PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

TOPIC
To Determine the Combined Focal Length of The
Lens Systems

PREPARED BY
NAME: SATYAM MALL
CLASS: XII-A
ROLL NO: 26606949
SESSON: 2023-24
SUPERVISED BY: NEETA SIKRI
 AGDAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL

Certificate

This is to certify that SATYAM MALL of Class XII

Science has prepared the investigatory project. The
report is the Result of his efforts & endeavors. The
report is found worthy of acceptance as the final
project Report for the subject physics of Class XII. He
has prepared the report under my guidance.

Mrs. NEETA SIKRI

(PHYSICS teacher)
 Acknowledgement
In the completion of this project successfully many
People have best owned upon me their blessings and
Heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank
All the people who have been considered with this
Project.
I would like to thank my PHYSICS teacher Mrs. NEETA
SIKRI Valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me Complete this project and make it a success, her
Suggestions and instructions served as a major
Contribution towards the completion of this project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
Have helped me with their valuable suggestions.
Table of content
• Aim
• Introduction
• Requirements
• Procedure
• Observations
• Calculations
• Precautions
• Sources Of Errors
• Bibliography
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an
acceptable level of performance. One such possible approach to
lens combination is to consider each image formed by each lens as
the object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach, but
it is time consuming and unnecessary.
In various optical instruments, two or more lenses are combined
to.
1. Increase the magnification of the image,
2. Make the final image erect w.r.t the object,
3. Reduce certain aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal length
and principal point locations and then use the results in any
subsequent paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of focal length f1
and f2 respectively which are in closed contact, then the effective
focal length of the combination will be given by
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2
And the total magnification of the lens combination will be given
by
M = m1 * m2
If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance d, the
focal length F of the equivalent lens is given by.
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1. f2
 APPLICATION OF
COMBINATION OF LENSES
1. CHROMATIC ABBERATION
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration.
Ordinary light is a mixture of light of many different colors,
i.e. wavelengths. Because the refractive index of glass to
light differs according to its color or wavelength, the position
in which the image is formed differs according to color,
creating a blurring of color’s. This chromatic aberration can
be cancelled out by combining convex and concave lenses
of different refractive indices.

2. TELEPHOTO LENSES
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a
combination of convex and concave lenses. For example,
combining a single convex lens with a single concave lens
enables distant objects to be seen in more detail. This is
because the light condensed by the convex lens is once more
refracted into parallel light by the concave lens. This
arrangement made possible the Galilean telescope, named
after its 17th century inventor, Galileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces
a simple telephoto lens, with the front convex and concave
lens serving to magnify the image, while the rear convex lens
condenses it. Adding a further two pairs of convex/concave
lenses and a mechanism for adjusting the distance between
the single convex and concave lenses enables the
modification of magnification over a continuous range. This
is how zoom lenses work.
 REQUIREMENTS
•An optical bench with three uprights (central upright
fixed, two outer uprights with lateral movement)
• One convex lens
• One Concave lens
• Two lens holders
•Two optical needles
•Half meter scales
 PROCEDURE
• Take one concave and convex lens.
• Find the rough focal length of the two lenses L1(convex)
and L2(concave) individually having focus length of f1 and
f2 respectively.
• Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a
sharp image of the object placed at infinity.
• Measure the distance between lenses and the image
formed with the help of scale.
• Now find the accurate focal length of two lenses L1 and
L2 by using the experimental setup individually and
calculate its focal length reading.
• With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the
other end of the optical bench. An inverted & enlarged image
of the object needle will be seen. The tip of the image must
lie in the middle of the lenses.
• Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright near
the other end of the optical bench.
• Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is
seen in line with the tip of the image when seen with the right
open eye.
• Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated.
The image tip and the image needle have parallax.
• Remove the parallax tip to tip as described.
• Combine the two lenses together with the help of two
lens holders and find its accurate combine focal length.
 Observation
System 1.
FOCAL LENGTH COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENS TYPE (INDIVIDUAL) LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(CM) (EXPERIMENTLY) (CM) FORMULA) (CM)
L1 CONVEX 15.2
5.75 5.8
L2 CONVEX 9.8

System 2.
FOCAL LENGTH COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENS TYPE (INDIVIDUAL) LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(CM) (EXPERIMENTLY) (CM) FORMULA) (CM)
L2 CONVEX 9.8
5.2 5.3
L3 CONVEX 9.7

System 3.
FOCAL LENGTH COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENS TYPE (INDIVIDUAL) LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(CM) (EXPERIMENTLY) (CM) FORMULA) (CM)
L2 CONVEX 9.8
7.1 7
L4 CONVEX 19.8

System 4.
FOCAL LENGTH COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENS TYPE (INDIVIDUAL) LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(CM) (EXPERIMENTLY) (CM) FORMULA) (CM)
L1 CONVEX 15.2
8.4 8.5
L4 CONVEX 19.8
 System 6.
FOCAL LENGTH COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENS TYPE (INDIVIDUAL) LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(CM) (EXPERIMENTLY) (CM) FORMULA) (CM)
L3 CONVEX 9.7
16.15 16.2
L5 CONCAVE 20.1

System 6.
FOCAL LENGTH COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENS TYPE (INDIVIDUAL) LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(CM) (EXPERIMENTLY) (CM) FORMULA) (CM)
L3 CONVEX 9.7
14.9 15
L6 CONCAVE 29.8
PRECAUTIONS
• Tips of the object and image needles should lie at
the same height as the center of the lens.
• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by
keeping eye at a distance at least 30cm away from the
needle.
• The object needle should be placed at such a
distance that only a real, inverted image of it is formed.

SOURCES OF ERROR
• The uprights may not be vertical.
• Parallax removal may not be perfect.
BIBLOGRAPHY
• Comprehensive Pratical Physics Class XII
• NCERT Physics Part – II • Experimental Physics

THANK
YOU