PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

TOPIC
To Determine the Combined Focal Length of The Lens
Systems
PREPARED BY
NAME: ARYAN SHARMA
CLASS: XII-
ROLL NO: 26606912
SESSON: 2023-24
SUPERVISED BY: NEETA SIKRI
AGDAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL

Certificate

This is to certify that ARYAN SHARMA of Class XII

Science has prepared the investigatory project. The report is
the Result of his efforts & endeavors. The report is found
worthy of acceptance as the final project Report for the
subject physics of Class XII. He has prepared the report
under my guidance.

Mrs. NEETA SIKRI

(Physics Teacher)
 Acknowledgement
In the completion of this project successfully many People
have best owned upon me their blessings and Heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank All the people who
have been considered with this Project.
I would like to thank my PHYSICS teacher Mrs. NEETA
SIKRI Valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
Complete this project and make it a success, her Suggestions
and instructions served as a major Contribution towards the
completion of this project. Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who Have helped me with their valuable
suggestions.
 Table Of Content
• Aim
• Introduction
• Requirements
• Procedure
• Observations
• Calculations
• Precautions
• Sources Of Errors
• Bibliography
• Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an
acceptable level of performance. One such possible approach to lens
combination is to consider each image formed by each lens as the object
for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach, but it is time
consuming and unnecessary.
In various optical instruments, two or more lenses are combined to.
1. Increase the magnification of the image,
2. Make the final image erect w.r.t the object,
3. Reduce certain aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal length and
principal point locations and then use the results in any subsequent
paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of focal length f1 and f2
respectively which are in closed contact, then the effective focal length of
the combination will be given by
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2
And the total magnification of the lens combination will be given by
M = m1 * m2
If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance d, the focal
length F of the equivalent lens is given by.
1/F= 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1. f2

APPLICATION OF
COMBINATION OF LENSES
1. CHROMATIC ABBERATION
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration. Ordinary
light is a mixture of light of many different colors, i.e.
wavelengths. Because the refractive index of glass to light differs
according to its color or wavelength, the position in which the
image is formed differs according to color, creating a blurring of
color’s. This chromatic aberration can be cancelled out by
combining convex and concave lenses of different refractive
indices.

2. TELEPHOTO LENSES
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a
combination of convex and concave lenses. For example,
combining a single convex lens with a single concave lens enables
distant objects to be seen in more detail. This is because the light
condensed by the convex lens is once more refracted into parallel
light by the concave lens. This arrangement made possible the
Galilean telescope, named after its 17th century inventor, Galileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces a
simple telephoto lens, with the front convex and concave lens
serving to magnify the image, while the rear convex lens
condenses it. Adding a further two pairs of convex/concave lenses
and a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the single
convex and concave lenses enables the modification of
magnification over a continuous range. This is how zoom lenses
work.
 REQUIREMENTS
•An optical bench with three uprights (central upright fixed,
two outer uprights with lateral movement)
• One convex lens
• One Concave lens
• Two lens holders
•Two optical needles
•Half meter scales

PROCEDURE
• Take one concave and convex lens.
• Find the rough focal length of the two lenses L1(convex) and
L2(concave) individually having focus length of f1 and f2
respectively.
• Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a sharp
image of the object placed at infinity.
• Measure the distance between lenses and the image formed
with the help of scale.
• Now find the accurate focal length of two lenses L1 and L2 by
using the experimental setup individually and calculate its focal
length reading.
• With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the
other end of the optical bench. An inverted & enlarged image of
the object needle will be seen. The tip of the image must lie in the
middle of the lenses.
• Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright near the
other end of the optical bench.
• Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is seen in
line with the tip of the image when seen with the right open eye.

• Move the eye towards right. The tips will get separated. The
image tip and the image needle have parallax.
• Remove the parallax tip to tip as described.
• Combine the two lenses together with the help of two lens
holders and find its accurate combine focal length.
 OBSERVATION
System 1.
FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L1 CONVEX 9.8

L2 CONVEX 19.7
6.5 6.6

System 2.
 FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L2 CONVEX 19.7

L3 CONVEX 15.2
8.9 8.8

System 3.
FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L1 CONVEX 9.8

L3 CONVEX 15.2
13.5 13.4

System 4.
FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L1 CONVEX 9.8

L4 CONVEX 9.75
4.9 5

System 5.
FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L3 CONVEX 15.2

L5 CONCAVE 20
16.15 16.2

System 6.
 FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L3 CONVEX 15.2

L6 CONCAVE 30
19.9 20

System 7.
FOCAL
COMBINED FOCAL COMBINED FOCAL
LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH LENGTH (USING
(INDIVIDUA
(EXPERIMENTLY) FORMULA)
L)

L3 CONVEX 15.2

L6 CONCAVE 30
19.9 20

COMBINE
COMBINED
FOCAL D FOCAL
FOCAL
LENGTH LENGTH
LENS TYPE LENGTH
(INDIVIDUA (USING
(EXPERIMEN
L) FORMUL
TLY)
A)
CONV
L1 EX 15.2
CONV
L2 EX 9.8
CONV
L3 EX 10.8
PRECAUTIONS
• Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the
same height as the center of the lens.
• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping
eye at a distance at least 30cm away from the needle.
• The object needle should be placed at such a distance
that only a real, inverted image of it is formed.

SOURCES OF ERROR
• The uprights may not be vertical.
• Parallax removal may not be perfect.
BIBLOGRAPHY
• Comprehensive Pratical Physics Class XII
• NCERT Physics Part – II • Experimental Physics

THANK
YOU