PRELIMS: ORAL PHYSIO
• Tooth Bud -First sign of enamel organ formation
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PHYSIO
• ORAL PHYSIOLOGY → Branch of Dentistry that
# PHYSIOLOGIC STAGES OF TOOTH FORMATION/
deals with parts of oral cavity, of stomatognathic
Physiologic form of Tooth Development (CERER)
system that deals with process of mastication,
deglutition, swallowing phonation, and other
behavioral activities including posture and gait.
• Stomatognathic System (Human Masticatory
Apparatus HMA) → the parts of body, oral cavity
for the process of mastication, deglutition,
swallowing, and phonation
➢ 3 Major functions (for human being)
1. NUTRITIONAL – form of mastication/
chewing
2. INTELLECTUAL – means by
communication/ speak
3. EMOTIONAL - facial expressions
➢ 2 Minor functions (for animals)
1. PREHENSILE – the way of grasping
objects/ holding opponent.
2. PROTECTION - biting for protection
➢ 5 FACTORS INVOLVING HMA
1. Osseus or bones – makes the architectural
structure of the face.
2. Muscles – (TIME MUSCLES) helps with
functions. – muscles of mastication, perioral
muscles, muscles of expression
▪ T- Temporalis
▪ I- Internal Pterygoid/ medial
▪ M- Masseter
▪ E- External pterygoid/ lateral
3. Mucosa – linings
▪ Lining Mucosa – loosely attached to the
bone. (buccal, labial mucosa, alveolar mucosa)
▪ Specialized Mucosa – keratinized or
non-keratinized (tongue)
▪ Masticatory Mucosa – firmly attached
to the bone. (attached gingiva, hard palate)
4. Dental tissues - – maxillary and mandibular
teeth
5. Oral fluids – also known as saliva, Lymph
• Stomodeum - primitive oral cavity
A. CALCIFICATION – hardening of the teeth; From
the word CALCIFIED/ CALCIFIC means hard
➢ Factors of calcification:
1. Hereditary or Genes – most important
factor
✓ Bones structures inherited by
parents
✓ CLASS 3- babalu type where a
mandibular jaw bone is located
forward than the maxillary bone
✓ CLASS 2- the mandibular bone is
far located posteriorly
2. Nutrition or Diet
✓ When the mother has infections
while pregnant, she will take
antibiotics for safety. Some
antibiotic are not safe. The safe
one is tetracycline, but there is
disadvantage which is the
tetracycline stain where the
tooth of the baby is a gray to
brown discoloration.
✓ dentinogenesis imperfecta
where in the formation of the
tooth is not perfect.
3. Parathyroid Hormone or Hormonal
Imbalance
➢ There will be a problem in calcification of
teeth
4. Environmental Condition
 ➢ for those patients have syphilis, usually they • Neonatal teeth – teeth after birth
have a notch in central incisor. • Diphyodont – 2 sets of teeth in human
▪ HUTCHINSON INCISORS – • Supernumerary teeth – excess teeth
wherein a permanent tooth has a • Anodontia – absence of teeth
notch on central incisor, this is
pathological condition
PERMANENT TEETH ERUPTION
➢ in the squatters area where in the
environment affects the pregnancy, there will
be a anodontia in the baby

B. ERUPTION- Physiologic movement of the tooth

- teeth is present or seen inside the oral cavity
▪ GUM PAD- gums inside the oral
cavity of baby
▪ GINGIVA -When there is already
a teeth
▪ EDENTULOUS RIDGE/ ALVEOLAR
RIDGE -When the teeth is
extracted
➢ Types of Eruption:
▪ Active Eruption
o actual movement of the tooth ;
o There is a force that makes the tooth
move
▪ Passive Eruption
o actual movement of the tooth due to
recession of the gingiva
o the gums that goes down, that is
where tooth erupt inside oral cav
NORMAL SEQUENCE OF PERMANENT TEETH
• If there is an early extraction, there is a delay in
eruption because the baby tooth is the guide for
the permanent teeth
➢ FACTORS OF ERUPTION
1. Nutritional diet
2. Environmental condition
3. Genes/Hereditary
4. Physical condition of an individual
5. Physiologic activity of stomatognathic
system
• BFR- Brushing, Flossing, and Rinse

➢ Stages of Eruption
1. Pre eruptive – presence of bony crypt
➢ **2 Types: 2. Eruptive – presence of tooth bud
▪ Normal Sequence of eruption – normal
3. Intraoral – tooth is visible inside the
sequential of teeth eruption in the oral cavity.
oral cavity.
▪ Normal Period of eruption– actual time by
4. Occlusal – meeting point(contact) of
which the tooth erupts at the oral cavity.
upper and lower teeth. THERE IS
ANATAGONIST EFFECT

• PRIMARY TEETH ERUPTION

C. RESORPTION- – only occurs at the roots of

deciduous teeth.

• ** 2 yrs old – complete primary teeth

 - if root of deciduous teeth touches crown of - Spaces between the teeth is NORMAL. but if
permanent teeth it is called resorption presence of deciduous teeth are intact, no
- Once the permanent crown touches the space, it is CROWDING
root, it resorps. (Function of primary teeth
is to guide permanent teeth) They follow
the position of primary teeth.

TAKE NOTE

▪ No root resorption at 6 years old to give way

to erupting 1st molar

▪ Any extraction of primary tooth – cause delay

of eruption of permanent tooth

▪ If 9 years old baby tooth padin, there is delay

in eruption needs x-ray.

▪If Permanent central incisor at lingual area we

need to remove deciduous teeth.

4 years old, filled with caries if Extracted then 5

years later can cause delay of permanent.

▪Pulpectomy- removal of the pulp

D. EXFOLIATION Or shedding – physiologic

elimination of deciduous teeth inside the oral
cavity.

E. REPLACEMENT
- Retained Deciduous – presence of
deciduous tooth kahit adult na.
- Stomadium – primitive oral cavity
4 PERIODS OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT 4. PERMANENT DENTITION
➔ PRESENCE OF 32 PERMANENT TEETH
1. PRE DENTITIONAL-PERIOD (birth - 5mos.)
➔ Characterized by presence of gum pad (not
➔ NORMAL CUSP TO FOSSA
for adults)
➔ NORMAL TRIANGULAR RIDGE INTO
➔ Presence of inter occlusal space or gap
GROOVE CONTACT
➔ Presence of 24 developmental tooth bud.
➔ NORMAL SURFACE TO SURFACE CONTACT
• Thumb sucking- narrow arch and high palate-
OF INCISORS
class 2
➔ 1st M key to occlusion, if not use 2nd M, if
2. DECIDUOUS DENTITIONAL PERIOD (5mon- 6yo)
not, Canine, if no teeth facial profile
➔ Presence of 20 deciduous teeth
(straight, cincave/ convex)
➔ Presence of generalized spacing
o >primary spacing = prettier permanent
• Taje xray before extraction if theres tooth
o <primary spacing= crowding
mobility on tissue abnormality
➔ Presence of primate space
o UPPER …. BET LATERAL AND
CANINE
# GROWTH THEORY
o LOWER …. BET CANINE AND 1ST
MOLAR ➢ MAXILLARY BONE - ARCHITECTURAL
➔ Presence of Flush Terminal Plane – SRUCTURE OF THE FACE, SPONGY BONE,
imaginary line found on 2nd M deciduous FIXED BONE
o DISTAL SURFACE OF 2ND MOLAR ➢ SUTURE – “SUTURAL DOMINANCE THEORY”
BY SICHER
Note: guides the permanent teeth, masticatory, early
o Growth and development starts
loss malocclusion
with a suture
o Movable= mandible
o Non movable= maxilla

➢ CARTILLAGE BY DR . SCOTT

3. MIXED OR TRANSITIONAL PERIOD (6-15 yo) ➢ FUNCTIONAL MATRIX “MOSS THEORY”

➔ PRESENCE OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TEEETH
➔ UGLY DUCKLING STAGE
o Diastema in between central incisors
(9-10ys)- space between CI
o Canine not yet erupted.
o Distally flared root

3 IMPORTANT SUTURES -meeting point of a structures

1. In Maxillary, growth site → suture

➔ Normal overlapping or anterior teeth.
Normal overjet- horizontal overlapping o FRONTOMAXILLARY SUTURE
Overbite /Bite- vertical overlapping
o PTERYGOPALATINE SUTURE

o ZYGOMATICOMAXILLARY SUTURE
 2. Mandible by bone deposition • Space between lateral and canine - PRIMATE
o HEAD OF THE CONDYLE SPACE
o ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE • Imaginary line in 2nd premolar - FLASH
o BODY OF THE MANDIBLE TERMINAL
o ALVEOLAR PROCESS

#PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONAL FORM OF TEETH

1. CONTACT POINT
- MEETING POINT OF 2 TEETH AT THE SAME
ARCH
- Allows uniform distribution of bones around
the root and dental arch
➢ Importance:
***CHILD HEAD OF THE CONDYLE IS LOWER THAN THE o Establishment of normal occlusion
CORONOID, COMPARE TO ADULT..
o Stability of teeth in dental arch
**OBTUSE ANGLE IN CHILD ANGLE OF MANDIBLE,
RIGHT ANGLE IN ADULT o Prevent food impaction.

o Protection of Periodontium

• We only have mesial drifting of tooth, no distal

drifting

#FACTORS INFLUENCING NORMAL OCCLUSION

→NORMAL CELL METABOLISM 2. INTERPROXIMAL SPACE
- TRIANGULAR SPACE THAT IS FOUND BELOW
→NORMAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE TEETH THE CONTACT POINT
→NORMAL PROXIMAL CONTACT - COVERED BY INTERDENTAL GINGIVA

→NORMAL AXIAL INCLINANTION OF TEETH ➢ Importance:

o Establishment of normal occlusion
→NORMAL MUSCULAR PRESSURE
o Stability of teeth in dental arch
→NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE o Prevent food impaction.
o Protection of Periodontium
→NORMAL TMJ
o Allow uniform distribution of bone
Note: Anything abnormal will cause malocclusion around the tooth.
o Anchorage of teeth
• TMJ- lock jaw, clicking sound of mandible
→ - craniomandibular joint - hinge and gliding
movement
3. EMBRASSURES
(how to treat lockjaw) - V SHAPED, FOUND ABOVE THE CONTACT
AREA
➔ Downward then forward push - LABIALLY FOR INCISORS LOR LINGUALLY
- spillways

(Constant downfall of jaw)- fatigue ➢ Importance:

➔ Tie with handkerchief o Establishment of normal occlusion
o Stability of teeth in dental arch
 o Prevent food impaction o Protection
of Periodontium
o Prevent excessive load on the teeth
o Prevent trauma on Occlusion
4. CURVATURES
- MESIAL AND DISTAL CURVATURES
- LABIAL OR LINGUAL CURVATURES
➢ Importance:
o Establishment of normal occlusion
o Stability of teeth in dental arch
o Prevent food impaction
o Protection of Periodontium
#PARAORAL TISSUES
- PARTS ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONALLY WITH
THE ORAL CAVITY
➢ Boundaries:
o Anteriorly – upper and lower lips
o Posteriorly – Uvula, tonsils, salivary
gland, Lymphoid tissues
o Inferiorly – floor of the mouth,
tongue, sublingual sulcus
o Superiorly – Hard and Soft palate
➢ MAJOR FUNCTIONS
1. Due to muscular pressure:
o THERE IS NORMAL POSITIONING
OF TEETH IN THE DENTAL ARCH
o THERE IS STIMULATAION OF THE
FURTHER GROWTH AND DEVT OF
THE DENTO ALVEOLAR STRUCTURE
OF THE JAW
o Responsible for the different
sensations of extraoral and intraoral
structures
➢ MINOR FUNCTIONS:
o Protection of internal organs
o Esthetics
o Diagnosis
o Production of sounds
➢ ORGANS OF PARAORAL TISSUES:
1. Tongue – made up of muscles, taste buds,
and papilla.
(TYPES OF PAPILLA:)
a. CIRCUMVALLATE- BITTER, LARGEST
b. FILIFORM- NO TASTE, HAIRLIKE
c. FUNGIFORM – SWEET AND SALTY ,
MUSHROOM LIKE
d. FOLIATE – SOUR, SIDE
2. Tonsils- “waldeyer’s ring”
- Funx: immunization
- Composed of:
▪ pharyngeal/ adenoids (1)
▪ lingual (1)
▪ palatine (2)
3. Salivary glands – exocrine gland
(Major:)
a. PAROTID GLAND – STENSENS DUCT,
SEROUS SECRETION (water), SEROUS
CELL OR ALBUMINOUS CELL
b. SUBLINGUAL GLAND - BARTHOLINS
DUCT, MUCIN SECRETION (thick),
MUCOUS CELL
c. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND –
WHARTONS DUCT, MIXED ,
SEROMUCOUS CEL
(Minor:
▪ Labial ▪ Lingual ▪ Buccal
 • Spinnbarkeit - string like projection of the
saliva.
• Anti sialogogue drugs - given to malaway na
patients ; dec salivary flow rate
• Xerostomia - dry
• Sialolith – stone within ducts of major salivary
glands

#FLUIDS

• Ptyalin- form of salivary amylase; ENZYME OF

THE SALIVA
• 99 % WATER
• 1% INORGANIC CONTENT
• ODORLESS
• COLORLESS
• TASTELESS
• 5.6 TO 7.6 PH
• 6.8 MEAN PH.. SLIGHTLY ACIDIC

FACTORS INFLUENCING SALIVA

→ Age

→ Nutrition

→ Climate

→ Temperature

• Sometimes saliva can cause caries when acidic

→ demineralization
• Factors of caries
1. Tooth
2. Time
3. Diet- sugars starch
4. Bacteria- streptococcus mutans
• The younger, the more saliva
• The colder, the more saliva
• APROSOPUS - featureless face
• TRANSPOSITION – change in position of teeth
• NEONATAL TEETH – babies who were born with
teeth
• ANODONTIA – absence of teeth
• IMPACTED TEETH – most common for 3rd
molars