Solution

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Class 11 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) simple harmonic with period 2π

Explanation: All sine and cosine functions of t are simple harmonic in nature.
Hence the motion is simple harmonic motion.
A simple harmonic motion is always periodic.
Time period = T = ′ 2π

ω′

Hence the motion is simple harmonic with time period 2π

ω
.
2.
(c) 2π
Explanation: The wavelength is defined as the distance between two adjacent troughs or crests. The points on two adjacent

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troughs or crests are in phase 2π .

a
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3.
−−−−−−
(d) simple harmonic with amplitude √a
At

2 2
+ b

Explanation: y = asinω t + bcosω t

= A cos ϕ sin ωt + A sin ϕ cos ωt
= A sin(ωt + ϕ)
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Also, a2 + b2 = A 2
(cos
2
ϕ + sin
2
ϕ) = A
2

−−−−−−
2 2
⇒ A = √a + b
−−−−−−
Thus the motion is simple harmonic with amplitude √a 2
+ b
2
.
4.
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(b) Time period

−−
Explanation: The time period of the SHM is given by T = 2π√ m

k
where 'm' be the mass of the body (constant), 'k' restoring
force constant as T depends on 'm' and 'k' and they are constant for the system, so the corresponding Time period of the motion
is Constant.
5.
(c) None of these
Explanation: The motion of a simple pendulum is Simple Harmonic Motion(SHM) if a restoring force is proportional to the
displacement, a relationship often known as Hooke's Law when applied to springs.
6.
(d) 20 to 20000 Hz
Explanation: Humans are most sensitive to (i.e. able to discern at lowest intensity) frequencies between 2,000 and 5,000 Hz.
The human ear can respond to minute pressure variations in the air if they are in the audible frequency range, roughly 20 Hz -
20 kHz. This incredible sensitivity is enhanced by an effective amplification of the sound signal by the outer and middle ear
structures.
7. (a) 64 N
−3

= 10-2 m
5.0× 10 kg
Explanation: μ = −2
50× 10 m

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 −
−
T
v = √
μ

∴ T = μv = 10-2 × (80)2 = 64 N
2

8.
(d) 1 : 4
−
−−
vO dH
Explanation: vH
= √
d
O

−−
1 1
=√ 16
=
4
=1:4

9. (a) a circle
Explanation: x = A cos (ωt + α + π

2
) = -A sin (ωt + α)
∴ x2 + y2 = A2[sin 2
(ωt + α) + cos (ωt + α)]
2
= A2
which is an equation of a circle. Since y is +ve and x is −ve, so the circular motion is counter clockwise.
10. (a) 3 m/s
Explanation: When the source is moving forward towards the observer, the apparent frequency is f 1 =
v

v−vs
× f

When source moves backwards f 2 =

v

v+vs
× f

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1 1 −2vs
f2 − f1 = f v [ − ] = fv [ ]
v+vs v−vs 2 2
v − vs

As vs << v, so
f2 − f1 2vs 2
∣ ∣
= =

a
f ∣ v ∣ 100

v 300
vs = = = 3 m/s

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100 100

Section B
11. The motion which repeats itself over and over again after a fixed interval of time is called a periodic motion.
12. P.E. or K.E. completes two vibrations in a time during which S.H.M. completes one vibration or the frequency of P.E. or K.E. is
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double than that of S.H.M.
13. Angular frequency of the piston, ω = 200 rad/ min.
Stroke = 1.0 m
Amplitude, A = = 0.5m
1.0
At

The maximum speed (vmax) of the piston is given by the relation:

vmax = Aω

= 200 × 0.5 = 100m/ min

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14. Ocean waves are transverse in nature and spread out in the form of concentric circles. When these waves reach the beach shore,
their radius of curvature becomes so large that they can be treated as plane waves. Hence the ocean waves hit the beach nearly
normal to the shore.
15. The frequency of vibration depends on the length of the air column and not on reflecting media, hence frequency does not change.
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16. Sound waves travel in solids with the highest speed. This is because the coefficient of elasticity of solids is much greater than the
coefficient of elasticity of liquids and gases.
−−
2
T1 ν1 T1 2 4
17. √ T2
=
ν2
∴
T1 +5
= (
3
) =
9

or 9T1 = 4T1 + 20
or T1 = 4 kg wt
18. The two prongs of a tuning fork set each other is resonant vibrations and help to maintain the vibrations for a longer time.
19. The velocity of sound in a perfectly rigid rod will be infinite. This is because the value of Young's modulus of elasticity is infinite
for a perfectly rigid rod.
20. No. Due to the weight of the rope, the tension increases along the rope from the lower end to the upper end. Hence the wave will
travel up the rope with an increasing velocity.
21. Displacement, y = sin2 ωt
dy
Velocity, v = dt
= 2 sin ωt × cos ωt × ω

= ω sin 2ωt
Acceleration, a = dv

dt
= ω × cos 2ωt × 2ω

= 2ω cos 2ωt
2

As the acceleration a is not proportional to displacement y, the given function does not represent SHM. It

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 represents a periodic motion of angular frequency 2ω .
∴ Time period, T =
2π 2π π
= =
Angular frequency 2ω ω

22. Displacement = 1

2
amplitude or y = 1

2
A
Total energy of SHM, E = 1

2
mω A
2 2

Kinetic energy of SHM, Ek = 1

2
mω
2
(A
2
− y )
2

= 1

2
mω
2
[A
2
− (
A

2
) ]

= 1

2
mω
2
(
3A

4
) = 3

4
⋅
1

2
mω A
2 2
=
3

4
E

Potential energy of SHM,

2

Ep = 1

2
mω y
2 2
=
1

2
mω (
2 A

2
)

1 1 1
= 4
⋅
2
mω A
2 2
=
4
E

23. Total spring constant, K = K1 + K2 + K3 (In parallel)

= K + 2K + K
= 4K
= 4 × 2 (k = 2 N | m)

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=8N|m
Time period,
−−
−
T = 2π√
m

1
​

a
K
−
−−
T = 2π√
m
​

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4K

−−−
T = 2π√
0.08

4×2
​
−−−
T = 2 ×
22
× √
0.08
​
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7 8

22
T = 2 × × 0.1
7

T= 0.628 s
24. For air ρ =1.10 kg m-3, κ = 1.33 × 105 Nm-2
∴ Speed of sound in air
At

−− − −−−− −5
κ 1.33×10 −1
v = √ = √ = 347.7 ms
ρ 1.10

v
A well can be regarded as a closed organ pipe. So its fundamental frequency, ν = 4L
v 347.7
or L = = = 12.41 m
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4ν 4×7

25. Essential properties of a medium for the propagation of mechanical waves. Both transverse and longitudinal waves can propagate
through those media which have the following properties:
i. Elasticity: The medium must possess elasticity so that the particles can return to their mean positions after being disturbed.
ii. Inertia: The medium must possess inertia or mass so that its particles can store kinetic energy.
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iii. Minimum friction: The frictional force amongst the particles of the medium should be negligibly small so that they continue
oscillating for a sufficiently long time and the wave travels a sufficiently long distance through the medium.
26. Density of helium,
−3
4g 4× 10 kg 4 −3
ρ = = = kg m
22.4 litre −3 3 22.4
22.4×10 m
−
−− −−−−−−−−−
γP 5
1.67× 10 ×22.4 −1
v = √ = √ = 967 ms
p 4

27. Given speed of sound in air, v = 343 ms-1

Length of wire, I = 12.0 m, total mass of wire M = 2.10 kg
masss per unit length m = = = 0.175kg m
M

l
2.10

12.0
−1

Now
−−
= (343)2 × 0.175 = 20,588.6N = 2.06 × 104N
T 2
v = √ ⇒ T = v m
m

28. We know that, the displacement equation for an oscillating mass is given by:
⇒ x = A cos(ωt + θ)

Velocity v is given by:

dx
⇒ v = = −Aω sin(ωt + θ)
dt

⇒ At t = 0, x = x0

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 ⇒ x0 = A cos θ = x0 ...(i)
And, dx

dt
= − v0 = Aω sin θ
v0
⇒ A sin θ =
ω
....(ii)
Squaring and adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:
2
v
2 2 2 2 0
⇒ A (cos θ + sin θ) = x + ( )
0 2
ω

−−−−−−−−−
v0 2
2
∴ A = √x + ( )
0 ω
−−−−−−−−−
v0 2
Hence, the amplitude of the resulting oscillation is given by √x 2
+ (
ω
) .

29. a. At t = 0, OP makes an angle of 45o = π

4
rad with the (positive direction of ) x-axis. After time t, it covers an angle 2πt

T
in the
anticlockwise sense, and makes an angle of 2π

T
t +
π

4
with the x-axis.
The projection of OP on the x-axis at time t is given by,
2π π
x(t) = A cos ( T
t +
4
)

For T = 4s.
2π π
x(t) = A cos ( 4
t +
4
)

π
which is an SHM of amplitude A, period 4s, and an initial phase =

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4

b. In this case at t = 0, OP makes an angle of 90o = π

2
with the x-axis. After a time t, it covers an angle of 2π

T
t in the clockwise
sense and makes an angle of ( π

2
−
2π

T
t) with the x-axis at time t is given by

a
x(t) = B cos ( π

2
−
2π

T
t) = B sin ( 2π

T
t)

For T = 30s.
x(t) = B sin ( π

15
t)
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π π
Writing this as x(t) = B cos ( 15
t −
2
) , and comparing with x(t) = A cos (ω t + ϕ). We find that this represents an SHM of
π
amplitude B, period 30 s, and an initial phase of - . 2
At
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