PART AL D FFERENTIATIoN

It a bncten Containg mue tnan ene indlependenr

Vaiable, thn pantial deiatiire(cibteentatin)em.
one
(ohiletmlg the partialdeatie, wc Consider tyendeat
mdnendent rauiole ja vaiaaead the cthen
Vmaby a Conykli, teating as congtma)

Sx

Ýheated as Consant
’ hene y
healed ay ongo
y
hene
derivatine.
and higher
ader
=
u = Ayx

y2

Sulae U=u(3,9)3)
 hene x Phaniabe
Ss: a 3-3+1+e cay+o
Coniam
= 6X - 0 , o

3x(29) +0+ei9)+oHee ý
Uy0- \aiable,
, = -3x (2) +e (- cn)
=-6x-eco
=0:

9+3+ 3X9} taen sit. Ut uytu,=3 4.

(3) U= x°t ttere vaiable.
y3ae heated a,
Uy 3x°+ 3x92 Contan
Uy=0+33t0 +3x tene y ývniate
Xa ane beatd ay
yuy= 39+ 3x ? Constin
0+o t 33+ 3Xy ttere avautale,
X&y ne Deatedas Conn

fo & xutyuy+3uz =3(z++*3x9R)

=3u
 3

(2x)

(x4y).) x (2xto+o)
(9)*
x+9-2x
(x+yy2

( x y gy2
Cam te
2

(¬9+)
+4)/ Uxt UytUz)=
2.2.3 Symmetric functions

Afunction f (. y) is said to be symmetric if f (x. y) =f(y,x) and f (x,y,z) is said to

be symmetricif f (1, y.z)= f(y.z.x)= f(z.x y).
 du du du
Example 2.11 : Ifu =x'+y'+:+ 3ryz prove that x dy =3u
Solution:
u=x+y ++3ry:
Differentiating (I) partially w.r.t x
du
= 3r +3 yz
Surilaty
du
=3y*+3zx
du
= 32 +3xry
dz
du du
then x =3x' +3xryz + 3y'+3xyz +3z' +3xyz
dy

du = 3u

Example 2.12 : If u=log (tan x +tan y +tan z), Prove that

du du
sin 2x
dx
+ sin 2y
dy
+sin 2z du 2
Solution:
Consider u =log(tan x +tan y + tan z)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t x
sec x
dx tan x t tan y + tan z
Similariy
du sec y
dy tan x t tan y+ tan z

du sec z
dz tan x + tan y t tan z
Partial Differentiation and its Applications

LHS= sin2 sin2, +sin 2:

dy (0 sin 2A =2Nin Acos A)

cos cos
eoN#
2tan x + 2tan y +2 tan : 2(tan t lun y+tan :)
(tan x t tan v+ tan :) ?-RIS

.. sin 2 du t sin 2,du

+sin 2y

Example 2. 13: ITu log/ + s h o wthat

Solution
(e
Let u =logr'+y'+'log(' +y'+) m(|)
du
,2.
2 '+y² +;?

d'u (r'+y'+))-x(2*) y'+'

('+y'+') (2)

Similrly
z+x-y'
dy' (r'+y'+*) (3)

x'+y'-?
(4)

Adding (2), (3) &(4) we get

O'u d'u d'u '+i-'+'+*'-y' +x'+y'-'
(r'+y'+')'
92
Engineering Mathematics

+ r'+y'+'
'+'+'
(r+y'+)
J'u d'u d'u

Exauple 2.14 : If='+y't' showthat xdu +y du du

dz
Solution :

Let u=(r'+y'+')}
du
---- (|)
Similaty
du
dy
=-y(r'+ y' +')"* ---.(2)

du
-... (3)

Multiplying (1). (2). (3) by x, y, 2respectively and adding, we get

du du du
dx
-+y
dy +-(r'+y'+:')""(+
dz y' +<')
du du du -1/2

dx
-+ y t =-(rty'+) =-#
du du du 3
If u=log(x'+y'+z'-3xyz) then prove that +

and hence show that -9

(r+y+z}'
Solution :
u= log (r'+y'+'-3xyz)
du
dx
r'+y'+e'-3ry:r-3yz)
du 3y'-3xz -...2)
Similarly dy x'+y'+-3xyz
 Partial

du 3:-3xy ---- (3)

dz '+y'+'-3ryz
Adding (1), (2) and (3) we get
du du-+ du 3(r*+y' +z'-xy- yz x)
x+y'+2-3xyz
o a'+b'+c'- 3abc =(a +b+ c)la' +b'+e'-ab -be -ca)
du du du 3(**+ y' +z -xy- yz - x)
dx dy dz (x+y+ z)(*+y' +z'-xy- yz x)
du du 3
+ +
---- (4)
dx dy dz (x+ y+z)

Consider + + +
dx dydz
du du
dx dy dz dx
+
dy z (using (4) ).

3 3 3
u=
dx dy dz (r+y+z) (r+y+z) (r+y+z)' (r+ y+ ¿)

Example 2.16 : If z(r+y)=x* +y'. Show that

Solution :

Let z=
x*+y´
(r+y)
de_(x+ y)(2x)-(r+y)()_+2xy-y' ---- (1)
(*+y) (x+ y)
Similarly. dz_y+ 2.xy -x*
dy (r+y)
Consider

t2y-y'-y'-2y+r(e-y)
x*+2ry -y'- y'-2xy +x*
(r+y)'
-

dx (r+y)'
d_oe
dz 2(r+ y)(r- y)_ 2(r-)
dx (r+y)

(r+y'
Again Consider

ax dy (*+y} (r+y)
(r+2xy -y) (y'+ 2xy - x²) |
(r+ y} (r+ y}

|x+y'-2xy
(x+ y}

From (3) & (4)

dz dz dz dz
dx dy hence verified.
Homogerens Fnctio:
tunctm tf(,9) Ýsaid to be a hemogeneesbtm
A
3
Conltat.
EO Considen flx, 9) = X-9

n (Kx, K9)=
y3) 2 x4y3
X-9
K (0-9)
foy)
fx9)ahongeneny oitn degzeY=L
Qr2 Considen fas)= 3

K9)= KX-K9
no f(KX
k (X-9)

= Kf(x, 9)

K9)= K-Ky
*o f(KX,

¢a t
hmogenes m deree n>0.
:foa)
NE: Condn P(a)= n=2

fo9) =
(-)J
2

/ n=2, degee
EulersTheaem?
homogeneonsgnctin degee n
9t u=u(x,3) fa
9y=nu.
them x Uyt
homogeneonstuntim
U(x,9) be a
Prang Soie U= wc Can wte it ag
n, then
c cegee
abore dde batline
u-ul) See See the

n
u(~)+x"()()
U,= .X
x""u)
n x u )+-9) 2
-
them

= n-u(z,9)

tnctin t
a homogensns
NOk) st u u(Xi33)
deee i. then

clcye n, then

but flu) ahmgenannnten pdega intAen

U=U3)then Uy+9Uy= n5 ()
f'lu)
 but f ru) Ýahomogresns gncRm y degui
n flu)
s'eu)

En L
' u t n ahoogneng mction,

homogneond,

n=2

XUt9Uy= n$(4)

G dege 3
in denminat, all Bnng ane

gucton.
nt a honnogenes
ahoogens cteng eee na.
but Couz 4
dyee each tormtn numenb
ler fu)= (nu aege ealh temo tnom
XUyt9Uy= n (u)
*- s'lu)

- hu
(3) 9f =el
( n ahomogeecshetim
U= e
f
ogemeos c tim o dgen
but lyu-( )ta ‘a hom n=2

2
Leo fu= logu
n ftu)
fu)

bgu
(a)

a
hmogenensn,
f nor
bctim dqy. n=3.
homegenewns
"+3 ) a mnumals= 4
bu e-( degee f eac em olememi =|
ler flu) =e4 n= 3
n fl4)
f'lu)
3.e4
e4

=3

X-+9-23

SN;

M+9-22 degedoeah lem bo me =2

demomia =l
Let fu)=secu
f(u)
f'u)
Secu Tm
 U=e
Qu bgu

8 u- Tor2)
2

u=Si
Ary: 2 Dogu

7+3-3
(12)

() U= Sin

(14) u=

(15) u= co(
legx-leg them fnd te value
6) u=

lyl3)
Nme=o
Degee db each Eem Denomin =2
- 2

Uyt Uy = n u
=-2u.
 + 9

U= X

denmimatos =

BEuleni t XUtUg=0'

So. Numeute degle = &

n=

homgenees,
Ug no a
ahomogenems,
bus Coscc U= xs-y

degee
fuy
f')
 St
&t: x,+93,=e
cno,9=nSn8 then st.
shene x=1
9& 3=f(x, 9)

(})= (22) + B
( )+
b.t b DuaD4= 2abu
ot u=efax-b9), them
J (ax-b),

at+b
ax+b) a f(a-b) efax-b9).a
aXtb
artb
f(ax- bo) + abe
s'car-b)

sax-b).(-b)

n au axtb(a-b)
abe san-b3)

b2 +adu= aabe t(an-b)

du
Jacobiams:
Lat u U(x, 9) ad = V(X,9) then Jacobian n

D(1))

J- J()=

I y ib U= u(,9,3), 9=v(,3,3) & Jz Wa,92) then

Jacobion u, V,w ot <, 9, 3 y enlted by

D(x, 9,2)

he J- J
( /) Vy

(2) 9b J=o.them giun eyl ne dendont.

irdajendent.
b) m X=X(9,0), y=y(),6)
9& u= u(7,9), 9=y(x,
’ u=u(9,e) &=v(7,)
J()= J ( ) I )
 (19)
OB x=ecoy & y=esiv, fnen tnd J )
D=

(eo) - (e"si») (-e"sS v)

= (ecov)

= ec
/ +
S)
= e

J=J()
Nte: To bnd J' in the abore uoblem,

ec

Uy

G)
X -9
 J=J / , d
X,3,

: )

- 9=v

, y, 3

An io X+2
() 9% u= +33-7 D=4x93, S=2-xg, tind T(
at (!, -,o); Ay: 20
2,thun st
J4
 st 7.5=|
()g u= X+9, V=X-9 then
2

tnt: J)=J()- J() ej.- 29

the

3t J ( )=6rs29.
,9

(-X9

thn

t tien qindJ A: 2.
(16) 9t u= +9, v=9+,

then t n J
b U=9, V=X9+93+3X, W=X+Y+3

x-9
2

y=e* Tans tan t JJ=

(22) 94 x=eSec U,
U=Jx9,v= 3, w=/3x thn
(23) 9
 Man o Mg valg ane alis knoum as enterne vales)

3(a,b)> f (a+h, b+k) Lave h,k ae Jall valuey

flath, b+k) hee h, kare Smallyalueg.

f(a)<
Onking poedane to find enthemne yaleso a gomttmf).
(0 Calculate te,ty am equale
() ce the ey. f -0 &t-o .thin t gef pons t pint
(,3)= (a, b), (as, b),
(3) Calculate =9,4 =3, f =t

(6) nt-o &h>0 at (as) then fu3) hey miele ata)

(c) & nt-<o at (a) them f(9b) ngoan enterne ele.

(d) t nt-8=0 t (a,b),then thiy aje dorubtfl and needy
fnthen inestigatim.
 23

f(x,9)= X9-3x 123+2o

2
tO-3 -0 +0
iey f,= 3x3
t= 3X
l2t0 ey f.=35-12
0 435o-

Conden
33=0 &332=0
X=) & y=4
’X=), -)& 9= 2, -2

(x,9) = (,2), (, -2), (-,2) &(-l, -2).

n 9=,= 6X; 8=f0, t-f..= 69.

I2 72
(2) -72
-12
() 6
(2 -72
2)-6
-|2 72
-2)-b

Arli,2); ht-$>0 >0 ’f hag mis; mavele =$(u2)

A4(,-), 9t-to ,f<0 f hay muz ralue at (-i,-)
aud MaK velae= f,-2).
Miy-(ahe =f02)
3
=2-3)-12(2)420
=2

-o+ce-3(-) 2 (-2)-+2O
38
 2
t=343 5 r o = 3X+35-62
629-69.
t, =0+ 6xy-o - 69 to
= 67-6
alyg
8 =69

t= 61-6.J
6X-6

’ 3 3 6 = 0 & 6x9- 6y=o

t-2x=0
9 (7-)=o
SX=), 9=0

yo m 0 ’ z -2X=0 ’x(a-2)z0 l=0,7=2

and x= n |4352=o

(4 3)= ,#)
= (, ),(, -1)
(x,9) = (or0) (2, o),C, ) &(-)
Thus
(2,3) t 9nt
(o,c) -6 36
36
(2,0)
-36
(l) -36
(,-1) o -6
 )

:. at (o,o), nt-8>0 &S7 <0.

f(,) has maz. alue at (0,0)

Mad yalue = floo)

as at (2,o), 1t- o kno

:.f(x5) hy mg-ale at (2i0)
My-ale = f(2,o)
=2+o- s2)-ot4
=!-12+4

t(1,)=z(-x).
3 Find he entiene vaheg
pig (an3) = (o.)9(i)
432

Mes& mg.a g the telloing:

49 Fiud he
() f,)= +93x9+|
(i)(9)= +3x51S-153+72X

Gv) f)= zi2-37-43)

(y f(x,)= |+ S(4y
(v) fa,) = x1+3a+4X-2
(vi) f ) = T 3 a x y ; azo

(tx) f%,3) = x9(a-X-9)

() t09) = _63(x+9)+1229.
(K1) fOa,9)=x2- - 3)