ed

10.18 VIsCOSITY
29. What is viscosity ? Explain the cause of viscosity.
inc Viscosity. Viscosity is the property offluid by virtue of
which an internal force of friction comes into play when
fuid is in motion and which opposes the relative motion
betuen its diferent layers. The backward dragging
force, called viscous drag or
viscous force,
tangentiallyon the layers of the fluid in motion and acts
tends to destroy its motion.
Cause of viscosity.
slowBy and steadily overConsider a liquid
a
Each layer moves parallela fixed horizontal moving
layer in contact to the
:with the fixed fixed surface. The surface.
surface is at rest and the
 10.21
nlyin 10.19 cOEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY
31. What is meant by
dimensions and units. coefficient of viscosity ?Give its
Coefficient of
suppose a liquid viscosity. As shown in Fig. 10.23,
is flowing steadily in the form of
parallel layers on a fixed
two layers P and Qat horizontal surface. Consider
solid surface and moving distances and x + dx from the
x
with
respectively. Then dsdu is the rate ofvelocities
vand v+ du
change of velocity with
distance in the direction of increasing
velocity gradient. distance and is called
Area A
er
’ + du
F4

P
re x+ dx
as

y Fixed surface

Fig. 10.23 Coefficient of viscosity.

er According to Newton, a force of viscosity F acting
al tangentially between two layers is
() proportional to the area A of the layers in
Contact.
Foc A

(i) proportional to the velocity gradient dxdo,between

the two layers
d
Fc
d
du
Fc A
dx
do
Or F=-n Adx

where n is the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. It

depends on the nature of the liquid and gives a
measure of viscosity. Negative sign shows that the
viscous force acts in adirection opposite to the
direction of motion of the liquid.
du
A=1 and =1
dx
then F=1 (numerically)
Hence coefficient of viscosityofa liquid may be defined as
the tangential viscous force required to maintain a unit velo
city gradient between its tuo parallel lanyers each of unit area.
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 10.29
10.28
F=kn e
PHYSICS-XI
rpr Let
oloity. The maximum constant velocity acquired bu a medium varies with time. Initially the body is
5. As or p= SnQ! or p=k -.(1) called its
8n! where k is dimensionless constant. The dimensione body while falling through a viscous medium is accelerated and after some time, it acquires
various quantities are terminal velocity. terminal velocity v.
p=p + P or
[F]=(MLT, n=[MLlT-l} Expression for terminal velocity. Consider a (ii) The terminal velocity is directly proportional to the
spherical body of radius r falling through a viscous square of the radius of the body. That is why bigger
Ir]=(LJ, [o]=(LTy iauid of densityG and coefficient of viscosity n.
Let p rain drops fall with a larger velocity compared
body. to the smaller rain drops.
Substituting these dimensions in equation (1), we be the density of the
8et As the body falls, the various forces
acting on the (ii) The terminal velocity is directly proportional
6. As the three tubes are connected in series. so the These are the difference of the densities of the body and
rate of flow of liquid through all the three tubes is [MLT-1=(MLT-'P (L LT-'r body are as shown in Fig. 10.26.
the fluid, i.e., (p -o)
same, say V. Let pp and P be the pressure () Weight of the body acting vertically downwards.
differences across the three tubes. Then W=mg =npg (a) If p>o, the body will attain terminal
Equating the powers M, L and T on both sides, we velocity in the downward direction.
V= get (i) Upward thrust equal to the weight of the liquid (b) Ifp <o, the terminal velocity will be negative
8n4 8nh 8n' a=1 displaced. i.e., the body will rise through the fluid. That
is why, air bubble in a liquid and clouds in a
But 4 =l, 1, =21,1, =l|2, =, =r/2,; =r/3 -a+ b+ c=1 sky are seen to move in the upward direction.
-a-c=-2 (i) Force of viscosity F acting in the upward (c) Ifp =o, the body remains suspended in the
On solving, a =b=c=1 direction. According to Stokes' law, fluid.
21 1/2
F = kn rv
F=6 T nrv (iv) The terminal velocity is inversely proportional to the
or coefficient of viscosity of the fluid. The more
32 81 For a small sphere, k is found to be equal to 6. U F viscous the fluid, the smaller the terminal
Hence P =32 p,1 and P=A=40.5 p.
81
Hence F=6nn rv Terminal velocity velocity attained by a body.
This proves Stokes' law. (v) The terminal velocity is independent of the height
through which a body is dropped.
10.24 STOKES' LAW Conditions under which Stokes' law is valid :
-Acceleration (vi) Knowing the values of p, G, rand v, we can deter
36. Explain the origin of viscous drag on a body () The fluid through which the body moves has
infinite extension.
mine the coefficient of viscosity n as follows:
falling through a fluid. n=2r(p - G)g
Viscous drag on a body falling through a fluid. (ii) The body is perfectly rigid and smooth. W
(ii) There is no slip between the body and fluid. Time
When a body falls through a viscous fluid, the layer of Examples based on
the fluid in contact with the body moves with its (iv) The motion of the body does not give rise to Fig. 10.26 Forces on a sphere Fig. 10.27 Variation of
velocity. However, the fluid at large distance from it turbulent motion and eddies. Hence motion is falling in a viscous medium. V with t. Stokes Law and Termninal Velocity
remains at rest. This produces relative motion between streamlined.
different layers of the fluid. As a result, the body (v) The size of the body is small but it is larger than Clearly, the force of viscosity increases as the Formulae Used
experiernces a viscous force which tends to retard its the distance between the molecules of the velocity of the body increases. A stage is reached, 1. According to Stokes' law, force of viscosity acting
motion. This retarding force increases with the when the weight or uie becomes just equal to the on a spherical body of radius r moving with
liquid. Thus the medium is homogeneous and
increase in velocity of the body. continuous for such a body. sum of the upthrust and iscousforce. Then the velocity v through a fluid of viscosity n is
37. State Stokes' law. Deduce Stokes' law on the basis body begins to fall with aconstant maximum velocity, F= 6r n rv
10 25 TERMINAL VELOCITY called terminal velocity.
of dimensional considerations. State the conditions under
When the body attains terminal velocity v, 2. Terminal velocity of a spherical body of density p
which Stokes' law is valid. 38. Explain how does a body attain a terminal velocity
U+F= W
and radius r moving througha liquid of density p' is
Stokes' law.According to Stokes' law, the backward when it is dropped from rest in aviscous medium. Derive 2 r
-(p-p')8
viscous force acting on a small spherical bodu of radius r an expression for the terminal velocityofa small spherical V=
9 n
moving with uniform velocityv through fluid of viscositu n body falling througha viscous medium. Also discuss the
is given by result. Units Used
In SI. Force F is in newton, radius r in metre,
F =6 rN ro | Termina! velocity. When a body falls through a 6rn ro=n-o)s
viscous fluid, it produces relative motion between its velocity vin ms, viscosity n in decapoise or Pas,
Derivation of Stokes' law. The viscous force F different layers. As a result, the body experiences a Or D-2(o-o)g and density p in kgm-. In CGS system, Fis in
acting on a sphere moving through a fluid may depend viscous force which tends to retard its motion. As the n dyne, r in cm, v in cms,n in poise and density p
on velocity of the body increases, the viscous force in gcm
(F =6 n rv)also increases. A stage is reached, when This is the expression for terminal velocity.
(i) coefficient of viscosity n of the fluid Discussion of the result : Example 42. A rain drop of radius 03 mm falls through
(i) radius r of the spherical body the weight of the body becomes just equal to the sum
of the upthrust and viscous force. Then no net force () Fig. 10.27 shows how the velocity of a small air with a terminal velocity ofl ms. The viscosity of air is
(ii) velocity v of the body acts on the body and it begins to move with aconstant sphere dropped from rest into a viscous 18 x 10-5 poise. Find the viscous force on the rain drop.
 AMFCHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
10.32 PHYSICS-X
(1.5x 10) (10 -0) x9.8 along tangent at Band then through C with constany This flow is called turbulent flow. It is accompanied by 10.28 CRITICAL VELOCITY
3. v : 1.8 × 105 velocity t, the flow is said to be steady, orderly o candom, irregular, localcircular currents called vortices. mean by critical velocity of aliguid ?
41. What do you
Asshown in Fig. 10.29, a jet of air striking a flat plate Derive
=2.72 x10 ms, streamlined. The path ABC along which the particl an expression for it on the basis of dimensional
move one after another is called a streamline. Th placed perpendicular to it causes a turbulent f1ow. ) considerations.
2 -(o-p)g particle velocity at a particular point remains constan Properties of streamlines : Critical velocity. The critical velocity ofa liquid is that
with time but velocities at different points may or may ) In a steady flow, no two streamlines can cross each limtting value of its velocity of flowupto which lhe jlow 1s
2x(2.0x 10)x (8.9% 10°-1.5x 10°) ×9.8 other. If they do so, the fluid particle at the point streamlined and above which the flow becomes turbulent.
9x6.5x 10-2 not be the same. Streamline flow is possible only ifthe
liquid velocity does not exceed a limiting value, called of intersection willhave two different directions The critical velocity v, of a liquid flowing through a
= 0.992 decapoise. of flow. This will destroy the steady nature of tube depends on
critical velocity. The ixed path followed by an orderly the fluid flow.
5. Density, p =
Mass procession of particles in the steady flow is called a () coefficient of viscosity of the liquid (n)
Volume 4
streamline. In Fig. 10.28(a), the curve ABC representsa (i) The tangent at any point on the streamline gives the (i) density of the liquid (p)
3x 1.34% 10-4 streamline. A streamline may be defined as the path. te direction of velocity of fluid particle at that point. (im) diameter of the tube (D)
(iD Greater the number of streamlines passing
4xrx (2.2x 10-3)9 - 3003,1245 kgm tangent to which at any point gives the direction of the Aoro
normally througha section of the fluid, larger is
Let
above
Oil density, p' = 0.943 x 10° - 943 kgum
of liquid at that point. the fluid velocity at tthat section. where k is a dimensionless constant. Writing the
a equation in dimensional form, we get
Terminal velocity, v:
0.381
=0.05953 ms-l (iv) Fluid velocity remains constant at any point of [M'LT-}- (ML-IT-'J [ML9} [L]
6.4 streamline, but it may be different at different
2r points of the same streamline. [M°LT-] =[M² *bL 4 - 3b +T- "]
n(p-p')g (a) Equating powers of M, L and T, we get
10.27 LAMINAR FLOW
2(2.2x 10)(3003.1245 943) x 9.8 a+b=0
*
0.05953 40. What is laminar fowof a liquid ? Disinguish between -a-3b +c=1
=0.8025 Nsm 2 Streamlines the velocity profiles of non-viscous and viscous liquids. -a=-1
Laminar flow. When the velocity of the flow of a c=-1
6. Volume of bigger drop =Volume of two smaller drops flows On solving, we get a = L b=-l
liquid is less than its critical velocity, the liquid
steadily. Each layer of the liquid slides over the other knp' D-1 k
R'2x or R° =2 or =2/3 ves as
layer. It behaves if different lamina are sliding over
.. v, = oD
laminar flow. the critical velocity v, will be
if n is
Terminal velocity of a smaller drop, Tube of flow
one another. Such a flow is called Clearly,
(b
The surface obtained by joining the heads ofofthea large, ando and Dare small. So we can conclude that
4--p)s Fig. 10.28 (a) A streamline. (b) A tube of flow. velocity vectors for the particles in a section (i) The flow of of higher viscosity and
lower density through narrow pipes tends to be
Terminal velocity of the bigger drop, flowing liquid is called a velocity profile.
() Velocityty profile for a non-viscous liquid. In
streamlined.
2 R(p-p')8 Tube of flow. A bundle of streamlines forming a viscosity and
(i) The flow of liquids of lower pipes tends to
D,9 n tubular region is called a tube of flow. The boundary of case of a non-viscous liquid, the velocity of all the
particles at any section of a pipe is same,e, so the velocity higher density through broad
such a tube is always parallel to the velocity of fluid become turbulent, because in that case the
particles. No fluid can cross the boundaries of a tube of profile is plane as shown in Fig. l0.30(a). critical veloity will be very small.]
flow, and the flow tube behaves somewhat like a tube. Plane velocity Parabolic velocity
or
r, =2213 =22/3 x 2l/s =2ms, In a steady flow, the shape of the flow tube does not profile profile
10.29 REYNOLD'S NUMBER
change with time. is its importance ?
10.26 STREAMLINE AND TURBULENT FLOWS Turbulent flow When the liquid velocity exceeds a 42. What is Reynold's nunber ? What
parameter
39. Distinguish between streamline and turbulent certain limiting value, called critical velocity, the liquid Reynold's numnber. It is dimensionless
through a
flows. What do you understand by a streamline and tube flow becomes zig-zag. The path and the velocity of a whose value decides the nature of flow of a liquid
of flow ? Give important properties of streamlines. liquid particle changes continuously, haphazardly. pipe. It is given by
Streamline flow. When a liquid flowS Such that eac1 (a (b)
R, - P vD
particle of the liquid passing a given point Salong the Fig. 10.30 Flow of (a) Non-viscous
same path and has the same velocity as its predecessor, the (b) Viscous liquid through a pipe. where p= density of the liquid
flow is called streamline flow or steady flow. 7 J
J (ii) Velocity profille of a viacous liquid. When a v= velocity of the liquid
Consider the flow of the liquid along the path ABC; n = coefficient of viscosity of the liquid
where A, BandCare the points inside the liquid. If viscous liquid flows through a pipe, the velocity of
layer at the axis is maximum, the velocity decreases as D= diameter of the pipe.
every successive particle passes through point Awith we go towards the wall of the pipe and becomes zero
constant velocity d, directed along tangent A, then Importance of Reynold's number. If R, lies between
for the layer in contact with the pipe. Hence the 0 and 2000, the liquid flow is streamlined or laminar. If
through point B with constant velocity vg directed Fia. velocity profile for a viscous liquid\ is parabolic, as R, > 3000, the liquid flow is turbulent. If R, lies betwveen
10.29 Streamlines for a turbulent flow. shown inn Fig. 10.30(b).