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A presentation on
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B.Sc. Semester - II, Core Course – IV: ZOO 202 – C,
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Animal Physiology, Endocrinology : Unit – 4(1)
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COMPONENTS OF BLOOD5 3 AND
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THEIR FUNCTIONS
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Assistant Professor
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Department of Zoology

D Kumbi College, Kumbi

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Blood and Its Major Components
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• The organs in the circulatory system have an important role in assuring
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good blood circulation.
Blockages interfere with body functions. The heart is the pump that r e
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sends blood out through the arteries and capillaries into the body. The

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blood returns in the veins.
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Circulation includes moving blood through the lungs to get oxygen and

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throughout the entire body to support life processes.
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give off carbon dioxide, through the liver and spleen for cleaning, and

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The amount of blood in an animal varies with the species and the size of
the animal.
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Large animals have more blood than small ones. Animals that live at

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high altitudes have more blood than those that live at low altitudes.
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Because air at higher altitudes has less oxygen, more blood is needed to

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meet the demands of the body for oxygen. An average adult human

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weighing 160 pounds has about 5 quarts of blood.
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Blood consists of four major components. They are plasma, red blood
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cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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 Kumbi
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pH of blood : The normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45,which is slightly
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alkaline. The venous blood normally has a lower pH than the arterial
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blood because of presence of more Carbon dioxide.
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Temperature : The temperature of the blood is 38°C(100.4°F), about
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1°Chogher than oral or rectal body temperature.
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Viscosity : ‘Viscosity’ means thickness or resistance to flow. Blood is about
3-5 times denser & more viscous(thicker) than water & feels slightly

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sticky. Viscosity is increased by the presences of blood cells & plasma

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proteins. This thickness contributes to normal blood pressure.

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Colour : The colour of blood varies with its oxygen content. Arterial blood is
bright red due to it’s high level of oxygen. Venous blood has given up
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much of it’s oxygen in tissues & thus has a darker, dull red colour.
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Amount : Blood constitutes about 20% of extracellular fluid, amounting to

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8% of total body mass. The blood volume is 5L to 6L(1.5gal) in average

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sized adult male & 4L to 5L(1.2gal) in an average sized adult female.
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 COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
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Figure 1: The major components of whole blood.

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Plasma

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• 55% of whole blood

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• Leukocytes and platelets

C • <1% of whole blood

Formed

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Erythrocytes
• 45% of whole blood

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1 Withdraw blood
and place in tube.
2 Centrifuge the
blood sample.
• Most dense component

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 PLASMA
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When formed elements are removed from
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blood, a straw t
coloured liquid called blood plasma is left.
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Chemical composition of blood plasma-
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PLASMA WATER (91.5%) : Liquid portion of blood.
suspending medium for components of 5
3 Acts as solvent and

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and releases heat.
PLASMA PROTEIN (7.0%) : Exert colloid
maintain water balance r t e osmotic pressure , which helps

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between blood and tissues and regulates blood volume.
ALBUMIN: Smallest and nmost numerous blood plasma proteins;
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and for fatty acids.C
produces by liver. Transports proteins for several steroid hormones

F by liver and plasma cells, which develop from B

D Antibodies help attack viruses and bacteria. Alpha and
GLOBULINS: Produces

P transport iron, lipids and fat soluble vitamin.

lymphocytes.

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beta globulins
FIBRINOGEN: Produces by liver. Plays essential role in blood clotting.

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OTHER SOLUTES (1.5%) ELECTROLYTES : Inorganic salts.
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Positively charges ions (cations) include Na+,K+,Ca+,Mg2+;
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Negatively charged ions (anions) include Cl-,HPO42-,SO42-,HCO3-.
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Help maintain osmotic pressure and plays essential roles in function
of cells.
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NUTRIENTS : Products of digestion pass into bloodn for distribution to
all body cells. Includes amino acids (from proteins),U glucose (from
carbohydrates), fatty acids and glycerol (from
5 3triglycerides), vitamins
and minerals.
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GASES: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and r Nitrogen. More O2 is associated
with hemoglobin inside red blood
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plasma. N2 is present but hase no known functions in the body.
REGULATORY SUBSTANCES
n v : Enzymes, produces by body cells,
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catalyze chemical reactions. Hormones, produced by endocrine
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glands, regulate metabolism, growth and development. Vitamins are
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cofactors for enzymatic
D : Most are breakdown products of protein
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WASTE PRODUCTS

urea,b
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metabolism and are carried by blood to organs of excretion. Include
uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin and ammonia.

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 FORMED ELEMENTS
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FORMED NUMBER CHARACTERSTICS* FUNCTIONS
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ELEMENTS
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NAME AND
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APEARANCE
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Red Blood Cells 4.8 million/ 7-8 μm diameter,
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Hemoglobin within RBCs
(RBCs) or μL in biconcave discs, without
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Erythrocytes females 4.5 nuclei; live for about oxygen and part of carbon
million/μL in
males
120 days.

5 . dioxide in the blood.

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White Blood Cells 5000-10,000/ Most live for a few Combat pathogen and other
(WBCs) or μL
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hours to a few days. foreign substances that enter
Leukocytes

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Some called T and B
memory cells can live
the body.

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60%-70% of 10-12μm diameter; Phagocytosis.
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Granular

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Leukocytes all nucleus has 2 – 5 lobes Destruction of bacteria with

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Neutrophiles WBCs connected by thin lysozymes, defensins and

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strands of chromatin; strong oxidants, such as

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pale, lilac granules.
superoxide anion, hydrogen
peroxide, and hypochlorite
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Eosinophils 2-4% 10-12μm diameter; nucleus Eliminates parasites, such as
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of all usually has 2 lobes worms which are too big to be
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WBCs connected by s thick strand phagocytosed; phagocytes
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of chromatin; large, red-
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antigen-antibody complexes &
orange granules fill the
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combat the effects of histamine
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cytoplasm. in allergic reactions

Basophils 0.5-1% 8-10μm diameter; nucleus

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Liberate heparin, histamine and
of all has 2 lobes; large
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serotonin in allergic reactions

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WBCs cytoplasmic granules
appear deep blue-purple.
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that intensify the overall
inflammatory response.

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Agranular 20-25% Small lymphocytes are 6- 9 Medium immune response,
Leukocytes of all
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μm in diameter; large including antigen-antibody

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Lymphocytes WBCs lymphocytes are 10-14μm reactions. B cells develop into
(T cells,
B cells &
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in diameter; nucleus is
round or slightly indented;
plasma cells, which secrete
antibodies, T cells attack
natural killer
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cytoplasm forms a rim invading viruses, cancer cells,
cells)
F around the nucleus that and transplanted tissue cells.

D looks sky blue; the larger Natural killer calls attach a wide

P the cell, the more variety of infectious microbes

b e cytoplasm is visible. and certain spontaneously arising

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tumor cells.

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Monocytes 3-8% of all 12 – 20 m Acts on the
WBCs diameter; nucleus is
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hypothalamus,
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kidney shaped or
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causing the rise in

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horseshoe shaped.
Cytoplasm is blue-
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body temperature
with microbial
gray and has foamy
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appearance

5 3 stimulates the

5 . production of some
globulins by the

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r t production of

v e activated T-
lymphocytes;

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Platelets C
150,000- 2 – 3 m diameter Form platelet plug
(Thrombocytes)
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400,000/μL cell fragments that in homeostasis;

D live for 5 – 9 days; release chemicals

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nucleus. blood clotting.

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 Haemopoiesis e d
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Stages in the development of blood cells
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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
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TRANSPORTATION REGULATION PROTECTION g i
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• Respiration • Regulates pH
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• WBC protects
• Nutrient carrier • Adjusts and U
against disease
from GIT maintains body
5 3 by phagocytosis
• Transportation of temperature 5 . • Reservoir for
hormones from • Maintains water
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endocrine glands
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content of cells water, electrolyte
• Transports
metabolic wastes o n etc.
• Performs
C haemostasis
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A Thank you