READING AND WRITING SKILLS

Ms. BJ Resare
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE

What is a discourse?
Discourse is a sentence above the language, language in use and form of social practice in which language
plays a central role. The expression of ideas that a person can think of. (tawag sa paggamit ng wika bilang
paraan ng pagpapahatid ng mensahe.)
What is a text?
Text is the sum of the discourses that makes up a large unit of written language.
According to M. Jorgensen & L. Phillips (2002), a text should have the following standards
or characteristics:
1. Cohesion- the actual words/ sentences are mutually connected within a sequence.
2. Coherence- the connection of ideas at the paragraph level.
3. Intentionality- the plan or purpose of the writer.
4. Informativity- the quantity of new information in the text.
5. Acceptability- how factual the pieces of information are.
6. Situationality - appropriateness of the text to the target reader
7. Intertextuality – the connection of the succeeding discourse to the previous one. It also talks about
the existence of the succeeding text because of the previous one.

COHESION
It is focused on how the ideas are being connected in a certain phrase or sentence. Whatever idea the
writer tries to express shall be distinguished by the use of words. For example, if the writer wants to express
a cause and effect in a sentence, he might use the word “because”. (Sentence Level)

COHERENCE
It is concerned with how the sentences and paragraphs are linked together that they would express a single
idea. This is achieved when the writer uses cohesive devices to link the ideas together or to signal whether
he is continuing, opposing, or moving on from the idea of the previous sentence or paragraph. Cohesive
devices such as furthermore, in addition, secondly, moreover, and etc. connote that the writer is
supporting or continuing the previous claim or idea. (Paragraph Level)

INTENTIONALITY
Intentionality as a characteristic of a text answers the question: What is the purpose of the writer in writing
the text? A text must be written with a purpose whether that is to inform, persuade, or entertain. In some
cases, a text is written to criticize or just to express one’s opinion. When a text has a purpose, intentionality
is achieved.

INFORMATIVITY
This quality of the text focuses on the amount of new information embedded on it. A text is written to
provide new information or perspective not a duplication of an already-known concept. A writer shall make
sure that what he/she is writing is not common knowledge to all.

ACCEPTABILITY
Are the things you are writing acceptable? Acceptability refers to the veracity of the information provided.
How true the information or ideas expressed? The text shall be accepted by a group or a number of people
especially that of the academic community. It is achieved when it underwent rigorous vetting.
 READING AND WRITING SKILLS
Ms. BJ Resare
SITUATIONALITY
This simply refers to the socio-cultural appropriateness of the text. The content of the text shall not be
offensive to any race, sex, religion, etc. A text shall always conform to the situation.

INTERTEXTUALITY
Why an answer exists? Intertextuality refers to the way you understand the succeeding discourse because
of the way you interpret the preceding one. Intertextuality is the idea that a text exists because of another
text or an event. For example, you cannot write an editorial about COVID-19 if when, in the first place,
COVID-19 does not exist. In poetry, the The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd would have not been written
without the The Passionate Shepher to His Love since it is the reply to the latter. You cannot reply to
something that doesn’t exist, right? The final example, a movie adaptation of a novel is a perfect example
of intertextuality.

What makes text a connected discourse?

A text becomes a connected discourse when we read, because the literary text is defined as a product
of writer's speech-thinking activity.
As we have discussed in the class, if we speak of Text as Connected Discourse, we will be dragging
in two interrelated concepts – the text and the discourse. The understanding of the text requires an
understanding of the discourse. As defined, discourse is the expression of ideas that a person can think
of. I want that pair of shoes as a sample sentence gives us an idea that someone wants a particular pair
of shoes; this idea is considered a discourse. In addition, the ideas in discourse may spark responses or
may provoke an action.

In reading and writing, the text or written language will be used and it has the
following functions:
1. Action: public signs, product labels and instructions, recipes, maps, TV- guides,
bills, menus, telephone directories.
2. Information: newspapers, magazines, researches, journals.
3. Social Contact: letters, postcards, greeting cards.
4. Entertainment: light magazines, fiction books, poetry, drama, film subtitles, game.