1.

) CONIC SECTIONS

 Circle
( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2
 Ellipse
( x−h )2 ( y −k )2
+ =1
a2 b2
 Parabola (vertical axis)
2
x=a ( y −k ) +h
 Parabola (horizontal axis)
2
y=a ( x−h ) +k
 Hyperbola (vertical axis)

( a
2 )(
( y−k )2
−
b
2 )
( x−h )2
=1

 Hyperbola (horizontal axis)

( a
2 )(
( x−h )2
−
b
2 )
( y−k )2
=1

 Standard Parabola
2 2
y =4 ax → ( y−k ) =4 a(x−h)
2 2
x =4 ay → ( x−h ) =4 a ( y−k )
2.) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

 Standard Exponential Function

bx
y=a e
 Decay/Growth Exponential Function
−bx bx
y=a e (decay )∨ y=a e ( growth )
3.) POLYNOMIAL CURVES

 Linear Equation
y=mx+b
 Quadratic Equation
2
y=a x +bx +c
 Cubic Equation
3 2
y=a x +b x +cx + d
 General Polynomial Equation
n n−1
y=an x + an−1 x +…+ a1 x +a 0
4.) PARAMETRIC EQUATION

 General Parametric Equations

x=f ( t )∧ y=g ( t ) , where t is the parameter .
 Example (Parametric Circle)
x=r cos (t )∧ y=r sin ( t )

5.) POLAR COORDINATION

 Conversion
x=rcos (θ)∧ y=rsin(θ)
 Examples: Circle in Polar Coordinates
r =a , Spiral : r=aθ ,Cardioid :r=a ( 1+cos ( θ ) )

6.) GRAPH TRANSFORMATION

 Translation
' '
x =x−h∧ y = y−k
 Scaling
' '
x =ax∧ y =by
 Rotation (counterclockwise by θ)
x ' =xcos ( θ )− ysin ( θ )∧ y ' =xsin ( θ ) + ycos ( θ )

In these equations, x and y represent coordinates on the Cartesian plane, r and θ are polar
coordinates, and a, b, c, d, etc. are coefficients or constants. The parameters like h, k, and m
control the position and characteristics of the curves in the families.