LOGIC &PHILOSOPHY

GNS 202
The Philosophy called ‘love of wisdom’. Philosophy comes from
two Greek word philo & Sophia which means “love of and wisdom”.
Wisdom is higher than truth and knowledge but knowledge is
philosophy.
Excellence, integrity and service “Philosophy of Lautech”. There are two
senses which are: (i) “loose sense” (is a philosophy (love of wisdom)
from first order. (ii) Strict sense (is a philosophy from second order/ study
of philosophy, academic discipline) here we see philosophy as the
“Queen of science” (it gave birth to all science courses)
- Ethics
- Metaphysics
- Epistemology (theory of knowledge)
- Logic (science of reasoning)
Argument composition of (premises and conclusion/ reasons towards
attaining influence) If an argument is sound i.e. it is valid and true.
Examples
Not all fathers are husbands
ii. God is love through first premise
Love is blend through second premise
God is blind – conclusion
A. Ethics: is simply put science or study of morality e.g. normative
ethics, meta-ethics, applied ethics
1. Normative: it deals with the rules guiding the heart /actions of a
man
2. Meta Ethics: Application of language to the discuss of concept in
ethics (Beauty, goodness are indefinable concept)
3. Applied Ethics:

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B. Metaphysics is the study of reality beyond world. Issues like broad,
evil, mind, soul. But we can only use language to express it e.g. (your
mind is far)
C. Epistemology: Is the science of knowledge or the study of
knowledge e.g. sense of experience, reasoning, revelation.
Importance of philosophy
1. Philosophy breaks barriers
2. Philosophy put all subject (opinions) to critical analysis
3. Philosophy leads to development
4. Philosophy create rational enquiries
5. Philosophy: it enables man with reasons
6. Philosophy is an antinodes to problem or index toward resolving
problem
7. It leads to ultimate existence to reality
8. It examines the totality of existence of man
9. It is all about man
10. It discuss issues as they ought to be

 Nature scope significance

 Branches in philosophy
 Schools of thought
 Traditional logic
 Symbolic logic
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
We have four era of the history of philosophy
 Ancient Epoch/Era/Age
 Medieval
 Modern
 Post modern/contemporary Age

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Ancient Age: is sub-divided into four
i. Pre-Socratic Age
ii. Socratic age
iii. Plato and Aristotle
iv. Later Greek Philosophy
Apeiron – Anaximander (postulated)
Air – Anaximenes (Postulate that world is created by air)
Water – Thales (postulate that world is created by water)
Socratic Age was postulate by Socrates. He devoted his time in Ethics
Plato and Aristotle: Begins with academic dicots and discuss about (i)
Epistemology (ii)Metaphysics (iii) Ethic (iv) Logic (v) Political (ci)
Aesthetics
Plotinus (Religious Philosopher)
MEDIEVAL
This is the longest period. It has the year of 850. It is mainly on
metaphysics. Theo/study, logy/of Nature of God Rome- Centre of
Religion.
We have the
i. Christian scholars
ii. Islamic scholars Earlier Religion
iii. Judaic
Augustine (397 Ad) 4th century was an African from Thagaste
Aquinas (1244 AD) 13th century
Albert
Avicenna Islamic is from Italian
Averroes is from Spain (Spainard)
Judaic  Moses Manonides
There was a gap of 14years below 14th and century. So this Era is called
(Enlightenment Era) is so because the gap was little. These were trying

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to evolutionize their ideas of the world. Scholars of the era Copernicus,
Galileo Galilei (was impersonated) Tycho Brahie, Johannos Krepler
Modern Era: Stated late 14th century and early 15th century. It deals with
Epistemology from two school of through (ideology) (i) Rationalism (ii)
Empirism
Rationalism: believe reasoning is the only source of knowledge that
man cannot doubt. Rene (French) Descartes is the father of modern
philosophy (ii) Leibniz (German (iii) Spinoze (Jew)
Empirism: Sense experience is the only source of knowledge.
Jolm locke (15100 – 18100)
Barkeley Hume
Post-Modern Era: There was a shift from what used to be. There was a
collaboration of Epistemology (Socio Epistemology) and also in cultural
form scholars like: Bertsand Russell (English Philo)
John Rawls (American)
Iris Marion Young (American)
Quine (A Logicians)
Derrida (A German)
Herbamas (German)

Their basic argument is on epistemology and also during different ways

to solve the problem. (Ethics, 3 physics logic, political philosophy
Aesthetics).
IDEOLOGIES/SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT /TRADITION
 Idealism
 Realism
 Skepticism
 Rationalism
 Empiricism
 Existentialism
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  Phenomentogy
 Deconstructionism
 Theism
 Atheism
 Pantheism
 Marxism
Idealism is a school of thought that believes that knowledge is not
independent of the mind. Plato is seen as the founder and father of this
school of thought (because of his belief in the word of ideas and words
of realities) idealism is against materialism George Berkeley is another.
Realism is a school of thought that negates the ideology of idealism is a
school of thought that started with Aristotle, which states that whatever is
known is known the word of reality as against the word form (ideas).
Skepticism: are truth a that argue that knowledge not certain are always
in the process of thought possibilities of knowledge. There are two
scholars in this which are potagoras and measure Gorgias. Stated that
man should be seen as the basics of everything in the world.
Rationalism: Is an tradition/ideology that stipulate that argue that
knowledge is heading/certain and gotten, through reasoning. The
scholars are (Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza) are Rationalists
Empiricism: True verification principle they are refers to as natural
sciences (biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics). Is a school of
thought that believe only sense data are possibilities of knowledge.
Knowledge is gain through sense of data
Datum smell
Touching
Sense data Hearing the negates anything that is out
of verify
Seeing
taste

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Scholars are John Locke, David Hinume, Barkeley. They said at
(bed/rest) the human mind is blank (tabila rasa). They argue against
skepticism.
Existentialism: This is late 19th and 20th century school of thought that
looks at the existence of man as the bases in the world their existentialist
argue that existence his prior (before) to essence of man (through his
existed). The scholar looked at man was the (apex) man-man (which is
horizontal). There are two type of existentialism which are theistic: we
have scholars like Soren Kierkegaard and Marth Heidegger.
Atheistic: Consist of the schools as follows Jean-Paul Sarte Nretzsche
Russell, Feverbach, Hume.
Phenomology: Is a 20th century school of thought traced to Edmund
Hussell a German Scholar. He project that there is the need for us to do
epoch (bracketing)
Deconstructionism: Jacques Derrida and Jurgen Herbamas are
referred to as post-manxist Scholars (means after Karl Marx).
Theism: They are school of thought that believes there is God. All
religion are under this. Their ideology is called (Theisist) e.g.
Monotheism believes only one God exist. (Christians, Islams, Judaism).
Atheism: Is a school of thought that argues for the non-existence of
supreme being (God). They say there is no God anywhere. Says that the
idea of God (religion is a creation/imagination of man. Scholars are
Nietzsche, Sartre, Feurerboch, Emite Kirdkhein, Hume a Russell.
Pascal is wages
Pantheism: is a school of thought that believe nature is equal to God
and also God is nature (God and nature are Islam Pantheisist scholars.
Marxism: From Karl Marx is a political and economic society’s theory
that argue for a classes society. We have dialectical materialism:
maxims begins with.
LOGIC
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Logic: is a science of the study of truth and reason
i. Logic enhances the ability to use language correctly, logic is a
language (universal language) in a corrective manner
ii. Language allows for the separation of correct reasoning to
incorrect reasoning (sense from nonsense)
iii. Logic is a tool of mental technology for effective planning. Logic
is a tool for critical analysis (it is from the critical nature that
logic allows man to arrive at the truth of opposition).
Ability to evaluate peoples though and opinion based as a form of
“science” and “art” (practical means theoretical disciplines).
Logic is used as clarification of though
Is also a tool in avoidance of error (wrong manners of reason
Is also use to clarify concept (alterateman in order not fall ambiguity

ARGUMENT
Have two types of argument
Deductive Argument/Syllogism: The conclusion/inference
(consequence. If a deductive argument must be inferred directly from the
premises. It is certain not probable
while
Inductive Argument: The conclusion of inductive argument serve away
from it premises. It is probable ( it will, it may, will not, it may not) not
certain.
Deductive argument
……..…. Universal statement to particular conclusion e.g.
All Nigerian are Africans
i. Obasanjo is a Nigeria
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 i.e. Obasanjo is an African

ii. General Premises to general conclusion e.g

All human being are mortal.
All Nigerians are human beings
 All Nigerians are mortals

iii. Movement from particular premises to particular conclusion e.g.

Either Jiboye or Jibola fought in class yesterday
Jiboye did not fight
 Jibola fought in class yesterday
iv. Movement prom particular premises to General conclusion e.g
Each member of the football team can top-strike
Each member of the football team can play in the mid
 All members of the football team can either play the top-strike
and mid fields
INDUCTIVE SYLLOGISM
i. Move from particular premises to particular conclusion e..g
It rained December 25th 2017
It rained December 25th 2018
 It may rain 25 2019
ii. Particular premises to universal conclusion e.g.
The first executive governor of oyo state was lettered
The second executive governor of Oyo State was lettered
 It is probable that all governor from Oyo State will be lettered

iii. General Premises to general conclusion e.g

All LAUTECH females re rogues
All UI females are rogues
 It is probable that all Nigerians females are rogues
iv. General to particular conclusion e.g.
All white birds can fly
All egrets are white birds
It is probable this regrets can fly
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RULES OF INFERENCE
These are use for the validity of syllogism
Modus Ponens Disjunctive Syllogism
Modus Tollens Conjunctive Syllogism
Simplification Addition
Double Negation Constructive Dilemma
(a)Modus ponens: which acert that the affirmation of the premises or
anticidence will lead to the affirmation of conclusion or influence
(left side is the premises while the right side is P  Q
If it rains, the ground will be wet
P is rains
Q the ground is wet P  Q, P Q
(b)Modus Tollens: which acert that the negation of the inference will
lead to the negation of premises
P  Q if N rains the ground will be wet
Q the ground is not wet
 P MT  it did not rain
(c) Simplification: Is a rule of inference that if the constant A & B is
true then A is true and B is also true. Therefore is possible to infer
any of the congluct e.g p,q P,Q
(d)Double Negation: Is a rule of inference that if a statement is true
then it is not the case that the statement is not true.
e.g P P
Direct Derivation (DD) you must get the first premises at end
Indirect derivation (ID) you must get a contradiction of show line
………… the following syllogism by
…….vation method
(i) Q  R, P  R, Q  P
(ii)P R, R, QP  Q
(iii)P (Q R), P  (RS), Q

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 (iv)P  Q, Q  S
Answer
1. Q R, P R,Q P
Show P Assertion DD
2 Q R premise
3. P  R premise
4. Q Premise
5. R 2,4 MP
6 P 3,5 MT
7 P 6 DN

(ii) P R, R, Q  P  Q
1. Show Assertion DD
2 P R Premise
3 R Premise
4 Q P Premise
5 P 2,3MT
6 Q 4,5 MT
7 Q 6, DN
Q 2R, P
1 Show p Ass
2 P ID Assumption
3 Q 2R Premise
4 P R Premise
5 Q Premise
6 2R 3,5 MP
7 P 4,6 MT
8 2P 2, Repetition

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P (Q-R),P (R-S), 2P Q, Q  S
1 Show S Assertion ‘
2 P (Q R) Premise
3 P (R-S) Premise
4 2P Q Premise
5 Q Premise
6 Q 5DN
7 P 4,6 MT
8 P 7, DN
9 Q R 2,8 MP
10 R S 3,8MP
11 R 5,9MP
12 S 10,11MP

P R, R, 2Q P :Q
1 Show Q Assertion
2 Q ID Assumption
3 P R Premise
4 R Premise
5 Q P Premise
6 P 3,4MT
7 Q 5,6MT
8 Q 2,R
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