PRELIMS
Advance Agricultural
SOCIETY
Society – grouping of individuals, by common
interest and have distinctive culture (New Word
Encyclopedia)
• Humans – social creatures
• Human life – interdependence and sharing
of physical, mental and spiritual items
• Conflict – perennial feature of human
history
• Societe – French term, in Latin societas “a
friendly association with others”
• Socius – “companion, associate, and
comrade or business partner”
• Actual arrangement of social relation
Culture – attribute characteristic of a community
• Beliefs and symbolic forms
Clifford Geertz – society is actual arrangement of
social relation and culture is attribute characteristic
of a community
Edward Burnett Tylor (1871) – “culture of
civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense”
Social Sciences – “society has been used to
mean group of people that form a semi closed
social system”
TYPES OF SOCIETY (HSAI)
“There is level of all humanity, humankind.”
Gerhard Lenski – sociologist that differentiate
societies into four levels based on their level of
technology, communication and economy
1. Hunters and Gatherers
2. Simple Agricultural
3.
4. Industrial (Durkheim 1992)
Morton H. Fried – anthropologist, conflict
theorist
• System of Classification – based on
evolution of social inequality and the role of
state.
4 Categories (HTCC)
1. Hunter gatherer – egalitarian (unrestricted /
free)
• settled around season food supplies and
become agrarian villages
2. Tribal societies - limited instances of social
rank and prestige
3. Chiefdoms – led by chieftains
4. Civilization – social hierarchies,
governments
Family – fundamental unit of human society
Margaret Mead (1965) – affirmed the centrality of
the family in human society
COMMON TYPES OF SOCIETY (BCTECS)
1. Band
• Simplest form of human society
• Consists of small kinship group, no
larger than extended family or small clan
• Informal leadership
• None written laws
• Transmitted orally
• Les s define leader than clan
• Cease to exist if only a small group
walks out (less permanent)
2. Clan
• Group of people united by kinship and
descent (from a common ancestor)
• Sub groups of tribes, 7,000 to 10, 000
people
• Actual lineage patterns are unknown, clan
members recognize;
• Apical Ancestor – founding member
• Stipulated common ancestor – symbol of
the clan’s unity
• Totem – ancestor is not human
3. Tribes
• Social group existing before the
development of states
• Used to refer to any non western or
indigenous society
• Social division within a traditional
society consisting of interlinked
families or communities sharing
common culture and dialect
• Contemporary tribes – can only be
understood in terms of their
relationship to states
- Contemporary western mind,
the modern tribe is associated
with a seat of traditional authority
• More define leader and more
permanent than bands
• Replace with the term Ethnic group
– defines a group of people of
common ancestry and language
4. Ethnic Group
• Human population whose members identify
with each other
• Common lineage or genealogy
• United by cultural, behavioral, linguistic or
religious practices
• Cultural Community
• Preferred over tribe, the term tribe acquired
under colonialism
5. Chiefdom (Brazilian Indian chiefs)
• Community led by an individual known as
chief
• Anthropological theory - more complex
than a tribe and less complex than a state
or civilization
• Robert Carneiro – most succinct definition
of chiefdom
• Unstable form of social organization
• Example:
- Germanic People who
conquered Western Roman
Empire in 5th century
- Kings, warrior aristocracy,
common freemen, serfs and
slaves
• Characterized by pervasive inequality of
peoples and centralization of authority.
• Elite and Commoner – social classes
 6. State
• Political association with effective
dominion over geographic area
• Set of institution that claim the
authority to make rules that governs
• City state – a region controlled
exclusively by a city, having a
sovereignty
• Part of larger cultural areas
• Greece – Athens, Sparta, Corinth
• Central Asian Cities - Samarkand
and Bukhara
• Northern Italy – Florence and
Venice
• Autonomous cities – Singapore,
Monaco, and Vatican City
SOCIETY IN VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
1. Evolutionary (thousand years ago)
• People lived in isolation
• Basic necessities such as food,
water and shelter are the only
problems
• Every person doesn’t have
companion nor friends
• Families – emerged as an isolated
organization of people dependent on
each other for survival
• Nomad Life
• Nomadic life became a burden
because of families
• New way of life, started having their
territory
• BIRTH TO SOCIETY
2. Political
• System was established for
protection
• Leaders were selected and social
norms were imposed
• Social hierarchies
• Inevitable activity of people which
also intertwined with other social
systems
• Government – established to
provide control mechanism for a
peaceful and progressive living
• Human is political in nature
3. Economical
• To provide means and ways to
sustains man’s basic and material
needs to live
• Acceleration for production –
imperative to answer the increasing
demand of man in society
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Why Study Gender and Society?
• CHED Memorandum Order No. 20 s.2013
- Mandated subject across programs
- Mainstreaming Gender and Development in
the Universities
- Provide relevant knowledge in understand
gender concepts
How does Society works before?
Boy – dominant
Women – submissive
Gender
• simply a distinction as MALE or FEMALE, MAN
or WOMAN, BOY or GIRL
• STEORETYPE GENERALIZATION – Society
views women as weak and men are strong
• Indicators of stereotype generalization of each
gender
➢ Gender Role Assignment
➢ Gender biases
➢ Gender Discrimination
• Those inaccurate observation were not given
emphasis as Abusive, discriminatory and
suppressive towards other people of different
gender
• Those irrelevant assumptions are incredibly
tolerated and accepted by the members of society
What is Gender Development?
Gender and Development (GAD)
• The development perspective or development
paradigm
• Process of participatory and empowering,
equitable, sustainable.
If those were the situation back then, What
happened?
• WID, WAD, and GAD – in the last three
decades, offered explanations why women
have not fully benefited from development
WID (Women in Development) 1940’s –
1960’s
1940
➢ World War II
➢ Men were sent to war
➢ Women took over the industries
➢ After the war, soldiers returned and
assumed work in the industries as
supervisors and managers
UNITED NATIONS
➢ Created on October 24, 1945 in Geneva,
Switzerland
➢ to ensure international order and prevent
another international Conflicts and world
war
➢ it provides forum to resolve international
disputes
➢ UN use roadmap to guarantee the rights of
individual everywhere
• UNIVERSAL DECLATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS – adopted in Paris, France on
December 10, 1948
Article 2 of UDHR – “Everyone is entitled to all SHORTCOMINGS
right and freedoms set forth in this declaration,
➢ They fall short of improving unequal
without distinction of any kind, such as race, color
relationships
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other
status.” ➢ significant number of projects were
unsustainable as development project
PROBLEM:
➢ Failed to consider the multiple roles carried
• Women’s reproductive roles – focus on out by women
late 1960’s

➢ Women were seen as wives and mother CRITICISM

➢ Accepted existence of social structure
➢ Their main issues were supposed to be
viewing women in isolation and ignoring
obtaining access to food,
their relative position to men
contraceptives
➢ Failing to recognize women’s reproductive
• Women do not participate Politically
responsibilities

AIMS / ACTIVITIES OF GAD

➢ It helps to integrate women into a
development process
➢ Increase their level or productivity
➢ Increase women’s political participation and
harness their labor capacities to meet
national development goal
WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (WAD)
1970 -1980
• aims to empower women by transforming
social structure and institution to make
development an equitable process for both
• problem is the social relation between men
and women

➢ Women’s Role was promoted as vital aid for

every economic development CRITICISM
➢ focus only on women productive

THE WID APPROACH WAS ADOPTED BY ➢ ignoring the reproductive aspect

UNTIED NATION DURING (1975)

• Held in Mexico ➢ Does not question the relationship between

gender roles
• Emphasized women’s right to development,
recognition of women’s economic role in
national economic role in national
economics

• Give a voice to women in developing

country

• Governments were asked to create national

machineries such as ministers of women to
promote oversee national effort to advance
women
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD)
1980
• Strategic response to the limitation of WID
and WAD approaches to improve the status
of women
• Recognizes men and women as partners in
development
• Refers to the development perspective
and the process that is participatory and
empowering equitable, sustainable.
• Late 80’s – gad approach was developed
with the idea of improving the development
model by “removing disparities” for
achieving people centered development
• Not only concerned to women, but in roles,
responsibilities and expectations to both
AIMS TO:
• ensure that both men and women can
participate in, and benefit from development
in a way that is equitable
• Participatory and empowering, respectful of
human rights
• Development perspective anchored on
rights – based and people – centered
development
• Focuses on social, economic political and
cultural factors that determine in benefit
from and control resource and activities
GAD IN PHILIPPINES
Philippine Plan for gender and Development
(1995 – 2025)
• National plan that addresses, provides and
pursues full equality and development for
men and women
• President Fidel V. Ramos – on September
8, 1995, he approved and adopted it as
Executive Order No. 273
• Republic Act. No 9710
- Known as Magna Carte of Women was
approved on August 14 2009
- Mandated non discriminatory and pro
gender equality and equity measures to
enable women’s participation in the
formulation, implementation and
evaluation of policies and plan for nation,
regional and local development
• Memorandum Circular No. 2011-01
- Was released addressing to all
government department including their
attached agencies, offices, bureaus,
State Universities and Colleges (SUCs),
Government owned and controlled
Corporation (GOCCS)
- As guidelines and procedures for the
establishment, strengthening and
institutionalization of GAD Focal Point
System (GFPS)
SEX AND GENDER GENDER – sociologically constructed
- Changing, time and place bound

4 PREMISES OF GAD - Present in both women and men

1. Gad is not a war of the sexes
- Categorized as feminine and masculine
2. Gad is not anti male
GENDER ROLE
3. Both men and women are victims of gender
inequality, although victims are more often - It is learned behaviors in a given society
women than male or community of social groups

4. Both women and men have a share in the - Influenced by perceptions and
struggle for gender equality expectations

- Arising from cultural, economic,

Difference Between Sex and Gender environmental, social and religious
SEX – biological characteristics of being a female factors
of a male
- Physical attributes pertaining to a
person’s body contours, features,
hormones, genes, chromosomes and
reproductive organs

- Generally permanent

- Universal

- Categorized as male and female

Sex Characteristics
1. Primary sex characteristics – refers to the
sexual and reproductive organs

2. Secondary Sex Characteristics – changes

that happens on our body
Sex Roles
- Function in which a male of female
assumes because of the basic
physiological or anatomical difference
between the sexes

- A role which can be performed by only

one of the sexes
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