Chapter 7 Fire Prevention and Fire Protection

[ Chapter 7: Fire Prevention and Fire Protection ]
Seab Piseth | pisethseab@gmail.com | 011 70 48 25
Department of Industrial Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
Paragon International University
1
Chapter 7: Fire Prevention and Fire Protection
Objectives
• Define key terms in Subpart E & L.

• Identify the key elements of the
regulations.
• To describe how to avoid fires and fire
related injuries.
• To create awareness of fire deaths and
injuries.
• To define personal responsibility toward
fire safety and injury prevention.
• Discuss the implications of these
regulations for long term care settings.
2
Introduction
There were 14,561 fires reported in Minnesota in

2010.
•39 civilian deaths
•137 reported civilian injuries
•$152 million in property damage
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• Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans
• 1910.33 – 1910.39
4
• 1910.35: An employer who demonstrates compliance
with the exit route provisions of NFPA 101-2000, the
Life Safety Code, will be deemed to be in compliance
with the corresponding requirements in 29 CFR
1910.34, 1910.36, and 1910.37.
• For automatic sprinkler systems, may follow NFPA
and National Board of Fire Underwriters standard
in place at the time of installation.
• A resource for many organizations.
5
Definitions
• Exit Route: a continuous and unobstructed path of exit

travel from any point within a workplace to a place of
safety.
• Exit access: that part of an exit route that leads to an exit
(a corridor that leads to a stairway (Exit).
• Exit: that part of an exit route that provides a protected
way of travel to the exit discharge.
• Exit Discharge: the part of the exit route that leads
directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, or
open area with access to the outside.
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Definitions
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• Exit routes must be permanent.
• An exit must be separated by fire resistant materials.
• Openings into an exit must be limited.
• The number of exit routes must be adequate.
• Exit discharge must lead directly outside.
• Exit doors must be unlocked from the inside.
• A side-hinged exit door must be used.
• Exit route: ceiling at least 7’6” high, 28” wide.
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9
• The danger to employees and patients must be
minimized.
• Must be free and unobstructed.
• Safeguards (sprinklers, alarms, exit lighting) must be
in working order at all times.
• Lighting and marking of exits must be clearly visible.
• Signs must say EXIT, at least 6” high, by ¾”.
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Escape Routes
 When the smoke alarm

sounds, you may only have
seconds or minutes to
escape safely.
 Have a meeting place for
everyone to gather
outside.
 Plan two ways out, in case
Know your escape routes one way is filled with
and practice them. smoke or fire.
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12
• (b)(1) At least two exit routes must be available in a
workplace to permit prompt evacuation during an
emergency:
• The exit routes must be located as far away as
practical from each other so that if one exit route is
blocked by fire or smoke, employees can evacuate
using the second exit route.
13
•Procedures for:
* reporting a fire
* emergency evacuations
* employees who remain to operate
critical plant operations before they evacuate
* accounting for all employees and
patients after evacuation
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• (b) An emergency action plan must be EAP
in writing, kept in the workplace, and

available to employees for review.
• However, an employer with 10 or
fewer employees may communicate
the plan orally to employees.
15
Emergency Plans
• Emergency care procedures.

• Alarm system for employees.
• Employer must designate and train employees to assist
in a safe and orderly evacuation of other employees.
• Review the action plan with employees when they
start their job, when their responsibilities in the plan
change, or when the plan changes.
16
Emergency Plans
•Plans should address emergencies that the

organization can reasonably expect in the
workplace:
* Fire
* Toxic chemical release
* Hurricanes
* Tornadoes
* Floods
* ?others
17
• An employer must designate and train employees to
assist in a safe and orderly evacuation of other
employees.
EAP
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• RACE
• R: Rescue (សង្គ្រោះជួយង្ោយរួចផុតពង្ី ្រោះថ្នាក់)
• A: Alarm (ផតលសញ្ញា រដឺ ំណឹង)
• C: Contain/confine (ប្ខង ំ ហាមឃាត)
• E: Extinguish or evacuate (ការជង្មលៀស)
19
•A fire prevention plan must include:
• list of all major fire hazards,
• proper handling and storage procedures for
hazardous materials,
• potential ignition sources and their control, and
• the type of fire protection equipment necessary to
control each major hazard.
20
• Procedures to control accumulations of flammable
and combustible waste materials
Cans of paint left open,

not stored or disposed
of upon completion of
work
21
• Need to assure that an adequate number of
employees are available at all times during working
hours to act as “evacuation wardens” so that
employees can be swiftly moved from the danger
location to safe areas.
• They must know the correct place to direct
employees, trained in workplace layout and
alternative escape routes, aware of handicapped
employees who may need extra assistance, check all
rooms and enclosed spaces for employees, an
account for or verify that all employees are in the
safe areas.
22
•This subpart contains requirements for:
•Fire brigades
•All portable and fixed fire suppression
equipment
•Fire detection systems
•Fire or employee alarm systems
23
1. Oxygen source
2. Fuel source
3. Ignition mechanism
24
Class of Fire
• "Class A fire" - involves ordinary combustible materials

such as paper, wood, cloth, and some rubber and plastic
materials.
• "Class B fire" - involves flammable or combustible
liquids, flammable gases, greases and similar materials,
and some rubber and plastic materials.
• "Class C fire" – involves energized electrical equipment
where safety to the employee requires the use of
electrically nonconductive extinguishing media.
• “Class D fire” – fire involving combustible metals such as
magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and
potassium.
25
Class of Fire
26
• (a)Scope:
• The placement
• Use
• Maintenance
• Testing of portable fire extinguishers provided for the use of

employees
• Training and education
27
Fire Extinguishers
• Employee Education
* General principles of fire extinguisher use
* Upon employment, if role or
equipment changes, and annually
• Inspection, maintenance and testing

* Portable extinguishers: inspected every 30 days
* Annual maintenance
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Fire Extinguishers
•Know how to use them.
•Have them mounted in

an obvious spot near an
exit.
When in doubt, get out!

29
Fire Extinguishers
Always know where they are located.
To use one:

* P: Pull the pin
* A: Aim low
*S: Squeeze the lever
*S: Sweep the fire
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• If required:
• The employer shall provide portable fire extinguishers

and shall mount, locate and identify them so that they
are readily accessible to employees without subjecting
the employees to possible injury.
Any problem here?
31
• Visually inspected annually and tagged with date of
the inspection.
32
Important!
Dates must be
recorded, and all
extinguishers
tagged.
33
* Are selected and distributed based on the
classes of anticipated workplace fires and on
the size and degree of hazards affecting their
use.
34
•Travel distance to extinguisher: 75 ft
•For Class K (grease fire areas): 30 ft
35
•Fires in healthcare settings are never good.
•Devastating results.
•Need to protect patients and employees from

the serious hazard of a fire.
•Use of the “defend-in-place” concept from NFPA

101- Life Code.
36
• Building construction
• Sprinkler system
• Detection and alarm systems
• Horizontal movement to safety
• Compartmentation
• Staff training
• Key: Provide occupants with enough protection to

enable them to survive a fire while remaining in the
building.
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•What we have learned…..
•What we can do…..
38
• April 13th, 1918: Norman, OK, State Hospital – 38
• May 15th, 1929: Cleveland Clinic – 125
• April 5th, 1949: St. Anthony’s Hospital, Illinois – 74
• July 14th, 1960: Guatemala City, Mental Hospital - 235
• December 8, 1961: Hartford Hospital, CT - 15
• May 20th, 1980: Kingston, Jamaica, Residential Care Facility –
157
• Feb 26, 2003: Hartford, CT, Nursing Home – 16
• January 31, 2009: Northwest Russia,
Nursing home – 23
39
•Kitchen fires
•Electrical fires
•Waste material fires
•Fires due to smoking
40
Fire Causes
•The top fire causes include:

•Cooking (49%)
•Open Flame (10%)
•Heating (9%)
•Incendiary/Arson (8%)
•Smoking (4%)
*leading cause of fire fatalities
Personal vigilance is the best way

to avoid and survive fires!
41
Cooking Fires
 Pay attention to what you’re cooking.

If you leave the room, turn off the stove.
 Don’t cook if you’re sleepy or

if you’re impaired.
Nearly half of all home fires

originate in the kitchen.
42
Smoking Related Fires
 Cigarettes can smolder for hours.
 Tips to avoid smoking related fires:

Don’t smoke inside.
Discard smoking materials in a fire safe container.
Use a proper, heavy ashtray which
won’t tip easily.
Don’t improvise!
Smoking is the leading cause of fire

deaths.
43
Smoking Related Fires
•More tips to avoid smoking related

fires:
• Don’t smoke in bed.
• Don’t smoke if you’re tired, taking
medications, or if you’ve been drinking
or are otherwise impaired.
• After a party, check indoor and outdoor
furniture and cushions for smoldering
cigarette butts.
44
Talking with patients and families/visitors about
fire hazards related to smoking.
Assessing smoking behaviors.
Help all staff to be alert to any obstruction to fire
exits/fire routes.
Know where the fire extinguishers are located.
Recognizing every fire drill as a learning/teaching
opportunity.
45
• What can happen with simple appliances?
• How can we prevent this?
46
Electrical Safety
• Do not overload electrical sockets.

• Do not run cords under rugs or furniture.
They can become worn, overheat, and cause a fire.
• Avoid putting cords against walls or across doorways.
• Use power strips equipped with overload protection.
• Make sure all power strips and extension cords are tested and
approved by a laboratory such as UL (Underwriter’s
Laboratories).
47
• Recognize the importance of employee education.
• Special focus on use of appliances/equipment and smoking.
• Reminders.
• Debriefing after drills/events.
 Breathing smoke can kill you!

 Smoke is toxic.
 If you must escape through smoke,
get low and go under the smoke.
48
If you have a fire…
 Leave, close the door, and call 9-1-1 from outside.
 Report ALL fires to the fire department,
even if you think you put them out!
 Don’t ignore alarms!
Even if your building has frequent alarms, you need to leave
when they go off.
 Once you’re out, STAY OUT!
Don’t go back inside for possessions or pets.
Notify the fire department if anyone is unaccounted for.
You never know when it could be a real fire.
49
Summary
• There are many ways to reduce your risk of fire:

• Stay focused when you’re cooking.
• Don’t overload electrical sockets or misuse extension
cords.
• If you must smoke, be responsible for your smoking
materials.
• If someone is smoking in or near your home, check to
make sure that all smoking materials are properly
disposed of.
• Have a fire safety plan and practice it!
• Have working smoke and CO alarms.
• Be responsible.
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• Keys to success:
* a clear plan.
* employee education and practice.
* awareness of fire exits and use/location of fire
extinguishers.
* awareness/abatement of potential fire hazards.
Think Safety, Not Just Compliance!
51

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[ Chapter 7: Fire Prevention and Fire Protection ]

Seab Piseth | pisethseab@gmail.com | 011 70 48 25

Department of Industrial Engineering

• Define key terms in Subpart E & L.

There were 14,561 fires reported in Minnesota in

•39 civilian deaths

•137 reported civilian injuries

•$152 million in property damage

• A resource for many organizations.

• Exit Route: a continuous and unobstructed path of exit

 When the smoke alarm

in writing, kept in the workplace, and

• Emergency care procedures.

•Plans should address emergencies that the

Cans of paint left open,

• "Class A fire" - involves ordinary combustible materials

• Testing of portable fire extinguishers provided for the use of

• Training and education

• Inspection, maintenance and testing

•Know how to use them.

•Have them mounted in

When in doubt, get out!

Always know where they are located.

To use one:

• The employer shall provide portable fire extinguishers

Any problem here?

•For Class K (grease fire areas): 30 ft

•Need to protect patients and employees from

•Use of the “defend-in-place” concept from NFPA

• Key: Provide occupants with enough protection to

•What we can do…..

•Waste material fires

•Fires due to smoking

•The top fire causes include:

Personal vigilance is the best way

 Pay attention to what you’re cooking.

 Don’t cook if you’re sleepy or

Nearly half of all home fires

 Cigarettes can smolder for hours.

 Tips to avoid smoking related fires:

Smoking is the leading cause of fire

•More tips to avoid smoking related

• How can we prevent this?

• Do not overload electrical sockets.

 Breathing smoke can kill you!

You never know when it could be a real fire.

• There are many ways to reduce your risk of fire:

Think Safety, Not Just Compliance!

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