Inerting of Cargo Tanks: How

Exactly to do it?
Written by Capt Rajeev Jassal on July 22, 2018

Explosions and fire on ships have been the main

headlines in the year 2018.

If you’ve been keeping up with the latest shipping news,

you know what I am talking about.

Fire on tankers is the most dreadful thing to imagine,

specially in case the tanker is a loaded tanker.

But there was a time when safety on tankers used to be

the only concern.
In present world, we need to do things safely and we
need to do it economically.

For example if you are inerting a tank with shore

nitrogen, doing it safely is not the only criteria.

Of course, it is the most important one.

But you will also be questioned about the time taken in

inerting the tanks and amount of shore nitrogen that
you have used in doing so.

There are creatures out there who are counting each

second of extra time taken and each gram of the
additional resource used.

And they aren’t doing anything wrong.

Market is tough and competitive. An ounce saved is an

ounce earned.

The only way to do the things safely as well as

economically is to understand the task inside out.

Why we are doing it and how do we do it?

In this post I will discuss about inerting of cargo tanks

on tankers.
Inerting

Tankers carry flammable cargoes.

Which means that one element of fire-triangle (Fuel) is

always present on tankers. And we know that oxygen is
omni-present.

The only thing stopping the completion of fire triangle

would be the source of ignition.

Considering what is at stake, the safety of tankers

cannot rely on just one single barrier.

For this reason, the oxygen level inside the cargo tanks
need to be such that even if the source of ignition is
accidentally present, the fire triangle would still not
complete.

The process of reducing the oxygen level in the cargo

tank is called inerting.

Oxygen content to less than 8% is required to be in the

tanks containing flammable cargoes.

And to be able to bring the cargo tank to that oxygen

level, Inert gas containing less than 5% of oxygen is
introduced in the cargo tank.
 Now comes the important part.

The time required to inert a tank to less than 8% of

oxygen level from 20.9% of oxygen level !!!
If you just introduce the inert gas in the cargo tanks
without a plan, you may end up doing this endlessly
with cargo tank still at more than 8% oxygen.

There need to be a plan and use of specific method and

techniques of doing it.

Broadly there are two methods of doing it. Both very

effective but we need to choose one. Here is what these
method of inerting are called.

 Inerting by Dilution method

 Inerting by Displacement Method

Before we get to these methods, we must understand

the basic pipelines structure inside a cargo tank.
There is a drop line through which cargo is loaded.

There is a vapour line (or IG Line) which is connected to

the IG(inert gas) line. The same line may form as the
Vapour line on the manifold.

And then there is a purge pipe. On some tankers

(specially chemical tankers), one part of PV valve may
act as a purge pipe.

Now let us get back to the method of inerting.

Inerting by Dilution method

As the name suggests, with this method we reduce the

oxygen content in the tank by diluting the air inside with
inert gas containing lesser oxygen (less than 5% by
volume).

We keep on diluting it till the time the oxygen in the

tank is less than 8% by volume.

Usually this is achieved with 3-4 air changes.

For example, let us say that the tank is of 4000 m3

capacity. This means that when we have diluted the air
inside the tank with about 12000 m3 of inert gas, it
would have around 8% of oxygen by volume.

But that is only when it is done correctly.

Okk, let us first see how it is done.

We supply the inert gas through IG line and we open

the purge flap of the purge line to let the air inside the
tank escape.

The velocity of the inert gas entering the tank need to

be more in this method.

Why?
Because we need to dilute the air inside. If the velocity
of the inert gas is less, half of it may escape through the
purge pipe and the dilution of the air will not be to the
maximum capacity.

This would take much longer time to reduce the oxygen

level in the tank.

So if we need to inert say 10 tanks and if decide it to be

done by dilution method, we cannot open all the 10
tanks at one time.
If we start inerting all the 10 tanks with dilution
method, the velocity of the inert gas entering the tanks
will be too low for dilution method.

So in this case, we can start with 2 tanks. Once these

two tanks are inerted to less than 8% oxygen we can
switch over to the next set of 2 tanks.

Inerting by displacement method

Displacement method is little different from dilution

method.

In this method, we displace the air inside the tank with

the inert gas.

With this method close to one air change is required to

achieve less than 8% of oxygen from initial 21%.
oxygen in the tank.

Let us see how it is done.

In this method, the inert gas is introduced from the

bottom of the tank. This is done by supplying the inert
gas through drop line of the tank.

To be able to do that, IG line need to connected to the

cargo lines at the manifold.
If multiple tanks are to be inerted, these tanks can be
connected to the common line and then IG line can be
connected to the common line.

We then need to set up the cargo lines just as we do for

loading through drop line and start the IG.

Now the inert gas will enter the cargo tank from the
bottom part of the tank (through drop line).

As the inert gas fills the bottom of the tank the existing
air (with 20.9% oxygen) will keep on exiting through
the open purge pipe.
The idea is to gradually and slowly displace the air
inside the cargo tank with the inert gas.

And one thing that we need to ensure during this is that

the inert gas must not be mixed with the air exiting
through the purge pipe.

Otherwise it will take longer time to reduce the oxygen

content of the tank.

And the only way to ensure that is to introduce the inert

gas inside the tank at slow rate or speed.
As you would note that this rule is completely opposite
to the dilution method where the inert gas was required
to enter the tank at high speed or rate.

So when inerting the tanks with displacement method,

we need to keep at least 4-6 tanks open when IG is
running at full capacity.

Which method of Inerting to choose?

Both the methods of inerting cargo tanks are equally

good and effective.

But we cannot choose both the methods. When inerting

a tank, we need to choose which method we need to
use for inerting.

The decision is not that difficult.

It all depends upon two factors.

1. how many tanks we need to inert?

If there are only one or two tanks for inerting, we
definitely need to inert with dilution method. This would
be faster.
If we use displacement method in this case then we
would need to run the IG at the reduced rate and thus it
would take more time to inert the tanks.

But if there are 10 or more tanks to inert, displacement

method would be faster.

This is simply because with displacement method,

ideally close to one air change is required in one tank to
bring it to the required oxygen level.
With Dilution method it is close to 3-6 air changes.

And then there is an area in between that range of

number of tanks in which you can choose either of these
methods.

2. Rate of Inert gas supply

Whatever I said in the first point (number of tanks),
that was based upon the use of ship’s Inert gas plant for
supply of inert gas.

But sometimes we do need to inert with short IG

(mostly nitrogen). This is particularly the case with
chemical tankers with no IG plant.
If the charterers require the tanks to be inerted, the IG
(nitrogen) is supplied by the shore.

In this case, to choose the inerting method not only the

number of tanks would matter but also the rate of shore
IG supply.

For example if the rate of supply is only 100 m3/Hr,

even if there are 1~2 tanks to inert, it would still need
to be done with displacement method.

Similarly, if the rate of supply is as too high, even if

there are 10 tanks to inert, it may be required to inerted
with dilution method.

Monitoring the inerting operation

You have done everything right so far. Chose the

correct method of inerting and set up all the lines
correctly.

But that would not do any good if you do not correctly

monitor the inerting operation.

The monitoring need to be such that anything wrong

must able to be identified as early as possible.
 Apart from safety of the crew exposed to inert gas,
there are two main things that we need to monitor.

 Pressure inside the tank so that tank is not over-

pressurised

 Oxygen content of the tanks being inerted

There are multiple locations from where the oxygen

content of the tanks can be checked during inerting.

But it is so much important to choose the correct

location for measuring oxygen content.

For example if you are inerting with dilution method

(inert gas entering from top of the tank), then it is
important that the measurement is taken from the
bottom of the tank.

In this case if you measure the oxygen content at the

top of the tank then your readings may be wrong
because of inert gas entering the tank from a nearby
point.

Similarly, if you are inerting with the displacement

method, it is important to measure the oxygen content
at the top of the tank.
This is because the oxygen content in this case will be
drastically different at bottom and top of the tank.

So it is important to decide the location from which we

need to measure the oxygen content of the tank during
inerting.

Oxygen content measurement points

Next we also need to be aware of the points from where
the oxygen content can be measured.
 If we need to measure the oxygen content from top of
the tank, this can be done by measuring it from

 Purge pipe

 UTI Vapour lock

For the purge pipe the oxygen content is checked from

the air coming out of the purge pipe during inerting.

No, you do not need to climb up and expose yourself to

the gas coming out of the purge pipe. There is usually a
point given on the purge pipe from where you can
connect the inlet of your oxygen analyser.
On chemical tanker, sometimes there are two identical
points that are given on the purge pipe (On chemical
tankers PV valve line usually acts as purge pipe).

One of these point is for nitrogen padding from nitrogen

bottles. This point has a non return valve fitted and thus
will not give any reading if used for measuring oxygen
content.

In this case, we must know and identify the point which

is for measuring the gas concentration in the tank.

We can measure the oxygen content from the UTI port

(Vapour lock) too. From here we can measure oxygen
content at the top of the tank or at the bottom of the
tank.

We just need to lower the oxygen analyser inlet tube of

that length.

What to expect during monitoring oxygen

content?

We have started the inerting of the tanks.

After one hour we measure the oxygen content of the

tanks. How much reading we should expect?

If we do not know this, we may not be able to find

anything wrong that we may be doing.

Knowing what to expect would really help in this case.

For example, if the oxygen reading after one hour is

much less than we expected, the reading could be
wrong.

And if the oxygen reading after one hour is much more

than we expected, we could be doing something wrong
that can be corrected at this early stage.
But the question remains, how much reading should we
expect.

It is not that difficult. Jut look at this image of

displacement method.

Let us say this is the situation after one hour.

If we measure oxygen content at this stage from the

purge pipe, what reading you would expect?

Yes, you got it. Close to 21%.

Because in displacement method, it would mostly be air
that will come out initially.

It is only when you have supplied amount of IG close to

the capacity of the tank that you would see sharp
decrease in oxygen reading of the tank.

For example let us say the capacity of your cargo tank is

2400 m3, capacity of IG plant is 3600 m3/hr and you
have opened 6 tanks for inerting with displacement
method.
Which means each tank is getting IG with approx rate of
600m3/hr. In this case the tank would take approx 4
hours for inerting to less than 8% oxygen content.

If we chcck the oxygen content in first or second hour,

we would find very less change in oxygen content.

But now that we understand, there is nothing to worry

about it.

With dilution method it is just the opposite.

In dilution method, the inert gas is continuously getting

mixed with the air inside the tank. Which means that
the oxygen content is continuously reducing inside the
tank.
So in this case, if the oxygen content of the tank is not
gradually decreasing you know there could be
something wrong

May be something like the rate of IG entering the tank

is low which is not allowing it to dilute the air at the
bottom of the tank

Remember we are measuring oxygen at the bottom of

the tank in dilution method !!!
 Gas Freeing

The principle of gas freeing is not different from the

inerting that we discussed so far.

The basic difference between gas freeing asn inerting is

that in gas freeing the tank we are trying to bring it
back to

 Oxygen: 20.9%

 Hydrocarbon: less than 1% of the LEL

 Toxic gases: Below its threshold exposure limit

Displacement and dilution methods are applicable for

gas freeing too.

I will discuss the process of gas freeing in detail in one

of the future blog.

Conclusion

The only way to be able to do something safely and

economically is to know the job inside out.

Otherwise it is either safe or economical.

Inerting is one such job that needs time. But if the
inerting is not done the way it should be, the time
required can increase multiple times.