Chapter 1

1.1) A lowpass filter is desired with the cutoff frequency of 10 Hz. This
filter should
attenuate a 100-Hz signal by a factor of at least 78. What should be the
order of this
filter?
Ignoring the initial slope:
Atten dB = -20 (N- poles) log (f2/f1) = 20 log 85
-20(N- poles) log (10/100) = 20(N- poles) log (100/10) = 38.5
N – pole = ଷ଼.ହ
ଶ ୪୭୥ ଵ୥
ൌ 1.9 ՜ 2 ୥୥݈݁‫ݏ‬
__________________________________________________________
_________
Chapter 2
2.3) Use Eq. 2.14 to analytically determine the RMS value of a “square
wave” with an
amplitude of 1.0 volt and a period 0.2 sec.
Apply Eq. 2.14 directly.
‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ቈ݈݁ 1 න୥ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻଶ݈݁ ୥‫ݐ‬ଵ ଶ ൌ ቈ0.2 1
න୥୥.ଶ1݈݁ ୥‫ݐ‬ଵ ଶ
ൌ ሾ5୥. ୥|‫ݐ‬ଶሿଵ ଶ ൌ ሾ5ሺ0.2ሻሿଵ ଶ ൌ 1
2.5) Use Eq. 2.14 to analytically determine the RMS value of the
waveform shown below
with amplitude of 1.0 volt and a period 0.5 sec. [Hint: You can use the
symmetry of the
waveform to reduce the calculation required.]
To find the RMS of a “sawtooth” wave, apply Eq. 2.14 directly. By
symmetry only the
first half period need to be evaluated:
݈݁ ோ ெ ெ ൌ ቈ݈݁ 1 න୥ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻଶ݈݁ ୥‫ݐ‬ଵ ଶ ൌ ቈ0.25 1 න
൬ ୥୥୥.ଶହ 0.25 3 ‫ݐ‬൰ଶ ݈݁ ୥‫ݐ‬ଵ ଶ
݈݁ ோ ெ ெ ൌ ୥4ሺ୥.ଶହ ଷ ሻଶ ௧ଷయቚ୥ ୥.ଶ൨ଵ ଶ ൌ
ቂସሺଷሻ ሺ୥.ଶହሻ మሺ୥.ଷହሻ మ ଷ యቃଵ ଶ ൌ 1.72
2.9) If a signal is measured as 2.5 volts and the noise is 28 mV (28 x 10-3
volts), what is the
SNR in dB.
SNRdB = 20 log ቀ୥.୥ଶ଼ ଶ.ହ ቁ = 39 dB
2.10) A single sinusoidal signal is found in a large amount of noise. (If
the noise is larger than
the signal, the signal is sometimes said to be “buried in noise.”) If the
RMS value of the
noise is 0.5 volts and the SNR is 10 dB, what is the RMS amplitude of
the sinusoid?
Apply Eq. 1.13, but solve for the RMS value of the signal:
SNRdB = 20 log ቀ୥୥୥୥௦୥ ୥ೞ୥୥ ቁ 10 dB; 20݈݁ ݈݁ ୥ቀ୥୥.ହ ೞ୥୥ቁ 10
log ቀ୥୥.ହ ೞ୥୥ቁ ൌ ଵ୥ ଶ୥ ൌ 0.5 ୥୥.ହ ೞ୥୥ ൌ 10୥.ହ
ൌ 3.16 Vsig = 1.58 volts rms
2.12) An 8-bit ADC converter that has an input range of ± 5 volts is used
to convert a signal
that ranges between ± 2 volts. What is the SNR of the input if the input
noise equals the
quantization noise of the converter? [Hint: Refer back to Eq. 1.8 to find
the quantization
noise.]
ߪଶ ൌ ݈݁ ୥୥௫ ଶ
12ሺ2ோ ൌ 1ሻ ൌ
10ଶ
12ሺ2 ଼ ൌ 1ሻ ൌ
100
3060 ൌ 0.0327
݈݁ ୥୥୥௦୥ ߪൌ √0.0327 ൌ 0.18 ‫ݒ‬୥݈݁ ‫ݏݐ‬
݈݁ ൌ
2
0.18 ൌ 11.11 ൌ 20.9 ݈݁ ݈݁‫ܤ‬
2.16) A resistor produces 10 μV noise (i.e., 10 x 10-6 volts noise) when
the room temperature
is 310K and the bandwidth is 1 kHz (i.e., 1000 Hz). What current noise
would be
produced by this resistor?
Need to find R from information on the voltage noise of the resistor.
Using Eq. 2.25 for
the voltage noise from a resistor:
݈݁ ୥
ൌ √4݈݁ = ݈݁ 10‫ ܤ݈݁ݐ‬x 10-6 volts
݈݁ ൌ ൫ଵ୥షఱ൯మ
ସ୥ ୥ௐ
ൌ
ଵ୥షభబ
ଵ.୥ൈ ଵ୥షమబሺଵ୥యሻ = 5.88 x 106 = 5.88 MΩ
݈݁
୥ = ට4݈݁ ‫ ݈݁ ܤݐ‬ൌ ඨ1.7 ൈ 10 ଶ୥ሺ10ଷሻ 5.88 ൈ 10୥
ൌ 1.7 ൈ 10 ଵଶ amp
2.17) The noise voltage out of a 1-MΩ (i.e., 106-Ω) resistor is measured
using a digital