Pertemuan 11b. Envisioning The Korea-ASEAN MaaS Platform

2023 ROK Forum on Enhancing Connectivity in ASEAN
Envisioning the Korea-ASEAN MaaS Platform
: beyond smart transport, more sustainable and fully connected
Nov. 29. 2023
Dr. Bumchul Cho

Contents
I. Introduction:
Smart Transport The Importance of MaaS
II. Transport Landscape in ASEAN Countries

ASEAN Connectivity Major Challenges by Services
III. Best Practices of Smart Mobility in Korea & Overseas

B.P Cases, Overseas B.P Cases, Korea
IV. K-MaaS Platform and Its Vision

K-MaaS Platform K-MaaS Cases
V. Envisioning the Korea-AEAAN MaaS Platform

Proposals Roadmap & Implementation
I. Introduction
What is a smart transport and why is it important?
Why we need MaaS Platform beyond Smart Transport?

Smart Transport: Definition & Core Competencies
While the keywords that define SMART Transport vary by country, they are all focusing on enhancing efficiency, safety, and sustainability,
which can be further achieved by 5 elements of service applications: ATMS, ATIS, APTS, CVO and Emerging Technologies
Smart Transport Keywords from Different Stakeholders Applications(Core Competencies

Advanced Traffic
ATIS Information Systems
United Nations UNESCAP Real-time traffic info system to
control traffic flow
Efficient Sustainability
Commercial
Safe Safer smarter CVO Vehicle Operation
Sustainable Mobility Greener A system to manage operations
of commercial vehicles
Emerging
Technology
European Union Korea Advanced Public

SMART APTS Transport Systems
Economic Performance Efficiency of Utilization
A system to support the safety, &
Safety Mobility Convenient & Safe Transport TRANSPORT convenience of public transport
Environmental Sustainability Reduce Energy
I. Introduction: Smart Transport
Advanced Traffic
ATMS Management Systems
Australia Malaysia Centrally controlled road traffic
system with seamless Flow
Reduced Congestion To Save Lives, Time, Money,
Improved Safety Energy, and the Environment Emerging Tech
Environmental Sustainability Connected Vehicles, DRT,
Autonomous Vehicles, etc.
Source: Policy Considerations towards a Cooperative Regional Roadmap for Sustainable Smart Transport Systems in Asia and the Pacific from UNESCAP Transport Division, 2022
Smart Transport: A Vital Element for Sustainable Transport
Smart Transport is key to preventing personal-level troubles from escalating into social issues and national-level problems.
Therefore, smart transport is essential for a more sustainable and resilient future for all.
Impact of Traffic Congestion on Individuals, Communities, and Nations

When transport is not modernized,
ILLUSTRATIVE Individual Inconvenience
Economic Level of Traffic congestion, air pollution, and
III. National Problems Growth Poverty noise pollution will occur, making it
difficult for people to move.
Energy Regional Social Inequality

Expense Social Expense Social Isolation The mobility of Transport-vulnerable
Inefficiency Balance
II. Social Issues groups will be restricted.
Traffic Social Increased Accidents

Inconvenience Quality of Life Social Inequality Traffic accidents will increase. If the
Congestion Unrest
Transport infrastructure is aging and
I. Personal Trouble traffic regulations are inadequate,
Car Accidents Civic Political the likelihood of traffic accidents
Pollution Waste of Time increases.
Risk Engagement Instability
National Resource Waste

II. Social Issues Unnecessary resources are wasted
Community Social Regional Influx of at the national level. Fuel
Pollution
Safety Productivity Population Population consumption increases due to traffic
congestion, and the cost of
preventing environmental pollution
Level of Regional Political increases due to air pollution.
III. National Problems Country Safety Pollution
Unemployment Balance Instability
+ + +
Quality Social Country
of Life Inequality Safety
Why we need MaaS Platform beyond Smart Transport
While smart transport offers advancements in efficiency and emission reduction, it remains a constrained solution. In contrast, MaaS
platforms promise a more accessible, affordable, and convenient transport experience for all, fostering sustainability.
Why a MaaS Platform is required to achieve “Sustainable Transport” ?

Key Features to develop MaaS Platform
“MaaS is a promising technology that makes Factors After Adoption Before Adoption
Increased due to reliance on private vehicles
Transports more sustainable and connected.” Traffic congestion
Reduced through multimodal integration and
and lack of coordination between different
real-time traffic information
Transport modes
Reduced through promotion of sustainable
Environmental Increased due to reliance on private vehicles
Air pollution Transport options and data-driven optimization
Policies Integration and inefficient traffic management
Friendliness of traffic flow
Improved through real-time traffic information,
More limited due to lack of integrated safety
Safety driver monitoring systems, and emergency
features and coordination
response protocols
Enhanced through multimodal integration and More challenging due to fragmented Transport
Accessibility
personalized recommendations options and lack of accessibility features
MaaS Reduced through dynamic pricing and optimization Higher due to reliance on private vehicles and
Accessibility Convenience Cost-effectiveness
of travel routes lack of coordinated pricing
Platform
Improved through seamless booking, payment, and

User experience More fragmented and less convenient
real-time information
Gathered and analyzed to improve Transport
Data-driven insights Limited availability and utilization
efficiency and user experience
Facilitated by a centralized platform for managing More challenging due to the need to coordinate
Policy coordination
Transport data and services between different agencies and stakeholders
Safety Connectivity Programs Promoted through incentives for using eco-friendly Less widely adopted due to the lack of integrated
Sustainable practices
Transport options sustainability initiatives
Adaptable to new technologies and Transport More susceptible to obsolescence and challenges
Future-proofing
trends in adapting to changing needs
II. Transport Landscape in ASEAN Countries
Understanding of ASEAN Connectivity & Sustainable Transport
Mobility Services in ASEAN: Their Drivers & Challenges with Causes & Impact
Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025
ASEAN Connectivity 2025 aims to achieve a roadmap to create a seamless, integrated, and competitive ASEAN
through sustainable infrastructure, digital innovation, seamless logistics, regulatory excellence, and people mobility
1) 16 ASEAN Connectivity Initiatives are ongoing as of November 2023.
“To achieve a seamlessly and comprehensively connected and integrated ASEAN that
VISION
will promote competitiveness, inclusiveness, and a greater sense of Community.”
Physical Institution Social
Sustainable Innovative Seamless Excellent Easier

Infrastructure Digital Logistics Regulation People Mobility
Boost ASEAN infrastructure Support MSMEs' technology Improve Logistics Harmonize standards and Promote ease of travel,
II. Transport Landscape in ASEAN
*
investment and productivity, adoption, financial access, Efficiency(Speed & Cost) & reduce trade-distorting NTMs vocational skills training,
STRAGEGY deploy smart urbanization open data use, and data Reliability in ASEAN. in ASEAN. and student mobility in
models. management in ASEAN. ASEAN.
* NTM: Non-Tariff Measure
§ASEAN infrastructure §MSME technology Platform §ASEAN competitiveness §Harmonization of Standards, §Easier ASEAN Travel
projects and funding §Digital Financial Inclusion through enhanced trade Mutual Recognition & Tech. §Easier Visa Processes
§Platform to measure & Framework routes and logistics Regulation. §Vocational Training Program
INITIATIVES1) improve Infra. Productivity §Open Data Network §Supply Chain Efficiency §Improved Transparency & & Common Qualification
§Sustainable Urbanization §Digital Data Governance through addressing key Evaluation to reduce trade across ASEAN
Strategies for ASEAN Framework chokepoints non-tariff measures
ASEAN Connectivity Plan, Present & Future
ASEAN connectivity has evolved from physical infrastructure to more inclusive approach that encompasses institutional and social
dimensions which is expected to continue in the future, as ASEAN countries work to build a more integrated and prosperous region.
Sustainable Innovative Seamless Excellent Easier

STRAGEGY
Infrastructure Digital Logistics Regulation People Mobility
🕒 ① Establishing a Rolling ① Enhancing the MSME3) ① Strengthening ASEAN ① Complete harmonization of ① Enhancing ASEAN travel by
Priority Pipeline List of Technology Platform competitiveness through standards, mutual making finding information
Potential ASEAN Infras.. enhanced trade routes and recognition, and technical easier
② Developing the ASEAN Digital
Before ② Establishing an ASEAN logistics regulations
Financial Inclusion ② Developing High-Quality
Platform to Measure and
2023 Framework ② Enhancing supply chain ② Increase transparency and Vocational Training Programs
Improve Infrastructure
efficiency through strengthen evaluation to
③ Developing Sustainable ③ Establishing an ASEAN Open addressing key chokepoints reduce trade distorting non-
Urbanization Strategies in Data Network tariff measures
ASEAN Cities
🔜 ① Continuing to Develop the ① Continuing to Promote the ① Expansion of the ASEAN Road ① Breaking with the 'Trade ① Promoting Greater
Pipeline of Infrastructure Digitalization of Financial Network Negotiation Approach Competitiveness and
Projects Services (transparency & cooperation) Inclusiveness.
② Enhancement of ILSTC2) now
After ② Continuing to Develop and ② Expanding the Wiki reaching 393 ports in 119 ② Improving the Trade ② Supporting Digital Adoption
Refine the Framework for Entrepreneur4) countries and regions Environment streamlining of MSMEs3)
2023 Improving ASEAN non-tariff measures in the
③ Continuing the Go Digital ASEAN-5
③ Continuing to Develop and
ASEAN Initiative
Refine the ASUS1)
1) ASUS: ASEAN Sustainable Urbanization Strategy 2) ILTC: International Land-Sea Trade Corridor 3) MSMEs: Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises
4) Wiki entrepreneur: entrepreneur who operates a business in an open and collaborative manner, similar to Wikipedia
Drivers & Barriers
ASEAN connectivity is gaining momentum with government support, public awareness, and economic growth.
However, high dependence on private vehicles, limited infrastructure, and financial constraints remain obstacles to sustainable growth.
Drivers Barrier Drivers Barrier

s Drivers s
Indonesia Barriers Singapore
§ Government Initiatives High Dependence on Private Car Drivers Barriers § Government Initiatives High Cost of Car Ownership
§ Public Awareness Lack of integrated Public Trans. § Public Awareness & Support Dependence on Private Cars
§ Investment in Infrastructure Financial Constraints § Urban Planning Lack of Cycling & Walking
Barriers Barriers
Philippines Drivers Myanmar
§ Government Support & Policy Limited infra. & Market Condition § Government Initiatives Lack of Infrastructure
§ Private Sector Initiatives Resistance to Transport Reform Barriers Drivers Drivers § Economic Growth Financial Constraints
§ Public Support for Preference for Motorized Vehicle § Public Awareness Limited Public Transport
Sustainability
Barriers
Vietnam Laos
Drivers
§ Government Initiatives Financial Constraints § Government Initiatives Financial Constraints
§ Economic Growth Rapid Urbanization § Economic Growth Lack of Infrastructure

§ Transition to Electric Mobility Limited Public Trans. Options § Public Awareness Limited Transport Option
Barriers
Thailand Cambodia
§ Government Initiatives High Dependence on Road Trans. § Government Initiatives Financial Constraints
§ Public-Private Partnership Lack of Urban Mobility § Economic Growth Lack of Infrastructure
§ Urban Growth Cost of Public Transport Drivers Barriers § Public Awareness Limited Transport Option
① Government Initiatives ① High Dependence on Cars
Malaysia Brunei
§ Government Initiatives Traffic Congestion ② Public Awareness ② Limited Infrastructure § Government Initiatives Overdependence on Cars
§ Economic Development Lack of Unified Planning ③ Economic Development ③ Financial Constraints § Economic Growth Resistance to Alternative vehicle
§ Transition to Low-Carbon Trans. Cost of Public Transport § Transition to Low-Carbon Trans. Lack of Efficient Delivery service
Source: OECD, COVID 19 Pandemic: Impact on ASEAN Connectivity and Recovery Strategies (2022, Policy Insights)
Plans for Sustainable Transport
ASEAN countries are shifting from car-centric transport to a more sustainable model, with investments in public transport,
electric vehicles, and policies to reduce social cost in transport
Laos
The government is developing infrastructure and
Myanmar connecting roads with China and ASEAN countries
Vietnam
The government is investing in infrastructure The government is developing public transport
development for urban transport and public systems and promoting electric vehicles to
transport reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Thailand Cambodia
The government is expanding metro lines in Bangkok The government is promoting the use of electric
and promoting public Transport. High speed rail “Transitioning from car-centric vehicles through tax incentives and private sector
project is expected to enhance ASEAN Connectivity involvement
transport to sustainable
transport alternatives”
Malaysia Philippines
The government is adopting environmentally The government is investing in public Transport
friendly technologies and offering tax incentives and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
for electric vehicles 20% by 2030
Singapore Brunei
The country is focusing on sustainable mobility The government is promoting smart,
with a Smart Mobility 2030 vision while promoting Indonesia environmentally friendly Transport systems
smart-tech in Transport The government is promoting public transport-
oriented development and electric vehicles
(Target: Public transport use from 25% to 60%)
Source: PWC, Supporting ASEAN’s Sustainable transport, RI Seeks Decarbonization and Creative Financing(2023)
Mobility Service Overview
App-based transport and logistics are thriving in ASEAN, driven by Grab, Gojek, and Ninja Van. This growth reflects the region's burgeoning
digital economy, improving consumer convenience and economic prospects.
"Please note that the examples are general descriptions and may not apply to every ASEAN country. Exercise caution when applying these examples broadly."
Leading players in the ASEAN platform service market Top 5 App-based Mobility Service by Country
E-Commerce Logistics
Top-Ranked Multi-National
Yangon
JNE Express 1 MYANMAR Grab Shweetaxi
Rider
OK Delivery Mr. Speedy Grab is the leading
GD Express
GiiaoHang app-based services
LBC Express 2 VIETNAM Grab Be FastGo Now
Nhanh
1
NINJA Van
provider in ASEAN
2 3 THAILAND Grab Bolt Get Robinhood Line Man
KERRY Logistics with a market share
3 4 4 LAOS Grab TukTuk Lao Loca Lao Delivery Lao Logistics of around 65%,
Top Logistics Services Startups
5
GOJEK 10 followed by Gojek at
5 CAMBODIA Grab Tuktuk Pass PassAPP Foodpanda Lalamove
FLASH Express around 25%.

9 Comfort Del
DELIVEREE Logistics 8 6 SINGAPORE Grab Gojek
Gro Taxi
Trans-Cab SMRT Buses
6
Shopee
Emerging Logistics & Transport Startups 7 INDONESIA Grab Gojek
Express
Anteraja Sicepat
7
AUTOCRYPT Darussalam Brunei
8 BRUNEI Grab
Holdings
Brunei Taxi
Delivery
Trans-Cab
HAULIO
LOGIVAN
9 MALAYSIA Grab Gojek Mycar Easy Taxi Lalamove
LOZI
PARCEL PERFORM 10 PHILIPPINES Grab Gojek Angkas Foodpanda Lalamove
SWAT MOBILITY
App-Based Service Regulation: Current Progress
A variety of policy initiatives are underway in ASEAN to regulate app-based services. The regulatory framework for ride-hailing and
express delivery is developing steadily, while the regulation of shared-service and delivery is lagging behind.
Leading players in the ASEAN platform service market
Not Available Operating Legally Operating but not legally recognize by the regulatory framework
BN KH ID LA MY MM PH SG TH VN BN KH ID LA MY MM PH SG TH VN
Ridesourcing (car) Motor scooter sharing

(e.g. Grab Car, Gocar) (e.g. Go Share, WeMo)
Ridesourcing (motorcycle) Carsharing

(e.g. Go-Jek, Grab Bike) (e.g. BlueSg)
Ridesourcing (3-wheeled) P2P delivery of sensitive

(e.g. ThoneBane) (e.g. Skootar)
Peer-to-peer ridesharing P2P delivery of parcels

(e.g. Grab, Hitch) (e.g. Grab Express, gosend)
On-demand buses Food delivery services

(e.g. SWAT) (e.g. Foodpanda, Grab Food, gofood)
Bicycle sharing Grocery delivery

(e.g. SG Bike) (e.g. Grab Mart, gomart)
E-push scooter sharing App-based moving service

(e.g. Grab Wheels) (e.g. Transpotify)
Brunei: BN Cambodia: KH Indonesia: ID Laos: LA Malaysia: MY Myanmar: MM Philippines: PH Singapore: SG Thailand: TH Vietnam: VN
Service Operation & Stakeholders
In ASEAN countries, most mobility businesses are driven by the private sector, which is responsible for innovation, investment, and
competition. Governments play a complementary role by providing regulation, infrastructure, and safety oversight.
Leading players in the ASEAN platform service market
Not Available Private Company Private Company + Public Public
BN KH ID LA MY MM PH SG TH VN BN KH ID LA MY MM PH SG TH VN
Ridesourcing (car) Motor scooter sharing

(e.g. Grab Car, Gocar) (e.g. Go Share, WeMo)
Ridesourcing (motorcycle) Carsharing

(e.g. Go-Jek, Grab Bike) (e.g. BlueSg)
Ridesourcing (3-wheeled) P2P delivery of sensitive

(e.g. ThoneBane) (e.g. Skootar)
Peer-to-peer ridesharing P2P delivery of parcels

(e.g. Grab, Hitch) (e.g. Grab Express, gosend)
On-demand buses Food delivery services

(e.g. SWAT) (e.g. Foodpanda, Grab Food, gofood)
Bicycle sharing Grocery delivery

(e.g. SG Bike) (e.g. Grab Mart, gomart)
E-push scooter sharing App-based moving service

(e.g. Grab Wheels) (e.g. Transpotify)
Brunei: BN Cambodia: KH Indonesia: ID Laos: LA Malaysia: MY Myanmar: MM Philippines: PH Singapore: SG Thailand: TH Vietnam: VN
Most Common Challenges: Ride-Hailing Service
Rapid urbanization and technological advancements in ASEAN have fueled the growth of the ride-hailing industry, transforming urban
Transport. However, challenges such as labor relations, data privacy, and traffic congestion require appropriate policies and regulations
Ride-Hailing; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Overview
Ride-hailing services have become a popular mode of Challenges Cause Impact
Transport in all over the world including ASEAN countries.
These services, ① Rapid Urbanization and Traffic congestion is a significant challenge in the ASEAN
such as Grab, Gojek, and Maxim, connect passengers with drivers for on- Traffic Inadequate Infrastructure region, particularly in the context of ride-hailing services.
demand Transport through mobile applications, making Transport Congestion ② Inefficient Urban Planning Modal shift from carownership to public transport are
convenient and accessible ③ Lack of Alternatives needed for sustainable transport system.
Service Background
① Employment Issue
Ride-hailing services emerged in the early 2010s, driven by factors such as Security These safety concerns are significant because they
(Job Security)
And safety directly impact the user experience and public perception
① Rapid urbanization with lack of public transport provision ② Data Privacy
Concerns of ride-hailing services.
③ Liability for Accident
② Economic growth
③ Increasing smartphone penetration

① Regulatory Complexity Ride-hailing services in Southeast Asia face regulatory
④ Growth of e-commerce Regulatory ② Impact on Traditional complexity due to overlapping jurisdictions, disruption of
Challenges Transport Service traditional transport industries, and restrictions
Market Growth ③ Regulatory Restrictions preventing them from operating as Transport companies.
Revenue in the Ride-hailing market is projected to reach
US$8.15bn in 2023. The ride-hailing market in ASEAN is ① Regulatory uncertainties
Limited driver supply in ASEAN ride-hailing services is
projected to grow by 5.92% between 2023 and 2027 ② Competition with
resulting in a significant increase in market volume. In the Ride-hailing Limited particularly prevalent in several countries in the ASEAN
traditional transport modes
Driver Supply region. These shortages can result in longer waiting times
market, the no. of users is expected to amount to 176.60m users by 2027 ③ Economic factors like car
for users and higher fares during peak hours.
ownership
Source: Statista, Ride-Hailing-ASEAN
Source: Reference from Articles of News, Magazines, Publications

Most Common Challenges: E-Commerce Logistics
ASEAN e-commerce logistics optimization is crucial for sustainable Transport. It can reduce unnecessary personal travel and
promote a more online-centric society.
E-Commerce Logistics; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Overview
The development of e-commerce logistics in Challenges Cause Impact
ASEAN countries is still in its early stages. There
The lack of harmonized regulations across ASEAN
are a number of challenges that need to be ① Differing National Priorities
Fragmented countries creates uncertainty and complexity for e-
addressed in order to realize the full potential of ② Legacy Regulatory
regulatory commerce businesses operating in the region. This
e-commerce logistics in reducing mobility and Framework
landscape includes varying customs procedures, taxation policies,
promoting sustainable Transport. ③ Difficulty in Coordination
and data protection requirements.
Service Background The underdeveloped infrastructure in many ASEAN

① Rapid Urbanization &
The development of shared mobility services is driven by the need to countries hinders efficient and sustainable e-commerce
Inadequate Economic Growth
logistics operations. This includes poor road networks,
① Support the growing e-commerce market Infrastructure ② Geographical Diversity
limited access to electricity, and a lack of recycling
③ Limited Investment in Infra.
② Meet Consumer Demands
facilities.
③ Reduce Environmental Impact

The prevalence of unsustainable practices in e-commerce
Low adoption ① Cost Considerations
④ Promote Economic Development of Sustainable ② Lack of Awareness
logistics, such as excessive packaging waste and reliance
on fossil fuel-powered Transport, creates environmental
Market Growth Practices ③ Inadequate Incentives
concerns and contributes to climate change.
The ASEAN e-commerce logistics market is experiencing
significant growth, driven by factors such as rising income
① Negative Experience with
levels, increasing internet penetration, and a thriving digital
Limited fraud transaction Concerns about product quality, delivery reliability, and
economy. The market size is currently valued at USD 5.43 billion and is
Consumer ② Limited Awareness of data security among consumers in some ASEAN countries
anticipated to register a CAGR of over 14.5% during the forecast period.
Trust consumer protection hinder the adoption of e-commerce logistics.
③ Preference offline shopping
Source: Economist Impact “E-commerce to drive industry real estate development in ASEAN”
Most Common Challenges: Shared Mobility
Despite rapid growth in ASEAN's shared mobility market, challenges persist, including labor issues, lack of public services, cultural
and language differences, and regulatory hurdles, hindering its full potential.
Shared Mobility; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Overview
Shared mobility refers to Transport services that are Challenges Cause Impact
used by multiple users, including car-sharing, and
micro-mobility services like e-scooters and shared ① Lack of Harmonized
ASEAN member states have different regulations and
bicycles. Regulatory regulations across ASEAN
standards for shared mobility, which can create barriers
These services aims to deliver a first/last mile of trip for a seamless Hurdle ② Different Safety, Operational
to entry and operation.
transport solution Standards and GV. support
Service Background ① Uneven Distribution of

The development of shared mobility services is driven by the need to transport and infrastructure The ASEAN region has diverse levels of infrastructure
Infra &
② Limited access to internet development and digital connectivity, which can affect the
① Improve Transport infrastructure Connectivity
③ Different infra and efficiency and accessibility of shared mobility services.
② Reduce traffic congestion in rapidly growing urban areas
connectivity cross region
③ Shift from ownership to mobility access

① Language Barrier
These differences can limit the mobility of professionals
④ Provide a seamless, efficient, and integrated mobility solution Difference ② Different Culture & Attitude
[Cultural, Language, and the adoption of shared mobility services across the
Socioeconomic] to Shared Mobility
Market Growth region.
③ Socioeconomic Disparities
The shared mobility market in the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN) region is experiencing significant
① Large initial investments
growth. The market is projected to grow by 4.43% between
required The shared mobility market in ASEAN is dominated by a
2023 and 2027. his growth is driven by factors such as increasing internet Market
② Existing major players few major players, creating high entry barriers for
penetration, rising on-road traffic congestion, lack of parking spaces, high Dominance
③ Difficulty in creating local potential new entrants.
fuel prices, and high costs of vehicle ownership
partnerships
Source: Statista, Ride-Hailing-ASEAN
Source: The ASEAN, Confronting Urban Transport Woes in Southeast Asia

Most Common Challenges: Public Transport
Despite significant growth, ASEAN's public Transport faces challenges such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and a shift towards
private transport. Addressing these issues is crucial for sustainable urban development and economic prosperity
Public Transport; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Overview
Challenges Cause Impact
ASEAN's public Transport is rapidly evolving due to
internet proliferation and swift urbanization. Governments
are enhancing urban public Transport systems by ① Rapid Urbanization
Policy challenges contribute to severe road congestion in
Road ② Insufficient Public Transport
expanding service routes, interconnecting various modes, and applying new ASEAN countries. Traffic congestion costs Southeast Asia
Congestion ③ Policy and Political
technologies to boost speed and efficiency. between 2% and 5% of its GDP annually.
Challenges
Service Background
The development of Public Transport services is driven by the need to ① Speeding and Dangerous
Speeding, dangerous driving, lack of road safety measures,
Driving
① Stimulate ASEN economic growth Traffic
② Lack of Road Safety
and rapid motorization are major causes of traffic
Accidents accidents in ASEAN countries. In Asia and the Pacific, there
② Accommodate rapid urbanization. Measures
are 645,000 road accident fatalities annually
③ Rapid Motorization
③ Promote Environmental sustainability

④ Enhance Connectivity within the ASEAN Region ① Insufficient Budget
Insufficient government budgets, lack of proper
② Lack of Proper Connectivity
Market Growth Infrastructure connectivity, and negative public perception of public
③ Inadequate Public
Transport lead to underdeveloped infrastructure in ASEAN.
The growth is not uniform across all types of public Transport. Conception
For instance, the ASEAN bus market decreased by 9.8% in
2021. On the other hand, the electric bus market is showing ① Vehicle Emissions Vehicle emissions, rapid urbanization, industrialization,
promising growth in the region.
② Rapid Urbanization and and inadequate environmental regulations contribute to
Similarly, Thailand's government has declared a roadmap to make the Air
industrialization significant air pollution in ASEAN countries. South Asia is
country a regional hub for 3,000 electric public buses in the Association of Pollution
③ Inadequate Environmental home to 9 of the world's 10 cities with the worst air
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) by 2025
Regulations pollution.
Source: IATSS Research Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of Cambodia's traffic accidents involving motorcycles
Most Common Challenges: On-Demand Transport
The on-demand Transport service market in the ASEAN region is experiencing significant growth. To meet the increasing demand
for the service in the ASEAN market is essential for achieving complete mobility integration in the region
On-Demand Transport; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Overview
On-demand Transport is a type of Transport service that Challenges Cause Impact
allows passengers to request and book rides using a
The underdeveloped infrastructure and fragmented
mobile app or website. The service typically uses flexible ① Rapid Urbanization
Limited Infra. networks in many ASEAN countries hinder the efficient
network of independent drivers who own and operate ② Geographical Diversity
& Fragmented operation of on-demand delivery services. This includes
their own vehicles such as a shuttle to optimize ③ Limited Cooperation &
Networks poor road networks, limited access to electricity, and a
employees’ commuting from home to work, Communication
lack of centralized logistics hub.
Service Background
① Differing national priorities The lack of harmonized regulations across ASEAN
The development of On-Demand Transport service is driven by the need to ② Evolving nature of on- countries creates uncertainty and ambiguity for on-
Regulatory
① Increase Mobility and Accessibility Complexities
demand delivery demand delivery businesses operating in the region. This
③ Limited engagement of includes varying licensing requirements, taxation policies,
② Reduce Traffic Congestion and Pollution
stake holders and data protection regulations.

③ Create new Jobs and Opportunities
Concerns about product quality, delivery reliability, and
① Limited Accessibility
④ Support Economic Development Adoption ② Limited Affordability
data security among consumers in some ASEAN countries
hinder the adoption of on-demand delivery services.
Barriers ③ Lack of awareness about
Market Growth Additionally, cultural preferences for shopping and limited
the service
access to internet connectivity pose adoption barriers.
Revenue in the Ride-hailing market is projected to reach
US$8.15bn in 2023. Revenue is expected to show an annual ① Skill Shortage and It faces challenges in recruiting, training, and retaining
growth rate (CAGR 2023-2027) of 5.92%, resulting in a Training Gap qualified drivers and other personnel. Additionally,
projected market volume of US$10.26bn by 2027. In the Ride-hailing market, Labor & Ops.
② Variable Demand and managing the surge in demand during peak hours and
the number of users is expected to amount to 176.60m users by 2027. Challenge
Surge Pricing ensuring the efficient allocation of Transport resources
③ Inadequate Technology can be complex and resource-intensive
Source: Statista, Ride-Hailing - ASEAN

Overseas, Best Practices
Korea, Best Practices

Netherlands, Dutch-Style Bicycle City
The Netherlands has made significant efforts to promote cycling as part of its national Transport services while investing in bicycle
infrastructure and providing incentives for cycling. These efforts are helping to strengthen the country's sustainable Transport system.
Application Example
Category of Keywords Milestone Dutch Proactive Support

Customized Demand-Responsive Sustainable Safe and Secure Informative Bicycle were popular. But the growing number of
cars led to a decrease in bicycle usage. Policymaker ① Investing in Bicycle Infrastructure
Efficient Convenient Accessible Time-saving Eco-friendly 1950s
began to view cars as the future of transport. Cycle Ways in Netherlands The Dutch government has
invested heavily in bicycle
IDEA Behind Dutch cities continued to prioritize cars, and bicycle infrastructure, such as dedicated
The NL is a relatively flat country, with an average elevation of just 30 meters above sea usage declined further. Entire neighborhoods were bicycle lanes, bicycle parking, and
level. The flat terrain also makes it easier for people of all ages and abilities to cycle.
1960s destroyed to make way for motorized traffic bicycle bridges. This has made it
safer and easier for people to cycle.
Service Description Activism and protests, such as "Stop de
Kindermoord," led to a shift in focus towards bicycle ② Promoting Cycling education
The Dutch government has made significant efforts to promote cycling, including
investing in bicycle infrastructure, providing tax breaks for cyclists, and promoting
1970s safety and infrastructure. The 1973 oil crisis also
The Dutch government promotes Promotion Material for Cycling
contributed to a renewed interest in cycling
cycling education. These efforts have helped to make the Netherlands one of the most cycling education in schools,
bicycle-friendly countries in the world. teaching children about the
Dutch towns and cities began introducing measures
to make their streets more cycle-friendly, with cities benefits of cycling and how to ride
Core Competency safely.
1980s like The Hague and Tilburg experimenting with
special cycle routes
① Comprehensive Infrastructure
③ Providing Tax Breaks for Cyclists
② Strong Government Support Dutch bicycle policy continued to develop, with
various projects and innovations aimed at promoting Return on investment for Cycling The Dutch government provides
③ Social Acceptance
1990s cycling and improving safety [Dutch Government] tax breaks for cyclists, such as a
reduced income tax rate for
④ Cycling Culture [36% of Population, User] people who cycle to work. This
The Netherlands continued to invest in cycling
helps to make cycling more
infrastructure, with ongoing efforts to create more
affordable
⑤ Continuous Improvement and Innovation 2000 s space for cyclists and pedestrians and address
challenges such as bike parking
Source: The Guardian “How Amsterdam became the bicycle capital of the world”,
Denmark, Whim Mixed Transport
As an integrated smart mobility app in Denmark, Whim was first launched in Denmark in 2019 and is currently available in Denmark, Finland,
Norway, and Sweden while offering a variety of Transport to over 1 million users.
Application Example
Category of Keywords Sustainability in Sweden

Service Components
Customized Demand-Responsive Sustainable Safe and Secure Informative Denmark's extensive network of bike lanes and paths “Vision Zero”
promotes safe and convenient cycling, encouraging more
Efficient Convenient Accessible Time-saving Eco-friendly people to use bicycles as a mode of Transport
IDEA Behind
Cycling Infrastructure Electric Modular Bike
Denmark's Transport innovation is driven by a commitment to sustainability, efficiency,
and equity. Car-sharing services
reduce the number of Car Sharing Public Transport
privately-owned
Service Description
vehicles on the road,
helping to alleviate Denmark's comprehensive
Denmark's mixed Transport system is a multimodal network that integrates cycling,
traffic congestion, public transport system,
public Transport, and walking. The system is designed to be efficient, sustainable, and including buses, trains, Electric Highway
decrease pollution, and
equitable and metros, is efficient
optimize urban space
usage and well-connected,
Core Competency making it easy for
residents to travel across
① Comprehensive Mobility Service Park & Ride Bike-Park & Ride the country
Park and ride facilities enable Light-Weigh Electric Car
② User-Friendly Interface and Experience Walking Infrastructure Bike-park-and-ride
commuters to park their cars at
designated locations and use public facilities encourage the
③ Technological Integration use of bicycles for
Transport to complete their journey,
reducing traffic congestion and Well-designed pedestrian Transport, reducing traffic
④ Flexible Pricing Models congestion and promoting
promoting the use of public infrastructure promotes
transport walkability, contributing to a a greener mode of
⑤ Continuous Improvement and Innovation transport
healthier and more sustainable
Volvo Electric Car
urban environment
Source: Intelligent Transport; Current status of public transport in Denmark, Source: House of Sweden; Sustainability Vision Zero
EU, Mobility4EU 2030
Mobility4EU is a European Union policy that aims to make mobility more sustainable, efficient, and accessible. The policy includes a number
of initiatives, such as investing in public Transport, promoting walking and cycling, and developing new technologies.
Application Example
Category of Keywords
Customized Demand-Responsive Sustainable Safe and Secure Informative
Efficient Convenient Accessible Time-saving Eco-friendly

IDEA Behind
main purpose of the initiative, which is to create a more sustainable, affordable, and accessible
mobility system for all citizens of the European Union.
Service Description
The Mobility for EU 2030 initiative envisions a more sustainable, affordable, and accessible
mobility system for all EU citizens by promoting clean and efficient Transport modes,
enhancing affordability, and improving accessibility for people with disabilities.
Core Competency
① Sustainable Transport Promotion(Eco-friendly)
② Affordability Enhancement for All EU citizens
③ Accessibility Improvement to all people(with disabilities)
④ Integrated Mobility Planning(Comprehensive)
⑤ Technological Innovation
Source: Mobitily4EU, Vision for 2030 MAP, Trend, Driver, Technologies

KOREA, The Evolution of Smart Transport by Country
Smart Transport Systems are diverse technologies that enhance sustainable mobility in a safer, smarter, and greener way. Korea has been
a leader in smart mobility, with advanced ITS technologies such as ATMS, ATIS, APTS, and CVO 1), as well as various emerging technologies.
South Korea is a global leader in smart Transport, having been the first
STAGE of SMART Transport country in Asia to reach maturity in this field.
Stage of Development
STAGE I STAGE II Initiation Take-Off Acceleration Maturation
Initiation Stage Take-Off Stage

1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
ITS-related activities are ITS plans or development
initiated by perceiving ITS strategies are set up Australia
technologies under the academic and Azerbaijan
public sectors
Bangladesh
China
STAGE III STAGE IV
Indonesia
Acceleration Stage Maturation Stage Japan
ITS-related pilot project Regulations, legislation or
Malaysia
are carried out in earnest Acts related to ITS are
in collaboration with introduced, covering the Republic of Korea
public and private sectors, extensive integration of
and feasibility of ITS technologies, Russian Fed.
technologies implemented maintenance and Tajikistan
is evaluated operation
Thailand
Turkey
1) ATMS: Advanced Traffic Management Systems APTS: Advanced Public Transport Systems Vietnam
ATIS: Advanced Traveler Information Systems CVO: Commercial Vehicle Operations
KOREA, Public Transport
South Korea's public Transport system is efficient, affordable, and sustainable. The country is investing in electric buses and trains,
light rail, and renewable energy. It also has an easy-to-use information system that helps people plan their trips.
Application Example
Category of Keywords Exclusive Median Bus Lane Bus Transfer Center

Change of the Bus Route

IDEA Behind
Median bus stop reinforced passengers’
Play a key role in the country’s economic development and social equity while convenience, safety, speed of commute
improving people’s accessibility, convenience, safety and sustainability.
Integrated Transport Card System
Service Description New Bus Route replaced the previous unreasonable bus Bus transfer centers are designed to
routes with a Hub-and-Spoke based dual system facilitate citizens’ transfer between
Public Transport services refer to a variety of transit options available to the general of trunk and feeder lines. Connectivity between mass different modes of Transport like
public, including buses, light rail, subways, and other modes of transport. These transit was enhanced subway, buses, taxis, private cars, etc.,
systems are designed to provide efficient, reliable, and accessible Transport for at key locations throughout the city.
people. BMS(Bus Management System)
Mobile Application
Core Competency People can use public transport including the
bus, subway, and taxi with a single card
① Traffic Management and Control anywhere in the country.
② Technological Integration Bus Information System
③ Infrastructure and Facilities
④ Human Resource Development This application offers several

BMS is designed to identify optimal bus operation Transport applications to help you
intervals and enhance the punctuality of bus Public Transport information collected through
⑤ Environmental Sustainability navigate the city's extensive public
operations based on GPS (global positioning system) BMS and others is provided to the citizens over Transport network and plan your trips.
and wireless communications. various channels in real-time.
Source: Seoul Public Transport, Seoul Metropolitan Government

KOREA, DRT[Demand Responsive Transit]
South Korea, a pioneer in DRT, is spearheading the development of demand-responsive transit (DRT) with pilot projects in Seoul and Busan.
DRT offers personalized and efficient Transport that could reduce traffic congestion and air pollution
Application Example
Category of Keywords Target the needs of underserved areas and people Type of DRT Service
Fast
Private Service Type Operator Region Service Feature
Vehicle
On-Demand Local government, Seoul, Incheon, Flexible, convenient,
DRT Needs
Service
IDEA Behind DRT Bus private companies Busan, Others environmentally friendly
Speed
To provide flexible and efficient public Transport that meets the needs of underserved Taxi Local government, Tourist Attractions Small, electric vehicles,
Bus Micro-Transit private companies
areas and people who do not have access to traditional public Transport. or Rural Area accessible for all
Express Bus Commuting Local government, Residential near
Service Description Convenient for commuters
Slow
DRT Bus private companies workplace
Service
Seoul's On-demand Bus and Busan's Micro Transit are two promising DRT projects in Difficult Accessibility Easy
Isolated Area Local government, Support limited public
South Korea. The Seoul project uses smartphone apps to request buses, while the Isolated Area
DRT Bus private companies Transport
Busan project utilizes electric vehicles to serve underserved areas. Both projects have DRT services are designed to provide flexible and efficient public
been well-received and reduced traffic congestion and improve accessibility Transport to underserved areas and people who do not have Nighttime Local government, Transport Accessibility in
private companies Urban Area
access to traditional public Transport. DRT Bus nighttime
Core Competency
Operation Process On-Demand DRT Commuting DRT
① Agile and Adaptive Services Reservation Dispatching
Call Center
② Technological Integration
Passenger Mobile Web DRT Platform
③ Efficient and Reliable Service Dynamic Dispatching Micro-Transit DRT On-Demand & Nighttime DRT
④ Inclusive and Accessible Service Driver Driver’s App

⑤ Collaboration and Partnerships
ITCS: Smart Card System applied to improve convenience
Source: Korea Transport Safety Authority

KOREA, ITCS[Integrated Transport Card System)
ITCS in South Korea is a convenient and efficient way to travel around the country. The card can be used in a variety of places, including
buses, trains, subways, taxis, and even convenience stores. It also offers a discount on transfers, making it even more affordable to use.
Application Example
Category of Keywords
Concept of Smart Card System Information Flow
Customized Demand-Responsive Sustainable Safe and Secure Informative Prepaid card Post Payment Card
Bus Metro Taxi

IDEA Behind
Data Station Data Station Data Station
Promoting the 'Economy Transport Card' as a more economical and accessible means of
using public Transport in South Korea Bus Calculation System Card Transaction Data Center Metro Calculation System
Data Settlement System
The smart card system makes fast settlement of fares and small-amount
Service Description payment, and contributes to reducing delays in bus operations as well as
ensuring the transparency of public transport operators. Public Trans. Card Comp. Internet Comp.
ITCS is the Card System that allows Korean users to pay for multiple Transport modes
with a single card making travel across the country convenient and affordable. Also Use of T-Money Card[Example] Advantage of ITCS The use of an integrated
this card is a versatile payment tool form public transport to retail shops. Societal/National
card like the T-Money
Vending Benefit Card in South Korea offers
Reduced Traffic Environmental
Core Competency Public Transport Machine various individual and
Congestion Protection societal/national benefits,
① Technological Integration Korea Economic making it a valuable tool
C.V.S Beauty Discount Benefit Efficiency for both individuals and
② Interoperability/Compatibility Outlet the society as a whole.
Security Social
Individual
③ User Convenience Retail Benefit Budget MGMNT Integration As of October 31, 2023, the
Stores Fast Food, Café, Public-Private daily usage for city buses
④ Security and Privacy Restaurant Time-Saving Easy Charge Partnership was 15,225,849 trips, and
for subways, it was
the T-Money Card is a versatile payment tool in South Convenience
⑤ Continuous Improvement and Innovation 10,391,521 trips
Korea that can be used for a wide range of services, from Data-Collection
public Transport to retail purchases.
KOREA, Car-Sharing Service
South Korea has a thriving shared-vehicle industry, with companies such as Socar, TuruCar, and GreenCar leading the way.
These companies are using advanced technology and growing popularity to drive sustainable mobility.
Application Example
Category of Keywords Car-Sharing Market and No. of Users A Step Toward MaaS
Socar Greencar Turucar
Efficient Convenient Accessible Time-saving Eco-friendly [Unit: ,000] As the market matures,
MaaS services are likely

Jul. 2022 830 340 80 to become more
IDEA Behind affordable and accessible,
Car-sharing services in Korea aim to reduce the need for private cars by providing a Dec. 2022 540 260 60 making them a more
convenient and affordable alternative. attractive option for
Feb. 2023 700 230 80 consumers.
Service Description
South Korea's car-sharing market, led by Socar, is growing Kakao offers a variety of MaaS services, including taxi, bike, and car-
As a On-demand, affordable, and green mobility, car-sharing services in South Korea steadily. Government regulation changes are expected to sharing. The company is also working to integrate these services into a
in a concise and easy-to-remember way. It also emphasizes the environmental further boost the market. single platform.
benefits of car-sharing.
Key Success Factors of Car-Sharing Service Technology Applied
Many technologies are being applied for
Core Competency South Korea has a Advanced the efficient operation and safety of car
number of strengths Technology(AI) sharing such as GPS, detecting tech, AI,
① Environmental Sustainability and opportunities that
ML etc. These technologies improve our
Government make it a promising
lives in many ways, such as
② Easy Booking and Payment Support market for car-sharing Location-
services. With Car-Sharing providing personalized
Based
③ Variety of Vehicle Options continued investment Service Technology experiences, making better
decisions, automating tasks.
and innovation, the
④ Flexibility and Convenience IT High country is well-
Infrastructure Demands positioned to become a Security & Vehicle
⑤ Cost-Effectiveness global leader in car- Safety Management
sharing. Technology System
Source: ZDNET Korea, Car-sharing Market Share(03, 2023)

KOREA, Shared Bicycle Service
Public-private partnerships have helped South Korea develop a leading shared-bicycle system, with advanced technology and widespread
adoption. These systems have become an integral part of the transport network, providing a convenient option for short-distance travel.
Application Example
Category of Keywords Affordability

Convenience Ttareungyi is a very Key Success Factor for Sustainability
Customized Demand-Responsive Sustainable Safe and Secure Informative affordable way to get 1 Government
Efficient Convenient Accessible Time-saving Eco-friendly around. A single ride
costs just KRW2000

Establishment of a Regulatory
(about $1.70).
IDEA Behind Framework
Aim to improve urban mobility, reduce traffic congestion, and decrease air pollution while Infrastructure Development
Sustainability Ttareungyi is a
providing convenient and accessible transport for commuting and leisure activities. sustainable way to
Public Awareness Campaign
get around. It helps
Service Description reduce traffic
congestion and air
Public bike rental services are available in several cities across South Korea, each 2 Private & Individual Sector
pollution.
managed by their respective city governments. These services allow users to rent
bikes and pay for them through an existing Transport card system or by mobile phone. Ttareungyi bikes, as one of the most popular bike Safe and Security Service Offerings
sharing systems, are available 24/7, so you can GPS systems in shared bicycles can help
Core Competency use them whenever you need them operators to track the location of Efficient Pricing
bicycles, detect misuse, and prevent
① Accessibility and Convenience Missing. Business Sustainability
[The number of Missing by year] [The number of unreturned by year]
② Technological Integration Before GPS Adoption Before GPS Adoption 3 Public Sector
After GPS Adoption After GPS Adoption
③ Cost-Effectiveness
Acceptance of Shared Bicycles
④ Easy Payment Solution 896
221 Convenience
164 425
⑤ Continuous Improvement and Innovation 189
7
2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 2021 Affordability
Source: Yonhap News(14. Oct. 2022)

KOREA, Optimal Route Service
Optimal route services in Korea are constantly evolving to provide users with the best possible experience. These services are a key
component of mobility, helping people to get around more efficiently and conveniently.
Application Example
Category of Keywords The Impact of Optimal Route Service on Korea Evolution of Route Planning
Customized Demand-Responsive Sustainable Safe and Secure Informative Optimal routing services provide users with the best possible route to their
destination, based on real-time traffic data and multiple Transport options. This Past “No Traffic Information
helps users save time and money, and it also reduces traffic congestion while Focus on finding the fastest
promoting sustainable Transport. rout possible
IDEA Behind
For Individuals For Society For Country
To provide users with the best possible Transport experience, while reducing traffic
congestion and environmental impact. Present “Real-Time Traffic Information”
Reduced Traffic Economic Reflect only the traffic
Cost-Savings
Service Description Congestion Efficiency situation at the time of the
route request.
Optimal route services in Korea use real-time traffic data and multiple Transport
modes, including walking, cycling, public Transport, and private vehicles, to help users Environmental Environmental “Prediction & Personalization”
Time Efficiency
find the fastest, most efficient, and most convenient way to their destination. Benefits Policy Goals Use AI or ML algorithms to
predict traffic conditions and
individual customer info
Core Competency Better Customer Improved Public Infrastructure
Experience Service Management
① Accurate and Real-Time Navigation Future “Traffic flow control & MGMNT”
Control traffic flow for optimal
② Multi-Modal Transport Option Improved Economic National road conditions
Safety Productivity Security
③ Integration with Reviews and Other Services
.. .. .. “Advanced Personalization”
④ User-Friendly Interface . . . Provide routes suitable for the
preferences of individual
⑤ Continuous Improvement and Innovation Improved Improved customers, such as age,
Quality of Life gender, car type, and driver
Quality of Life Social Cohesion
characteristics.
Source: T Map Trend Map 2020

IV. MaaS Platform & Its Vision
K-MaaS Platform & Roadmap
K-MaaS Development Strategy and its Competencies

K-MaaS Mobility Roadmap
The South Korean government has launched a Mobility Innovation Roadmap to make the country a global leader in mobility by 2030.
The roadmap focuses on three key areas: Smart Mobility, Sustainable Transport, Mobility for All
2022 2023 2024 2025 2027 2030

§ World's third Level 3 § Introduction of a § Preemptive completion § Priority launch of Level 4 § Launch of the world's § Autonomous driving
The Mobility Innovation Roadmap passenger car launch designated zone system of Level 4 system buses and shuttles highest-level Level 4 infrastructure
§ Introduction of a fast- for pilot operation § Preparation of § Introduction of negative passenger car construction completed
Self-driving cars Commercialization of fully track temporary § Start of development of autonomous passenger regulation exceptions § Autonomous driving
autonomous passenger operation permit system services using C-ITS Transport system national R&D completed
SMART Mobility
vehicles in 2027
§ UAM bill proposed § Enactment of UAM law § First demonstration in § Launch of the first § Diversification of § Expansion of UAM
§ Team Korea expanded § UAM national R&D pre- the metropolitan area commercial service services services nationwide
UAM Implementation of UAM operation feasibility study § Construction of UAM § Completion of UAM
service in Gwangyang in application drone airspace system Transport system
IV. MaaS Platform and Its Vision
§ Permission for MFC to § Application of UAM § Preparation of a plan to

2035
enter urban national R&D establish an automatic
neighborhood facilities flight management
Digital logistics Implementation of § Permission to install § Institutionalization of
platform
Sustainable Transport
nationwide half-day living logistics facilities in robot and drone delivery § Completion of the first § Implementation of the § Completion of hyperloop
logistics service in 2040 urban railway vehicle § Enactment of Basic Law smart shared logistics first urban railway R&D (2032)
§ Preparation of
depots for the Development of center logistics service
autonomous freight
Reduction of average § Implementation of pilot the Logistics Industry § Preparation of a plan to § Construction of a digital
Mobility services Transport system
commuting time to within project for urban standardize logistics logistics integration
§ Development of logistics
20 minutes nationwide in advanced logistics data platform
technology using urban
2035 complex railways
Mobility for ALL
Mobility cities § Enactment of Mobility § Expansion of on-demand § Introduction of public- § Start of R&D for modular § Opening of eco-friendly § First entry of residents in
Conversion of all new
Act services led MaaS in metropolitan bus development tram in Dongtan new city-type mobility-
development areas into
§ Operation of autonomous § Selection of the first railway stations § Opening of eco-friendly § Completion of three- specialized city (2028)
mobility cities in 2040
BRT in Sejong mobility-specialized city § Start of construction of tram in Uirye dimensional § Completion of
§ Improvement of one-way through a competition mobility big data development of highway construction of MaaS
return system for car platform rest areas Station in metropolitan
sharing area
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport
K-MaaS Platform Overview
K-MaaS Platform, intelligent mobility management and distribution system, brings together offerings of multiple mobility service
providers, and provides end-users access to them through a digital interface, allowing them to seamlessly plan and pay for mobility.
Supply Side MaaS Platform Demand Side
Transport Operators § Taxi: Korea Taxi, Kakao Taxi, Naver Taxi, KT Taxi Personal Users
§ Users who use MaaS services for personal
§ Ride-hailing: Kakao T, T-Map Mobility, Naver Mobility
purposes. This includes users who use MaaS
§ Bikes: Seoul Bike, Daegu Bike, Busan Bike,
services for their daily commute, shopping, and
§ Shared e-scooters: Beam, Lime, Bird, Reddy
travel.
§ Trains: Korea Railroad Corporation
§ Subway: Metropolitan City Subway Corporation
Korea MaaS Platform
§ Buses: Seoul Metropolitan Government Corporate Users
§ Users who use MaaS services for business

MaaS Platform purposes. This includes users who use MaaS
Infrastructure Provider
§ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport [Data & System Integration] services for corporate travel, such as sales,
§ Korea Transport Safety Authority business trips, and employee commuting.
§ Korea Expressway Corporation
Tourist Users
Experience Enablers § Users who use MaaS services for tourism purposes.
§ Navigation: T-Map Mobility (T-Map), Kakao Navi Local
Private . . . Transport This includes tourists visiting a new city or tourists
(Kakao Maps), Naver Maps (Naver Maps) Governmen
Company Company visiting for business.
§ Payment: Kakao Pay, Naver Pay, T-Money, t
§ Music: Melon, Spotify
§ Traffic Information: Various Public Authorities
Transport-Disadvantaged Users
Institutional Framework Provider § Users who have difficulty using Transport, such as
§ MaaS laws and regulations: Ministry of Land, the elderly, people with disabilities, pregnant
Infrastructure, and Transport women, and children.
Demand-Oriented Trend in MaaS Development
Korean mobility companies are increasingly focusing on personalized mobility services, tailored to individual needs and preferences. This
trend is driven by a number of factors, including the increasing use of mobile technology, the growing popularity of using mobility services
Type of Service Category of Service Demand Focused MaaS in Korea

“Demand Focused Trend” Crowdsourced Logistic Background
Fleet & Ride Sharing ① Shared Assets
Service ð Increasing Use of Mobile tech
Provider Bike Sharing
Personal Trip Planner ð Growing Popularity of Ride-hailing & Car-Sharing
MaaS Seamless Multi-modal Services ② Personalized Services
Operator Service
Service Level Agreement
ð Rising Demand for Convenience & Flexibility
Provider
My Data
Smart Incentives ③ Facilitators
MaaS
Smart Payment System Service Trend in Korea
Customer Connected Commuting
Operator ð Real-Time Location-Based Service
Leisure ④ Connected Living - Company: Kakao-T, Tmap Mobility, Seoul Taxi, etc.
Commerce
ð Customer Usage Pattern
Connected Traveler
Service - Company: Socar, Green Car, Car2Go, etc.
MaaS Provider Automatic Transport Systems ⑤ On-Demand Transport
Operator
Drones ð Travel Planning based on Budget & Interest
- Company: Myrealtrip, Kkday, Trazy, Klook, Viator, etc.
Real-Time Traffic Management
Service
Provider Infrastructure ⑥ Enablers ð Smart Parking Service based on User’s Location
Rural & Urban Development - Company: i-Parking, Modoo’s Parking, etc.
Source: Case Study; Customer-led mobility: A research agenda for Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) enablement
Kakaomobility, kakao-T MaaS Platform
Kakao Mobility, a leading mobility service provider in South Korea, is expanding its services to ASEAN countries. The company's MaaS
platform, Kakao T, offers a variety of Transport options, including taxis, buses, trains, and ride-hailing services.
Multi-Modal Transport Integration Data-Driven Insights and Analysis Open Ecosystem and Partnership
KAKAO platform seamlessly The platform collects and The platform embraces an open
integrates various Transport analyzes vast amounts of ecosystem, actively collaborating
options, including taxis, buses, Transport data, providing with various Transport providers,
subways, trains, and shared valuable insights into user technology partners, and
mobility services, into a single behavior, traffic patterns, and government agencies to expand
user interface. Ride-Hailing Demands service optimization Last-Mile: Partnership with its services.
during Event Period opportunities. various logistics company
Smart Mobility Routing kakaomobility Unified Payment Gateway

Sea &
The platform utilizes advanced AI Bus
Air The platform facilitates seamless
algorithms to provide real-time and secure payments across all
Offering a traffic updates and optimal route
Car- integrated Transport modes,
choice of Routes planning, ensuring efficient and Metro
share enabling users to manage their
convenient travel experiences. travel expenses efficiently even
Taxi
Ride- Shared InterCit Expr.
Rail
Rental in global.
Hail Bike y Bus Bus Car
Personalized Mobility Recommendation User-Centric Design and Experience Continuous Innovation and Development
Mobility Info near my location The platform leverages user Its various initiatives and Kakao Mobility is committed to
preferences and travel patterns strategies, from its DevOps continuous innovation, constantly
to provide personalized mobility achievements to its developing new features,
recommendations, tailoring collaborations and service improving user experience, and
transport options to individual expansions, all demonstrate its expanding its MaaS platform's
needs. Optimizing for Speed without commitment to user-centric capabilities.
Booking info sacrificing stability design and experience.
Source: Kakao Mobility, Business Reports, Articles, & Newspapers (2022, 2023)
Global Presence of MaaS Platform
MaaS is still in its early stages of development, with no company yet offering a fully integrated service. However, MaaS platforms are
becoming increasingly sophisticated, offering a range of features that make it easier for people to travel.
[Ref] Expected Impacts of MaaS Integration

MaaS Service Integration and Service Provider
1 Increase Mobility
MaaS Transport Company Level of MaaS Integration and Companies MaaS platforms can make it easier for
people to get around, regardless of their
4 Integration of
None of Service Provider
location or Transport needs.
Value-Added Service Providers
Map/Navi. Airline Shared Car On-Demand

Finance Societal Goals
2 Reduced Congestion
Railway Personal Mobil. Ex. & Inter-city Bus Bus/Metro MaaS platforms can help to reduce
Integration of
3
congestion by encouraging people to use
The Transport Service Finland: Whim more efficient modes of Transport.
Event MaaS Operating Companies Sweden: Ubigo

Passes & Bundles
[Public] Open MaaS Platform [Private] MaaS Service App. 3 Improved Safety
Data Integration, Management, Service Development, Operation,
Integration of MaaS platforms can help to improve safety
2
Governance, Business, API Optimal Routing, Booking, KOREA
by providing real-time information about
Tourism Planning, Standardization Payment and Settlement Finding, Booking Germany: Moovel(Daimler)
traffic conditions and hazards.
& Payment Japan: Myroute(Toyota)
4 Increased Convenience
Accommodation
Service Users
Optimal Route Selection,
1 Integration of
Information
Naver: Naver Map
Google: Google Map
MaaS platforms can make it more
convenient for people to travel by providing
a single point of access to all of their
Transport needs
Commercial Booking, Payment,

Cancellation, Customer
Satisfaction survey
0 No Integration
5 Reduced Costs
MaaS platforms can help to reduce costs by
providing discounts and other incentives
for users.
Source: Samsung SDS, The Future of Mobility Service(2023)

V. Envisioning the Korea-ASEAN MaaS Platform
Proposal Overview & Framework
Proposal Roadmap & Implementation

Proposal Overview
Korea's MaaS expertise, which leverages its experience in public Transport, can address ASEAN's Transport challenges by
integrating Institutional & Policy, Market & Business, and Technology & Solution.
V. Proposal: Envisioning the Korea-AEAAN MaaS Platform
Korea MaaS Service ASEAN MaaS Service

Core Competencies Opportunity for Cooperation Challenges & Barriers
Korea-ASEAN Cooperation-
based MaaS Platform
A Institutional & Policy B Market & Business C Technology & Solution

Cooperation to develop and share Cooperation to promote MaaS businesses Cooperation to develop and operate MaaS
institutional and policy frameworks for MaaS and markets such infra, overseas platforms and services such as platform
such as regulations and user protection. expansion, market research and promotion. functions & services, development & testing
MaaS Infrastructure Development MaaS Development
Foundation for Technology & Solution

Framework of Proposal
Most common issues that hinder the promotion of MaaS in ASEAN countries have been identified and grouped. These issues were then used
to develop a proposal for overcoming these challenges.
※ Although the challenges items are mostly duplicated in categories, they were grouped by the most relevant categories.
R Ride-Hailing E E-Commerce S Shared-Mobility P Public Transport O On-Demand Transport
Service Type Major Challenges in ASEAN

“Korea-ASEAN Cooperation-based MaaS Platform Establishment”
Issue-Grouping Proposal Framework
R E S P O 1 Traffic Congestion
1 A
R E S P O 2 Safety Concerns ① Collaborate to Develop a Harmonized Regulatory Framework
R E S P O Regulatory Challenges
3 Institutional
3 ② Provide Technical Assistance in Developing MaaS Regulations
10 & Policy
R E S P O 4 Limited Driver Supply ③ Share Best Practices related to MaaS regulations
R E S P O 5 Digital connectivity
R E S P O 6 Language, Cultural, Societal Difference 6 11 B

① Develop Policy & Program to Support MSMEs into MaaS Market
R E S P O 7 Traffic Accidents 7 13 Market &
② Provide Training & Edu. to MaaS Operators in ASEAN Countries
R E S P O 8 Air pollution 8 14 Business
③ Support MKT. & Promotion to increase the use of MaaS Platform.
R E S P O 9 Market Dominance 9
R E S P O 10 Low Adoption of Sustainable Practices

2 C
R E S P O 11 Limited Consumer Trust
① Develop & Share Advanced MaaS Technologies(w. Implementation)
4 Technology
R E S P O 12 Fragmented Roads Networks ② Promote the development of Open Standards for MaaS Platforms
5 & Solution
R E S P O 13 Adoption Barriers ③ Encourage collaboration between KR Companies and ASEAN MSMEs
12
R E S P O 14 Labor & Operations Challenge
Cooperation in Institutional & Policy
Institutional & Policy is keys to govern the framework and regulations that MaaS platforms operate under. Korea can collaborate with
ASEAN nations to establish a common regulatory framework, promote sustainable MaaS practices, and share expertise.
Collaborate to Develop a Harmonized Regulatory Suggestion

A INSTITUTIONAL & POLICY 1
Framework
Cooperation to develop and share institutional and policy ASEAN countries collaborate to develop a
① Establish an ASEAN regulatory forum
frameworks for MaaS such as regulations and user harmonized regulatory framework for MaaS
platforms. ② Conduct joint research on MaaS platform regulations
protection.
③ Share best practices on MaaS platform regulations
The Institutional & Policy category covers issues

Provide Technical Assistance in Developing MaaS Suggestion
related to regulations and policies required for 2
Regulations
the establishment and operation of MaaS Korea provides technical assistance to
① Provide training and education on MaaS platform regulations
platforms. Korea can collaborate with ASEAN ASEAN countries in developing MaaS
countries to develop a regulatory framework for platform regulations. ② Offer consulting services for developing MaaS platform regulations
MaaS platforms and provide support for ③ Provide data and information on MaaS platform regulations
incorporating it into each country's regulations
and policies. Korea can also develop policies to Suggestion
3 Share Best Practices related to MaaS regulations
promote the sustainability of MaaS platforms and
ASEAN countries share best practices
disseminate them to ASEAN countries. ① Host international conferences and seminars on MaaS regulations
related to MaaS platform regulations.
② Publish research reports and papers on MaaS regulations
③ Build websites and databases on MaaS regulations
Cooperation in Market & Business
With its expertise in market development, business strategies, and ecosystem development, Korea is well-positioned to help ASEAN
countries promote the growth and sustainability of MaaS platforms in the region.
Suggestion
B Market & Business 1 Develop Policy & Program to Support MSMEs into MaaS Market
Cooperation to develop and implement market-oriented Korea and ASEAN countries collaborate to
① Conduct market research on MSMEs in ASEAN countries
policies and business strategies to promote the growth and develop policies and programs to support
MSMEs in entering the MaaS market. ② Develop policies and programs to support MSMEs in MaaS market
sustainability of MaaS platforms in the region.
③ Provide financial and technical assistance to MSMEs in MaaS market
The Technology & Solution category covers Provide Training & Edu. to MaaS Operators in ASEAN Suggestion
issues related to the technology and solutions 2
Countries
of MaaS platforms. Korea can develop Korea provides training and education to
① Develop training and education programs on MaaS platform operation
technology and solutions required for the MaaS operators in ASEAN countries to
enhance their capacity. ② Provide training and education on MaaS platform technology
establishment and operation of MaaS platforms
③ Provide training and education on MaaS platform regulations
and share them with ASEAN countries. Korea
can also provide technical support for the
Suggestion
stable operation of MaaS platforms. 3 Support MKT. & Promotion to increase the use of MaaS Platform
Korea and ASEAN countries collaborate to

① Develop marketing and promotion strategies for MaaS platforms
support marketing and promotion activities
to increase the use of MaaS platforms. ② Implement marketing and promotion activities for MaaS platforms
③ Collaborate with media and influencers to promote MaaS platforms
1) MSMEs: Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises

Cooperation in Technology & Solution
Korea has a strong track record of developing and deploying advanced MaaS technologies and solutions. These technologies and solutions
can be leveraged to help ASEAN countries develop and operate MaaS platforms that are efficient, reliable, and user-friendly.
Suggestion
C Technology & Solution 1 Develop & Share Advanced MaaS Technologies(w. Implementation)
Cooperation to develop and operate MaaS platforms and Korea and ASEAN countries collaborate to
① Conduct joint research and development on MaaS technologies
services such as platform functions & services, development develop and share advanced MaaS
technologies, including implementation ② Provide technical support for the implementation of MaaS technologies
& testing
support. ③ Promote the commercialization of MaaS technologies
Korea will spearhead the technical

Suggestion
development and maintenance of the MaaS 2 Promote the development of Open Standards for MaaS Platforms
platform, drawing upon its expertise and Korea and ASEAN countries collaborate to
① Participate in international standards organizations
promote the development of open standards
resources to implement cutting-edge
for MaaS platforms. ② Develop and publish open standards for MaaS platforms
technologies and cybersecurity measures.
③ Promote the adoption of open standards for MaaS platforms
ASEAN will play a key role in facilitating local
integration, promoting platform adoption Suggestion
3 Encourage collaboration between KR Companies and ASEAN MSMEs
among their citizens, providing valuable
Korea and ASEAN countries collaborate to
feedback for continuous improvement, and ① Organize matchmaking events and business forums
encourage collaboration between Korean
ensuring interoperability within their companies and ASEAN MSMEs in the ② Provide financial and technical assistance to joint projects
respective technological ecosystems. development and deployment of MaaS ③ Promote the exchange of knowledge and expertise
platforms.
Sustainable MaaS Platform Development
Many challenges hindering the ASEAN Connectivity stem from the absence of integration, coordination, and infrastructure. MaaS
platforms have the potential to play a crucial role in overcoming these challenges and even influencing negatively on many other factors.
Safety Efficiency Driver Utilization Driver Satisfaction Ecosystem Expansion Transparency Accessibility & Inclusivity Customer Experience
UP ▲
Faster Time-to-Market Enhanced Innovation Cross-Cultural Understanding Global Reach
Impact on
Money Pollution Travel Time Traffic Congestion Passenger Waiting time Costs Conflicts
DOWN ▼
Passenger Frustration Data Errors & Inconsistency Vendor Locked-in Burden on Customer Service
Market
Challenges 1 Traffic Congestion 4 Limited Driver Supply 9
Dominance
6 Language, Cultural, Societal Difference
in ASEAN Connectivity
Efficient Routes and Provide Shared Provide Open Access to Provide User-Friendly info.
MaaS Scheduling Options Mobility Options Data and APIs & Service(Lang. conversion)
Platform Real-Time Traffic and A Single Point of Access to All Encourage the use of Public Recommend Other Making MaaS more
Hazard information Transport info and services Transport and Shared Mobility Option Transport modes accessible and affordable
Challenges
in ASEAN Connectivity 2 Safety Concerns 5 Digital connectivity 8 Air pollution 12 Fragmented Roads Networks 13 Adoption Barriers
Emergency Response Infra. Management Travel Planning/Decision Making Urban Development Air Quality Accessibility Economic Benefits User Base Transport Equity
UP ▲
Evaluation Planning Public Awareness Multi-Modal Transport Options Operations Visibility Social Equity Environmental Sustainability First-Last Mile Connectivity
Impact on
Accident Rates Stress & Anxiety Travel Time Transport Cost Vehicle Emission Reliance on Automobiles Reliance on Automobiles
DOWN ▼
Social Costs Traffic Congestion Energy Costs Traffic Congestion Traffic Congestion Transport Costs
Integrated MaaS Platform Systemic Architecture
Government support & collaboration between Korean and ASEAN private MaaS companies can accelerate the development and deployment
of MaaS platforms in the region, improve ASEAN's MaaS execution capabilities, and enhance convenience for travelers to Korea.
Integrated MaaS Platform Blueprint

Preventive Drivers Traffic Smart Schedule User Behavior Business Unified Infrastructure
Big Data Maintenance Profiling Monitoring Interchange Optimization Analyzer Intelligence
Analysis
& AI § Backup
§ Monitoring
DMS ARS FMS ACC e-Money & Mobile § Security Performance
Payment Aggregation &
Depot AFC Ticketing System
Accident Reduction Fleet Switching Platform
Management Clearing
System Management System Center
Core System
IMS
Solution VPSD
PIS AFC Incident Management
Vehicle Planning,
Scheduling and Passenger Automated System
Dispatching System Information Fare
System Collection
MaaS Business
Association
Korea Government Government of ASEAN Countries
Multi Media LCD/LED IC Card Barcode/QR Mobile(NFC)
Railway Bus Public

Multi-Modal Taxi Retail Bank
(MRT〮LRT) BRT Facilities
Source: Source: https://www.nec.com/en/global/solutions/Transport/index.html
Suggestion for Roadmap of MaaS Platform
Korea and ASEAN can cooperate to develop MaaS by sharing technical expertise, market knowledge, and government support.
This collaboration could help to improve mobility connectivity, efficiency and sustainability in these region.
Pre-Phase Phase Ⅰ[1- 3years] Phase Ⅱ Phase Ⅲ

Establish a Framework for
Pilot Project Implement the Roadmap Sustain the MaaS ecosystem
Cooperation
Strategic ① Intl’ Cooperation Research § Develop a Roadmap for MaaS Development § Create a MaaS Ecosystem § Expand MaaS to New Markets
Plan ② R&D Projects § Foster Public-Private Partnerships § Promote MaaS Adoption § Innovate MaaS Solutions
③ ODA Projects § Demonstrate MaaS Solutions § Develop MaaS Standards § Advance MaaS Technology
① Intl’ Cooperation Research

§ Proposal to Research Institute • Technical Expertise
§ Proposal as part of the International • Market Knowledge
Cooperation Research of Korea • Government Support
② R&D Projects Continuous Improvement
Strategic § Proposal to KAIA1) Korea
ASEAN
Plan § Proposal as part of the Research Countries & Innovative Cooperation
and Development Projects of Korea
③ ODA2) Projects • Local Knowledge
• Access to new markets
§ Proposal to KOICA3)
• Cultural Insights
§ Proposal as part of the (ODA) Projects
• Clarification of Institutional Framework • Public-Private Partnership Formed • Framework for Cooperation in Place
Specific - licensing laws and regulations for MaaS services
Cooperation - Support policy for new mobility industries • MaaS Solutions Demonstrated • Roadmap for MaaS Development
Items - Obligation to comply with/link data standards for transport businesses
- User privacy protection in the platform transport industry • Increase Investment in MaaS • Strengthened Relationships
1) KAIA: Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement, 2) ODA: Official Development Assistance, 3) KOICA: Korea International Cooperation Agency
[Reference]
§ Kuala Lumpur Transport Strategic Plan (ASEAN Transport Strategic Plan) 2016-2025 § ASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGY
§ Supporting ASEAN's sustainable transport, RI seeks decarbonization and creative financing § Initial Pipeline Projects(2019)
§ Supporting the Success of Indonesia’s Chairmanship in ASEAN 2023, Green Transport Rally Officially § Improving ASEAN Infrastructure Productivity(2020)
Launched(2023) § ASEAN Sustainable Urbanization Report(2022)
§ DRIVING THE PHILIPPINES TO SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH USAGE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES(2023) § ASEAN Smart Green Cities Program
§ Philippine public transport’s route to sustainability(2023) § ASEAN Digital Finacial Inclusion(2022)
§ Analysis Study of Current transport Status in Vietnam’s Urban Traffic and the Transition to Electric Two-Wheelers § ASEAN MSME, Promoting the productivity of SMEs in ASEAN countries(2021)
Mobility(2021) § ASEAN Open Data Network(2020)
§ CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE Urban Transport in Vietnam § ASEAN Digital Data Governance in ASEAN
§ The Future of Thailand’s Clean Mobility § ASEAN Trade Logistics Connectivity(2015)
§ Pathing the Way for the Thai Clean Mobility Program § ASEAN Regulatory Barriers
§ Malaysia driving for a Green Economy § OECD Regulatory Policy Working Papers(2016)
§ Towards Sustainable Public transport Cost in Malaysia(2022) § Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025(2016)
§ How can drivers dislodge their entrenched relationship with cars in Singapore(2023) § Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 and Smart Cities(2021)
§ Driving towards an eco-friendlier Singapore with sustainable transport § Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity(2011)
§ Myanmar Urban transport System(2016) § TMAP Trend MAP
§ Myanmar Urban transport Sector(2016) § Korea transport System
§ Laos Lao PDR Economic Update, April, Restoring Macroeconomic Stability to Support Recovery(2022) § Korea’s Integrated Fare and Smart Card Ticket System(2013)
§ Laos Vientiane Sustainable Urban Transport Project(2014) § Revolutionizing Mobility in Southeast Asia through MaaS
§ Cambodia TRANSPORT SECTOR ASSESSMENT, Strategy and Roadmap(2019) § An Introduction to Smart transport, Benefits and Examples
§ Cambodia on the road to sustainable mobility in Cambodia and beyond(2022) § Policy considerations Paul Cranfield
§ Brunei Land Transport(2016) § Unlocking-maas-development-in-southeast-Asia
§ Brunei Analysis of low carbon transport in Brunei Daussalam(2016) § Various Web Articles and Newspapers
§ Tracking Sustainable Mobility in Asia-Pacific Cities(2022)
- Thank You -

Pertemuan 11b. Envisioning The Korea-ASEAN MaaS Platform

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Pertemuan 11b. Envisioning The Korea-ASEAN MaaS Platform

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2023 ROK Forum on Enhancing Connectivity in ASEAN

Envisioning the Korea-ASEAN MaaS Platform

: beyond smart transport, more sustainable and fully connected

Nov. 29. 2023

Dr. Bumchul Cho

II. Transport Landscape in ASEAN Countries

III. Best Practices of Smart Mobility in Korea & Overseas

IV. K-MaaS Platform and Its Vision

V. Envisioning the Korea-AEAAN MaaS Platform

What is a smart transport and why is it important?

Why we need MaaS Platform beyond Smart Transport?

Smart Transport Keywords from Different Stakeholders Applications(Core Competencies

European Union Korea Advanced Public

Impact of Traffic Congestion on Individuals, Communities, and Nations

Energy Regional Social Inequality

Traffic Social Increased Accidents

National Resource Waste

Why a MaaS Platform is required to achieve “Sustainable Transport” ?

Improved through seamless booking, payment, and

Understanding of ASEAN Connectivity & Sustainable Transport

1) 16 ASEAN Connectivity Initiatives are ongoing as of November 2023.

Physical Institution Social

Sustainable Innovative Seamless Excellent Easier

Sustainable Innovative Seamless Excellent Easier

Drivers Barrier Drivers Barrier

§ Economic Growth Rapid Urbanization § Economic Growth Lack of Infrastructure

FLASH Express around 25%.

Ridesourcing (car) Motor scooter sharing

Ridesourcing (motorcycle) Carsharing

Ridesourcing (3-wheeled) P2P delivery of sensitive

Peer-to-peer ridesharing P2P delivery of parcels

On-demand buses Food delivery services

Bicycle sharing Grocery delivery

E-push scooter sharing App-based moving service

Ridesourcing (car) Motor scooter sharing

Ridesourcing (motorcycle) Carsharing

Ridesourcing (3-wheeled) P2P delivery of sensitive

Peer-to-peer ridesharing P2P delivery of parcels

On-demand buses Food delivery services

Bicycle sharing Grocery delivery

E-push scooter sharing App-based moving service

Ride-Hailing; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

③ Increasing smartphone penetration

Source: Reference from Articles of News, Magazines, Publications

E-Commerce Logistics; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Background The underdeveloped infrastructure in many ASEAN

③ Reduce Environmental Impact

Shared Mobility; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

Service Background ① Uneven Distribution of

connectivity cross region

③ Shift from ownership to mobility access

Source: The ASEAN, Confronting Urban Transport Woes in Southeast Asia

Public Transport; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

③ Promote Environmental sustainability

On-Demand Transport; Most Common Challenges and Obstacles

stake holders and data protection regulations.

Source: Statista, Ride-Hailing - ASEAN

Overseas, Best Practices

Korea, Best Practices

Category of Keywords Milestone Dutch Proactive Support

Category of Keywords Sustainability in Sweden

Efficient Convenient Accessible Time-saving Eco-friendly

① Sustainable Transport Promotion(Eco-friendly)