ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
 Once (segera setelah)
is a subordinate clause which does the work of an
adverb. It may, therefore, modify some verb, adjective,
or adverb in the main clause.
1. Paired Conjunctions
 Both – and (baik ini maupun itu) Plural
My mother is here. My sister is here.
Both my mother and my sister are here.
3. Adverbial Clauses of CAUSE – EFFECT
 Not only – but also (tidak hanya, tapi)
My lover is here. My parents are here.
Not only my lover but also my parents are here.
 Either – or (baik ini maupun itu) Singular
John has your book. Marry has your book.
Either John or Marry has my book.
 Neither – nor (tidak ini, dan tidak itu)
He doesn’t like coffee. He doesn’t like tea.
He likes neither coffee nor tea.
2. Adverbial Clauses of TIME
 After (setelah)
After she graduates, she will get a job.
 Before (sebelum)
I had left before he came home.
 When/Upon (ketika)
When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
Upon my arrival, he was walking on the phone.
 While (pada saat)
While I was studying hard at home, my lover was
doing an affair.
 As (begitu)
As she was walking home, it began to rain.
 By the time (pada saat)
By the time she comes, we will already have
arrived to the airport.
 Since (sejak)
I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.
 Until (sampai saat)
We stayed there until we finished our work.
 As soon as (segera setelah)
As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
Once he gets angry, his employees will look down.
 As long as (sepanjang/selama)
I will never speak to him again as long as I live.
 Whenever/Every time (tiap kali)
The doctor always come whenever he is sent for.
Every time I kick him, I feel satisfied.
 Because (karena)
He went to bed because he got drowsy.
 Since (=because) (karena)
Since he’s not interested in classical music, he
decided not to go to the concert.
 Now that (=because now) for present/future
Now that Peggy has a car, she can drive to school.
 Inasmuch as (=because) for formal using
Inasmuch as the two government leaders could
not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace
are still remote.
 As (=because) (karena)
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
 Due to (=because of)
Due to the cold weather, we stayed home.
 Therefore/Consequently (as a result)
(sebagai akibatnya)
Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
Ellen got angry. Consequently, she didn’t want to
go to the mall.
 Such – Adjective – Noun – That
(=to emphasize the great degree of something)
(begitu …. sehingga)
It was such nice weather that we went to the
zoo.
 So – Adjective/Adverb – That
(=to express result)(begitu … sehingga)
I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.
He walked so quickly that I couldn’t keep
up with him.
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  So that/In order to (= to express purpose)
(supaya)
I turned off the TV in order to enable my
roommate to study in peace and quiet.
I turned off the TV so that my roommate could
study in peace and quiet.
I’ll take my umbrella so that I won’t/don’t get
wet.
Yesterday I took my parasol so that I wouldn’t
get wet.
4. Adverbial Clauses of RESULT
 Even though/Although/Though
Nevertheless/Nonetheless/However
Despite/ In spite of
(to express unexpected result)
(meskipun/walaupun)
Tim’s in good shape physically, even though he
doesn’t get much exercise.
Although I forbade this you have done it.
Though it was cold, I went swimming.
He wasn’t tired. Nevertheless, he went to bed.
She wasn’t hungry. Nonetheless, she ate two
dishes of ice cream anyway.
He lied to me. However, I still trust him.
In spite of her low grades, she was admitted to the
university.
Despite the noisiness, I like living in the dorm.
 Whereas/While
But/Yet
On the other hand
(=used to show direct opposition)
(sedangkan)
Marry is rich, whereas John is poor.
While Fred is a good student, his brother is
lazy.
Florida has a warm climate, but Alaska has a
cold climate.
I am poor. Yet, I am honest.
Sue and Ron are expecting a child. Sue is
hoping for a boy. Ron, on the other hand, is
hoping for a girl.
5. Adverbial Clauses of CONDITION
 If (jika)
If it rains, the streets get wet.
 Even if (bahkan kalau)
(=to express the idea that neither this condition
nor that condition matters)
I have decided to go swimming tomorrow. Even if
the weather is cold, I’m going to go swimming.
 Unless (jika tidak)
(= if ….. not)
I will go to the zoo unless it’s cold.
(= I will go to the zoo if it is not cold)
 Only if (hanya jika)
(= to express the idea that there is ONLY ONE
condition that will cause a particular result)
You will pass the test only if you study hard.
Only if you study hard, will you pass the test.
 Otherwise (kalau tidak)
(= to express the idea ‘if the opposite is true,
then there will be a certain result)
You’d better hurry. Otherwise, you’ll be late.
6. Adverbial Clauses of Giving Example
 For example/For instance/Such as
(contohnya)
There are many interesting places to visit in the
city, for example/for instance, the botanical
garden or the art museum.
Some countries, such as Brazil and Canada, are big.
7. Adverbial Clauses of Continuity the same idea
 Moreover/Furthermore/Besides
(= means also) (terlebih lagi)
The city provides many cultural opportunities. It
has an excellent art museum.
Moreover/Furthermore, it has a fine symphony
orchestra.
The city provides many cultural opportunities.
Besides an excellent art museum, it has a fine
symphony orchestra.
EXERCISE TO DO
Combine by using paired conjunctions
1. He doesn’t have a pen. He doesn’t have paper.
2. Ron enjoys horseback riding. Bob enjoys
horseback riding.
3. You can have tea, or you can have coffee.
4. Arthur is not in class today. Ricardo is not in class
today.
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5. The president’s assistant will not confirm the
story. The president’s assistant will not deny the
story.
6. We can fix dinner for them there, or we can take
them to a restaurant.
7. Coal is an irreplaceable natural resource. Oil is an
irreplaceable natural recourse.
8. Small pox is a dangerous disease. Malaria is a
dangerous disease.
9. Her roommates don’t know where she is. Her
brother doesn’t know where she is.
10. According to the news report, it will snow
tonight, or it will rain tonight.
EXERCISE TO DO
Combine by using CAUSE – EFFECT
1. You just had your sixteenth birthday. Now you
can get a driver’s license. (now that)
2. Monday is Bob’s birthday. Let’s give him a party.
(inasmuch as)
3. My parents are generous. All of the children in
our family have received the best of everything.
(due to)
4. I couldn’t understand her. She talked too fast.
(so – that)
5. The audience booed the actors. It was a bad
performance. (such – that)
6. Bob used to live in the dorm, but a couple of
weeks ago he moved into an apartment. Now he
can cook his own food. (now that)
7. Monday is a national holiday. All government
offices will be closed. (since)
8. We have to wear warm clothes. It’s winter now.
(now that)
9. I am going to leave the party early. I want to be
able to get a good night’s sleep tonight. (so that)
10. The car was expensive. We couldn’t afford to buy
it. (such – that)
11. I’ve met too many people in the last few days. I
can’t possibly remember all of their names. (so –
that)
12. Bill’s wife is ill. Bill has to do all of the cooking
and cleaning all alone. (because of)
13. Whew! I’ve finally finished painting the house.
Now I can go fishing. (now that)
14. The guys I live with don’t know any Arabic. I have
to speak English with them. (inasmuch as)
15. I unplugged the phone. I didn’t want to be
interrupted while I was working. (so that)
16. I can get a job as a bilingual secretary. I know
English now. (now that)
17. The children stayed home. A storm was
approaching. (therefore)
18. When it started to rain, Harry opened his
umbrella. He wanted to be sure he didn’t get
wet. (so that)
19. Dr. Robinson has done excellent research on
wolves. We know much more today about the
endangered species than we did even five years
ago. (due to)
20. I didn’t have my umbrella, so I got wet.
(consequently)
EXERCISE TO DO
Combine by using RESULT
1. Even though Jack wasn’t feeling good, he went
to class. (however)
2. He is happy even though he has a vast fortune.
(in spite of)
3. Sally was very sad, but she smiled and pretended
to be having a good time. (nevertheless)
4. In the United States, gambling casinos are not
legal in most states, while in my country it is
possible to gamble in any city or town. (on the
other hand)
5. George didn’t panic even though he was alone
and lost in the woods. (nevertheless)
6. They wanted to climb the mountain even though
it was dangerous. (despite)
7. Elizabeth is not a citizen of the United States, but
she has to pay income taxes anyway.
(nonetheless)
8. Old people in my country usually live with their
children. The old in United States often live by
themselves. (whereas)
9. The weather was extremely hot. They went
jogging in the park. (in spite of)
10. Even though the work was hard, they enjoyed
themselves. (yet)
EXERCISE TO DO
Combine by using CONDITION
1. Sam’s uncle tells a lot of jokes. Sometimes
they’re funny, and sometimes they’re not. But
Sam always laughs at the jokes. (even if)
2. If I don’t get some film, I won’t be able to take
pictures when Ann and Rob get here. (unless)
3. John must get a scholarship in order to go to
school. That is the only condition under which he
can go to school. (only if)
4. Your approval doesn’t matter to me. I’m going to
marry her. (even if)
5. Mary can go to school only if she gets a
scholarship. (otherwise)
EXERCISE TO DO
Combine by using CONTINUITY of the same idea
1. I like to read that newspaper. One reason is that
the news is always reported accurately. It has
interesting special features. (furthermore)
2. There are many ways you can work on improving
your English outside of class. For example, you
should speak English as much as possible, even
when you are speaking with friends who speak
your native language. You should read as many
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 magazines in English as you have time for. 24. I didn’t put on the lamp. I used to torchlight
Watching television can be helpful. (besides) instead. I didn’t want to disturb anyone.
25. The current was quite strong. He managed to
ANOTHER EXERCISE I bring the child to the bank. He saved the child
Combine by using appropriate pattern!
from drowning.
1. The teacher has explained the lesson several 26. We could not come in time. We started early.
times. The pupils still do not understand it. There was a traffic jam on the highway.
2. The food is expensive. It is not delicious at all. 27. Our school team tried its best. We did not win
3. The inside of the cave is dark. It smells of bats the match. The opposite team was too strong.
too. 28. That old man is blind. He is lame. He can move
4. They searched everywhere for it. They could not very fast with his wooden leg.
find it. 29. I was tired. I couldn’t sleep. The night was warm.
5. Jim switched on the fan. He was feeling very hot. Mosquitoes were buzzing round me.
6. The river was flooded. It had been raining 30. The bell had rung for school to begin. Simon has
continuously for several days. not come yet. He woke up late. He slept late the
7. He ran after the bus. He caught it just as it was night before.
about to move off.
8. Marianne worked hard for the test. She got
through with flying colors. ANOTHER EXERCISE II
9. His sickness is very serious. The doctors have not Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunctions!
given up hope.
1. You can _________ write in English ________
10. We could not enter by the front. The gates were
Malay _______ both are accepted.
locked already.
2. Jimmy missed the bus ________ he had to walk
11. He is the richest man in the country. He is not a
________ luckily someone gave him a lift.
contented man.
3. The boys are afraid to go near the house
12. “Look through the binoculars. You will see the
___________ of the dog _________ they have to
bird up on the tree.”
go up to deliver a message.
13. The machine would not work. Some of the
4. He can speak ________ cannot write English
screws have come off.
________ he studied Chinese at school ______
14. I knocked at the door several times. No one
learned English only when he started working.
answered me.
5. You must hold the rope tight _________ I can cut
15. The rooms given to us were large. They were airy
through it easily.
too.
6. I couldn’t afford to buy it _________ I liked it very
16. His grandfather is sixty years old. He has white
much.
hair all over his head. He is still very healthy.
7. _________ we had set up the net already, we
17. She would not agree to do it. We persuaded her.
couldn’t play badminton _______ it was too
We even begged her.
windy.
18. She is an intelligent girl. She failed in the
8. Aileen couldn’t come with us _______ she had a
examination. She is lazy.
bad cold, _________ we came without her.
19. I was hot. I was tired. I had been walking under
9. You should put your shoes out in the sun ______
the sun for two kilometers.
they will dry faster ________ you need them
20. Ronnie fell down from his bicycle. He hurt
tomorrow.
himself. He didn’t cry.
10. _______ it rained when we were coming home,
21. Bobby is in the army. Peter is in the navy. Adam is
James did not get wet _________ he had a
only a clerk.
raincoat _________ I didn’t ________ I got wet
22. They postponed the badminton match. It looked
all through.
like raining. The wind was too strong to play in.
11. I left the light on ________ he can find his way up
23. She was very drowsy. She finished the work. She
the stairs ________ he usually comes home very
had promised her brother to finish it for him.
late.

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12. Mr. Steven had to pay a fine _______ stay in jail
for a month ______ breaking a traffic rule.
13. _______ Sally ________ Joyce is coming to the
meeting ________ because both of them are
kept in at school.
14. He wanted to join us _________ his father would
not allow him.
15. ________ of you are to blame _______ both of
you didn’t understand the situation.
HOWEVER – FURTHERMORE – OTHERWISE –
DUE TO – THEREFORE – BUT – BECAUSE OF
1. Paula often throws a meaningful smile to any
boy that asks her out for a date; ________ always
turns it down at last.
2. Indonesia has already faced a lot of problems –
economical, political and social - __________ the
conflicts among the politicians.
3. Mark always has his office computers repaired
here _________ the excellent quality of service
given.
4. Flying planes is so dangerous and _________,
requires very experienced-pilot.
5. I could have taken Jane’s bags to her car,
________ I didn’t help her to take them.
6. Vivian was disappointed _________ not being
able to cease her literature test on time.
7. The kids didn’t study. _________, they failed on
the course.
8. You must buy the tickets, _________, we won’t
be able to see that play.
9. We live in the same building, _________, we
hardly see each other.
10. That house isn’t big enough for us, and
_________, it’s too expensive.
THEREFORE – HOWEVER – SO THAT – BECAUSE
– SO – WHEREAS – EITHER – SINCE – NOT ONLY
– AS THOUGH
1. I went to bed early __________ I would be able
to get up early.
2. It’s an excellent course _________ I’m very lucky
to get a place in it.
3. I don’t really want to go to the cinema ________
because I can’t afford it,
4. There’s very little that he can do about this
________ it’s not his responsibility.
5. I’ve known her for a long time. ________, I don’t
know much about her.
6. She’s extremely generous _________ her
husband is the exact opposite.
7. The suspect is ill in the hospital. _________, we
can’t interview him at the time being.
8. I like working here _________ the people are
very friendly.
9. __________ I could do the work tonight, or I
could wake up early to do it.
10. He looks __________ he were sick.
ALTHOUGH – HOWEVER – BECAUSE – BUT –
DUE TO
1. The space program has been expensive.
________ it has advanced science and created
jobs.
2. Smoking in indoor public places is becoming
extremely rare in the US. This is largely
___________ widespread public awareness of
the health hazard caused by the smoking itself as
well by “second hand smoke” – smoke inhaled
by someone who doesn’t smoke.
3. __________ they were not that well-known, the
Incas built an incredible system of roads and an
amazing bridge.
4. The accomplishments of the Incas in building
were very impressive; _________ they could
have done more with their technology.
5. My parents were very strict with me, _________
they believed children needed a lot of discipline,
NEVERTHELESS – THEREFORE – IF – HOWEVER
– MOREOVER
 It has recently come to my attention that some
students have not been attending classes
regularly. This is a very serious situation. You
can’t get good grades _________ you don’t
attend classes. __________ you can’t qualify for
a good job. It’s true that many employers don’t
look at grades. __________, employers do want
employees who are well-educated, responsible,
and have a positive attitude. I’ve heard several
students say that classes are boring. _________,
________ you have a positive attitude toward
the material, you will see that it can be
interesting. A good education is the most
valuable of all possessions. __________, I urge all
of you to attend classes regularly.
FOR – IF – FURTHERMORE – BECAUSE – DURING
– MOREOVER – HOWEVER
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 The time has come to extend the school year to ________, wrap the cloth around the arm or leg
12 months. _________ students attend school all and tie a half knot. ________, place a stick on top
year, they won’t have the usual 3 months of of the knot and tie a square knot. _________
summer vacation to forget what they have
you’ve done that, twist the stick. __________ the
learned ________ the previous nine months.
_________, there will be less risk of students bleeding stops tie the stick in place. _________
getting into trouble _________ they have too you’ve secured the tourniquet, go to the hospital
much unstructured-time. ______________, a immediately.
twelve-month school year will allow us to make
full-use of our school public facilities. We,
ALTHOUGH – BUT – DUE TO – YET – IN CASE –
taxpayers, shouldn’t have to pay for the un-kept
THEREFORE – ALTHOUGH – WHILE – AS – AS A
buildings that go un-used _________ three
months every year. Students may not like the RESULT
idea of going to classes all year round.
__________, teachers and taxpayers will agree 1. _____________ their own economies stumble,
that it makes more sense than the traditional Malaysia and other countries, that once
academic year. welcomed foreign workers, now tell them to go
home.
DUE TO – DESPITE – THOUGH – BECAUSE –
2. Justice Syaifuddin was shot dead on the morning
BECAUSE OF – YET – HOWEVER
of July 26 by four men riding on two
motorcycles, ___________ he has driving
1. Mark has finally given up his ambition to be a
through Kemayoran, Central Jakarta, on his way
sculpture or _________ the realization of his
to work.
talent limitation.
3. Most students from well-off families had
2. English is so easy, _________ French is so
submitted back up application to private
difficult.
universities, which obviously charge the students
3. ___________ the movie was welcomed with the
much more in fees, ___________ they failed the
extra ordinary number of moviegoers flooding
state entrance examination.
the cinema it would be on cinemas for another
4. In rural China, women are abducted and sold.
week.
This is a practice that will escalate __________
4. __________ her low grades, she was admitted to
the skewed to female ratio, resulting in a dire
the Chicago University.
shortage of available brides. According to
5. I don’t like geometry too much. I’m going to
sociologist, Korea will experience a similar
enroll in a School of Architecture _________.
predicament in the not too distant future,
6. Nobody has noticed Sandra’s talent in music.
__________ on a smaller scale.
_________, she keeps on practicing playing
5. Free copies about the results of State
piano.
Universities’ entrance examination were
7. _________ both of them had been engaged for
provided at every State University campus,
almost 4 years and they had already had a stable
__________ in Surabaya, some were being sold
career they decided to get married next month.
at between Rp 2,000 and Rp 5,000 per copy.
8. Shirley was so disappointed ___________ not
6. __________ John F. Kennedy, Jr was American
being able to accomplish her final exam on time.
royalty; he had an effortless common touch-
9. __________ the reality that he’s only an adopted
helping the helpless, working with
child, Harry still loves his foster parents and does
disadvantaged-children and having a kind word
not want to live with his real parents.
for everyone he encountered along his way.
10. Mr. Walberg has blamed himself for not
7. Some Asian nations now have quota policies to
educating his son much better. __________, he
ensure women’s voice in government.
actually feels that it can’t be him who has made
___________, women hold 21% of China’s
his son a bank robber.
parliamentary seats. Taiwan women hold 10% of
elected local government seats.
8. The lives of JFK’s children were something of a
BECAUSE – FIRST – THEN – NEXT – ONCE – paradox-lived in plain sight, largely on the streets
WHEN – AFTER – IN CASE – BY THEN – BEFORE of Manhattan, ___________ shielded from the
public, press, and even the Kennedy clan itself.
 _________ of a serious cut, always apply a 9. The role and status of women in Asia are often
tourniquet _________ you do anything else. traced to the hierarchy for respect and
Don’t wait for an ambulance _________ obedience put forth by conflicts. It’s currently
_________ the injured-person might have already thought, __________, that such teaching should
“be considered politically incorrect in modern
lost too much blood. To apply a tourniquet,
society”.
________, place wide cloth close to the wound.

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BECAUSE – IN ORDER TO – SO-THAT –
HOWEVER – DESPITE – BECAUSE – AS SOON AS
– THOUGH – SO-THAT – IF
1. The teacher suspected him cheating __________
he noticed the pupil’s furtive glances at his
classmate’s paper.
2. _________ you listen carefully, you can hear this
simple motif throughout the entire score.
3. Many educators argue that a homogenous
grouping of students would improve instruction
___________ it would limit the range of student
abilities in the classroom.
4. ___________ he was a misanthrope, he shunned
human society.
5. Hroswitha, the nun, ___________ hidden among
the cloisters and obscured by time is now
considered an important literary figure of the
medieval period.
6. __________ the mixture’s volatile, we found that
by lowering its temperature in the laboratory we
could dramatically reduce its tendency to
vaporize.
7. His olfactory sense was __________ highly
developed _________ he was often called in to
judge perfume.
8. She has sufficient tact to handle the ordinary
crises of diplomatic life; __________, even her
diplomacy is insufficient to enable her to weather
the current emergency.
9. You should delete this paragraph ________ make
your essay more succinct.
10. The plot of this story is ________ trite ______ I
can predict the outcome.
FOR – DUE TO – THEREFORE – HOWEVER –
DESPITE – THEREFORE – BECAUSE OF – UNLESS
– ALTHOUGH – BECAUSE – WHILE – ALTHOUGH
– BUT – BEFORE
4. Residents of Munjul Village in Cipayung sub-
district, East Jakarta, are still consuming polluted
water from their wells ____________ the source
of pollution had been removed from their area
seven months ago.
5. The wells belong to 70 families in the
neighborhood were all-polluted. ___________,
many residents had abandoned consuming water
from their own wells.
6. The residents suspected that the waste had
polluted the water ___________ they operated
here, the water was fine.
7. The residents’ complained resulted in the
decision of local authorities to evict UD Kurnia
from the area in October last year. _________,
the water still tastes bitter.
8. Tests conducted by Labiomed, a laboratory
owned by the Indonesian Army, also show that
the water in the area failed to meet the clean
water requirements __________ it had a high
percentage of metal and gas.
9. The water contained 5 ppm of iron and 3 ppm of
nitrate, ___________ the highest acceptable
levels are 0.3 ppm of iron and 1 ppm of nitrate.
10. ___________ the continuing problem, residents
have opted not to take the case to court as local
authorities have responded to their demand.
11. Djafar’s lawyers told the South Jakarta District
Court that their client would continue with the
lawsuit against the National Police _________
failed negotiations.
AND – BUT – OR – BECAUSE – SO

1. I did not buy the ball ___________ I did not have

1. Tens of thousands of workers on Batam Island
may eventually lose their jobs _________
2.
continuing low demand for products from the
island. 3.
2. “___________ the national economy improves, 4.
dozens of foreign investors will leave the island 5.
by May 2012,” Mark said.
3. The North Jakarta Police are seeking five men 6.
__________ their allege roles in the Kidnapping
of Billy Dharmawan, brother of the owner of PT. 7.
Matahari Putra Prima. On Thursday Billy was
8.
released ___________ it still remains unclear
whether the kidnappers were paid any money.
9.
____________ the police are still continuing to
probe the case __________ the family has not 10.
yet paid any ransom.
enough money.
He wanted to buy some salt ___________ the
shop was closed.
I like chocolates ___________ cakes.
He walked to the door ___________ opened it.
They went fishing ____________ did not catch
anything.
You must not go near the fire __________ you
will be burnt.
My brother is ill __________ he cannot go to
school.
He scalded his hand badly __________ he went
to see the doctor.
She opened the cupboard __________ took out a
book.
We couldn’t hear what he was saying _________
he was speaking very softly.

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11. Michael did not study for his test __________ he
failed it.
12. I searched everywhere for the key _________
could not find it.
13. Do you want the red dress __________ the blue
one?
14. You must hurry ___________ you will miss the
train.
15. You must keep quiet _________ you will have to
leave the room.

Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam

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