phaecealous 8) Gree manure - Sesbania, Teproshia‘ BABY BULLET-O% 34 38. Write brief note on sem technical description of typical lowering PINE | ‘As 1) Thedescription ofa flowering plant begins with itshabit, habitat, vegetative characters (100% Stem) leaves) and then floral characters (inflorescence, flower and its pars) followed by its fru 2) After describing various parts ofa plant, a floral diagram and floral formula ae presented 3) Floral diagram provides information about the number af pars ofa lower and thei arrangement 4) Floral formula represents various floral parts by means of symbols. 5) Notation of floral formula: Br = bracteate Epik=Epicalyx Brl = Bracteolate (= Cohesion of floral parts in ¢ whorl | CA=Eripeto @ = actinomorphic PA =Epiphyllous stamens & =male,? = female Kecalyx, C=corolla] — P=perianth, "A=androeeium G=gynoecium G-= half superior ovary. ‘G= superior ovary 36. Give an account of floral diagram. [TSM-22| Az 1) The floral diagram provides information about the number of parts ofa flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with one another. 2) The mother axis represents the posterior side of the flower and is indicated asa dot or circle at the top of the floral diagram. 3) Calyx, Corolla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn in successive whorls, calyx being the outermost and the gynoecium being in the centre represented by a diagram of TS. of ovary. 4) The bract represents the anterior side of the flower andi indicated at the bottom ofthe floral diagram, — Br Ebr @9 Pi 45,3 Gy Floral diagram with floral formula} 37. Write a brief account on the class of dicotyledonae of Bentham and Hooker's classification. IAP 22|[TS M-17] A: Bentham and Hooker classification of dicotyledonae class: 1)Polypetalae 2) Gamopetalae _3)Monochlamydae 1) Polypetalae subclass is divided into 3 series i) Thalamiflorae (with 6 cohort). i) Discifonse (with 4 coh iii) Calyciflorae (with 5 cohorts). ors) « 2) Gamopetalae subclass is divided into 3 series = i)Inferae (with 3 cohorts). i)Heteromerae (3 cohorts). ii)Bica icarpellan . 3) Monochlamydee subclass ‘is divided into 8 series (notinto oho) * ee All the cohorts divided into natural orders are now called families, Thus dicotyledonae class includes 165 families\" eBaBy Buttet-o =e oC SSP35 38. A: JF.BOTANY-SAQ ¥e —— 9.CELL - THE UNIT OF LIFE** Describe the cell organelle which contains chlorophyll pigments, [TS M-16,22} 1). The cell organelles which contain chlorophyll lorophyil pigment are called chloroplasts, 2) They ate double membrane bound structures. ’ 3) The space limited by the inner membrane is called the stroma 4) Number of flattened membranous sacs called thyalkoids are present in stroma 5) Thylakoids ae aranged in stacs like the piles of coins called grana, @) Flat membranous tubules called stroma lamellae connect the thylakoids of different grana 7) The membrane ofthe thylakoids encloses a space called lumen, 8) _Thestroma of chloroplast contains enzymes required forthe synthesis ofearbohy rates and proteins, 9). Chloroplasts also contain small, double stranded circular DNA molecules and ribosomes, 10) Function: Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, = 39. At Describe the structure and function of power houses of cell.| AP MAY-19]|TS M-17] 1) Structure: 1) Mitochondria are the Power houses of cell. 2) These are double membrane bond structures. 3) Typically, a mitochondria is sausage shaped or: ‘cylindrical shaped. 4) The inner membrane divides its lumen into two compartments, 5) The innier compartment is called matrix. 6) The matrix contains SScircular DNA, 70S somes and RNA. 7) The outer membrane forms the continuous limiting boundary. 8) The inner membrane forms a number of infoldings called cristae. 9) They increase the surface area. 11) Functions: 1) Sites of Aerobie respiration, 2) Producers of cellular energy in the form of ATP. [Hence called Power houses of cell]BABY BULLET-oy ke JR.BOTANY-SAQ ~) 40. Describe the structure of nucteus. At Structure of Nucleus: Nucleus has four main parts. They are Nucleolus \ 1) Nuclear envelope 2) Nuclear matrix 3) Chromatin material 4) Ni 1) Nuclear envelope: trconsistsoftwo parallel membrane witinucleoPlAN\ ONY ‘The outer membrane is continuous with ER, which is coated by Fbosomes: MI present on the membrane called nuclear pores. 2) Nacleoplasm:hshomogencous, sens ance lini the uses ICs somo | of glycoproteins, ibonucleo proteins, hydrolyzing enzymes, DNA aitd RNA polymerase \ 3) Chromatin material: The darkly stained network ike substance in mucleoplasm is called | f chromatin material It contains DNA and histones 4) Nucleolus: One (or) more spherical bodies present in plasm inside. the nucleoplasm are called nucleoli Nucieoplasm Chromatin Nuclear Membrane 41. Briefly describe the cell theory. A: A German Botanist Sehleiden and a British Zoologist Schwa The statements of the cell theory: 1) Alllliving organisms are composed of cells and products of cells. 2) The cel is the basic structural and functional unit ofall organisms. 3) All cells arise from pre-existing cells (R-Virchow) [AP M-22| proposed the cell theory. 42. Differentiate between Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER). [AP M-17] A:| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) 1) The ER bearing ribosomes on theit | 1) The ER which does not bear ribosomes on surface is called RER. their surface is called SER. 2) RER observedin cells actively involves in | 2) SER isthe site for synthesis, of lipids and lipid protein synthesis and secretion. like steroidal hormones in animal cells.— JR.BOTANY-SAQ ! 43. What are nucteosomes? u leosomes? What are they made of? IAPLTS May-17/1 AP M-16,19} . vei IAP May-19} 'D,Nucleosome isa structural unit of eukaryotic chromosome, Consisting of length of DNA \ xpapy suLLeTo f coiled around a core of histones, core of histone octomer through a linear histone protein - Hy * Tens two copies ofeach of four types of histone proteins vz, HgA, H,B, Hy and Hi, Tick (@ histone molecules. 148 nucleotide pairs of ONA) NUCLEOSOME MODEL 44. What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cet cell: A: Characteristics of prokaryot 1) Prokaryotic cells have both the cell wall and cell membrane, 2) There is no well defined nucleus. The muclear membrane is absent, 3) They are smaller, multiply more rapidly and vary greatly in shape and size. 4) The fluid matrix of the cell is the cytoplasm. 5) The genetic material is naked, itis in the form of a single chromosome or circular DNA. 6) Smaller circular DNA called plasmids are present out side the genome. 7) The cell organelles, which are found in eukaryotes are absent, except the ribosomes. 8) The infoldings of plasma membrane are called mesosomes. 9) The prokaryotic cells are seen in bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO.> JR.BOTANY-SAQ (een SeA TTS) BABY BULLET. **40. CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION** ! 45. Which division is necessary to maintain constant chromosome number in all body cells of multicellular organism and why? [IPE Mar- 14] Az 1) Mitosis is necessary to maintain constant chromosome number in all body cells of multicellular organisms. 2) Because mitosis results in the production of same ploidy of daughter cells with genetic ‘employment usually identical to that ofthe parent cell 3) Mitosis maintains a constant number of chromosomes in al the cells ofthe body. 4) Mitosis helps in wound healing and regeneration of plant parts 5) Growth in organism is caused by mitosis and it restores the surface to volume ratio of the gel 46. Though redundantly described as a resting phase, interphase does not really involve rest. Comment. IAP May-19,22][ TS M-17,20,22|[AP Mar-15,16,17,19,20] Az Interphase: The state of cell cycle, at which, the nucleus is not in a state of division, is called Inter phase. It is the period of preparation for cell division. This stage occurs between two ‘successive cell divisions. The inter phase is called resting phase. But during this time, the cell prepares for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication in an orderly manner. The inter phase is divided into 3 sub stages-G, phase, S phase and Gy phase. 1) G, phase: This is the phase between mitosis phase (© Interphase and initiation of DNA replication. During G, phase the cell is metabolically active and it grows continuously; but does not replicate its DNA. ‘This G, phase includes 1) Increase in the size of the cell. ) Synthesis of RNA and proteins. 2) § Phase: In this phase, DNA replication Tia takes place. During this time the amount of Gi, phase. “s, DNA per cell doubles. a However, there is no increase in the chromosome number, 3) Gz phase: During G, phase, the synthesis of proteins and RNA continues ‘Various cell organelles are newly synthesized. In view of the above 3 phases, we say interphase does not really involve rest Tick Boxes\ A \ spapy Butera . How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells? JR.BOTANY-SAQ ‘They are 1) Leptotene 2) Zygotene 3) Pachytene 4) Diplotene 5)Diakinesis, 1) Leptotene: inthis phase, he nucleus increases in sie ‘by absorbing water from the cytoplasm, ‘The ehromatin material organises into a constant numberof chromosome 2) Zygotene: Hete, the chromosomes become shorter and thicken ‘They approach each other and form pairs This homologous pair is called bivalent andthe process of pairing is called synapsis. 3) Pachytene: Atthis stage, the bivalent chromosomes ae clearly visible as tetrad, This stage is characterised by the appearance of recombination nodules, Crossing over is mediated by recombinase enzyme. Crossing over leads to recombination of genetic material. 4) Diplotene: Here, dissolution of synaptonemal complex occurs. The homologous chromosomes of bivalents separate from each other except at the sites of cross overs. Here, the x-shaped structures are called chiasmata. 5) Diakinesis: This is te final stave of prophase lof meiosis I. This is marked by terminalisation of chiasimata. By the end of diakinesis, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope also breaks down. on 1) Division of mother cells into two daughter cells by a separate process is called Cytokinesis. 2) Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) is followed by the karyokinesis (division of nucleus ) 3) In an animal cell, this is followed by the appearance of a furrow in the plasma membrane. 4) The furrow gradually deepens and ultimately joins in the centre dividing the cell cytoplasm into two plant cells, 5) Plant cells are enclosed by a relatively inextensible(tigid ) cell wall. So in those cells, wall formation starts in the centre of the cells and grows outward to meet the existing lateral walls.———— ok JR.BOTANY-: LLET- SAQ TENE w EE BABY BULLET-Q% **11. HISTOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS ** : 4 State the location and function of different types of meristems,[AP & TS M-17,16,15] ‘At Based on the function Meristems are two types. [TS M-19] 1) Primary Meristems: These are formed at the primary growth of the plant. They help it the formation of primary plant body. AED 2) TI) Secondary Meristems: It is formed at the secondary growth of the plant. Ithelps in the wide growth of the plant. Based on the location, Meristems are three types. ‘They are 1. Apical 2. Interealary 3, Lateral Meristems. 1) Apical meristems: These are present at the growing tips of roots, stems, branches etc. Th help in linear growth of the plant body. They appear early in the life of a plant and contribut to the formation of the primary plant body. So they are called primary meristems. 2) Intercalary meristems: These are found in between the permanent tissues. They are see at the base of internodes and leaf bases of monocotyledons, particularly grasses. They ar active for a short period anid gradually change into permanent tissues. These are also primary meristems, 3) Lateral meristems: They are present at the lateral sides of the plant body. The cells help t increase the thickness of the organs like stem and root. It helps in the secondary growth. Ex: Vascular cambium Tick Boxes 50. Whatis periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot stems? A: Periderm: The corkey outer layer of a plant system formed as a secondary covering in responsd to injury or infection is called Periderm, Periderm formation 1) Due to the activity of vascular cambium, the stem continues to increase the girth, 2) The outer cortical cells and epidermal layers get broken, 3) They are to be replaced by new protective layers. 4) The phellogen (or cork cambium) develop in the cortical region with two layers thick. 5) The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem, 6) The inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm, 7) The phellogen, phellem and phelloderm collectively form periderm, 8) Here and there, onthe periderm aerating pores called leticells are formed for gaseous exchange> BABY BULLET-Q 51. A transverse section of the tru 7 iar JR.BOTANY-SAQ * ink of a tree shows concentric rings wh '8s. How are these rings formed? What hare known as significance of these rings ITS M- 20} annual 1) Intemperate region, the activity of the cambiuim is influenced by the seasonal variation, 2) During spring season, more leaves and flowers are formed. 3) The plant requires more water and mineral sats 4) Hence the wood formed inthis period shows more number of xylem vessels having wider lumens. 5) This is known as spring wood or early wood, 6) During autumn, the plants donot require much water 77) Hence the wood produced inthis period shows less number ‘of xylem vessels having narrow lumens. 8) This is known as autumn wood or late wood. 9) In this way, two types of secondary xylem are produced in ‘one year! 10) They appear as circles. These are called growth rings or annual rings. T)By counting the number of annual rings, the approximate age of a tree can be estimated. 12) This branch of science is called Dendrochronology. 52. What is the difference between lenticels and stomata? (AP, TS Man, May-17| { Lenticels Stomata 1) Lenticels are the aerating pores present | 1) Stomata are present on leaves and young on old stems and old aerial roots. stems. 2) They contain closely arranged | 2) Bach stomata is guarded by two guard cells parenchymatous cells. which contain chloroplasts. 3) Lenticels are meant for the exchange of | 4 -& i - tomate help in transpiration and respiration gases between the outer atmosphere and | 3) Stomate help in transpi ae the internal tissues of woody organs. of plants. EA Ioaaae 4) Opening and closing mechanisms are | 4) Opening andclosing mechanisms are pres in stomata absent in lenticels, 5) Lenticels donot conduct photosynthesis, | 5) Guard cells conduct photosynthesis. Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain, Yes. Cork cambium is a secondary meristematic tissue. It is of two layered thickness. It has the capacity to divide. It cuts off cells on both the sides. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem. The inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.BABY BULLET-Q sun.sotany.sao (eae Soha ws} SA" SETS *°719 ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS” ** kinds of hydrophytes with 54. re tes? Briefly discuss the differe cena ¢ [AP M-16][TS M-15,17.19] examples. A: Hydrophytes: Plants that grow in water are called hydrophytes. According to their mode of living in water, these are of five kinds. aS 1) Free floating hydrophytes: These plants have no contact with soil and thus HOS cslyon water surface, EX: Pistia, Lemna, Salvinia 2) Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves: Roots of these plants are Fixe but theirong.petiolated leaves keep them floating on water surface. , Ex: Nymphaea and Victoria regia 3) Submerged suspended hydrophytes: These plants have contact only with water, being ‘completely submerged and not rooted in the mud. Ex: Hygrilla and Utricularia 4) Submerged rooted hydrophytes: These plants are com attached to the substratum by their root system.Ex: Vallisneria 5) Amphibious plants: These plans live prtly in water and partly in ait Ex: Sagittaria, Typha and Limnophila. ced to the substratum, pletely submerged in water and 5) Limnophila Note: Notnecessary to draw these diagrams in exam + A> BABY BULLET. = Ea ek SSPaaK KAI JR.BOTANY-SAQ & $5. Enumerate the morphological adaptations of hydrophytes. [TS M-22||AP May-19} Az Morphological adaptations of hydrophyt 1) Roots may be absent or poorly developed. In some plants submerged leaves compensate for roots. 2) Root caps are usually absent. 3) Inamphibious plants, roots are well developed with distinct root caps. 4) In some plants, root caps are replaced by root pockets. Ex: Pistia. 5) Roots, if present, are generally fibrous, adventitious, reduced in length, unbranched or poorly branched. 6) Stem is long, stender and flexible. 7) Leaves are thin, long, ribbon shaped or long and linear or finely dissected. 8) Floating leaves are large and flat with their upper surfaces coated with wax. 56. List out the anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes. [APMAY-19] ‘A: Anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes: 1) Cuticle is totally absent in the submerged parts of the plant. 2) It may be present in the form of a thin film on the surface of parts exposed to atmosphere. 3) The epidermis is composed of thin walled cells and it performs absorption. 4) The epidermal cells contain chloroplasts and help in assimilation. 5) Stomata are totally absent in submerged hydrophytes. 6) Gaseous exchange takes place directly through thin walled cells by diffusion. 7) In plants with floating leaves, the leaves are epistomatous. 8) All hydrophytes contain aerenchyma that helps in gaseous exchange and buoyancy. 57. Write a brief account on classification of xerophytes. [AP Mar-17,20|[TS M-16,22| Xerophytes: The plants which grow in habitats deficient of water supply are called xerophytes a a re into three categories. Xerophytes ~ O60 Saupe iphemerals: See 4) These plants are annuals, mostly found in arid (dry) zones. ‘Types 3 - Marks 4@ ii) They complete their life cycle with in a very short period. Ex: Tribulus. 2) Succulents: i) These plants absorb large quantities of water during rainy season. ii) They store the water in different parts of the plant in the form of mucilage. iii) As a result, the plant parts like the stem (Ex: Opuntia), leaf (x: Aloe), root (Ex: Asparagus) become succulent. iv) The stored water is used during dry periods. -) These are called ‘drought avoiding plants’. 3) Non-Succulents: i) These are perennial plants which can withstand prolonged periods ofdrought. Tick Boxes Ex:Casuarina, Nerium. oO [oO fee] ii) These are called ‘true xerophytes':‘A: Morphological adaptations of xerophyte 59. Give in detail thé anatomical adaptations shown by xerophytes. Ac JR.BOTANY-SAQ fai 58. Enumerate the morphological adaptations of xerophytes. =< BABY BULLET-O% [APM-19,.22] 1) Here, the roots are long with extensive branching spread over wide areas. 2) Root hairs and root caps are very well developed. 3) Stems are stunted, woody, hard and covered with thick bark. 4) Stems are usually covered by hairs or waxy coatings. 5) Leaves are very much reduiced, small and scale like. {8) Some times leaves are modified into spines to reduce the rate of transpiration. [AP M-15] Anatomical adaptations of Xerophytes: ITS M-17] 1) In Xerophytes, epidermis is covered with thick cuticle to reduce the rate of transpiration. 2) Epidermal cells may have silica crystals. (@Once Again | 3) Epidermis may be multilayered, E Xerophytes Qt 4) Stomata may be confined to lower epidermis of leaves (hypo-stomatous) 5) In some leaves the stomata are present in pits (sunken) Ex: Nerium Leaves of Nerium. 6) Mechanical tissues are relatively well developed. Tick Boxes 7) Vascular tissues are relatively well developed, | Define plant succession. Differentiate primary and secondary successions. Plant succession: The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of all communities in response to the changing environment till it reaches equilibrium is called plant succession. Primary Succession Secondary Succession 1) Primary succession occurs in a bare area| 1) Secondary succession occurs in an area where whereno living organisms ever existed. all living organisms that existed are lost. Ex: Bate rocks. Ex: Bumed forests, flooded lands. 2) Itoceurs ine biologically sterile area, | 2) It occurs in a biologically fertile area. 3) It is aslow process, 3) It isa faster process. ete 4) Ittakes short time to reach the climax stage.| 4) Ittakeslong time to reach the climax stage."BABY BULLET-@ = JR.BOTANY VSAQ ‘Wen EASY COTE SECTION WIT HAY MI ARSE, @ Easy Chapters: The Living word, Sicence of Pants, Morphology Imp Chapters: Biological Classification, Taxonomy, Cell Cycle. ‘Super Scoring Pages Page 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 Total $s Pages: 10