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Level: M.Sc (pak study)

Semester: Autumn 2023

Course Code: (4661_1)

Assignment No. 01

Q.1 Critically analyze the role of public opinion and governmental structure of a country as the
determinants of foreign policy. (20)

Answer:The role of public opinion and governmental structure significantly shapes a country's foreign
policy. Public opinion acts as a dynamic force, influencing leaders' decisions through democratic
processes. The government structure, whether centralized or decentralized, further molds foreign policy
by determining decision-making mechanisms. The interplay of these factors affects a nation's
international stance and diplomatic relations.

Public opinion serves as a barometer, guiding policymakers on issues that resonate with citizens. A
government responsive to public sentiment may adopt foreign policies aligned with public preferences,
fostering domestic support. Conversely, leaders may navigate carefully when public sentiment conflicts
with strategic objectives, balancing national interests and public approval.

Governmental structure dictates decision-making processes. In democracies, public opinion holds

substantial sway, with leaders considering electoral consequences. Authoritarian regimes may prioritize
strategic interests over public sentiment, relying on centralized decision-making. Bureaucratic structures
can introduce stability but may hinder rapid adaptation to changing public opinions.

The relationship between public opinion and foreign policy is dynamic; leaders may shape public
sentiment through strategic communication. Additionally, public approval can influence the success or
failure of foreign policy initiatives. Governments must navigate this intricate balance, ensuring policies
align with national interests while maintaining public support.
In conclusion, the intertwined nature of public opinion and governmental structure molds a country's
foreign policy. Successful navigation requires leaders to assess and manage these dynamics, recognizing
the evolving nature of public sentiment and adapting policies Accordingly.

Q.2 International power structure strongly affects the foreign policy of countries like Pakistan.
Explain this statement with convincing arguments. (20)

Answer:The international power structure undeniably exerts a profound influence on the foreign policy
decisions of countries, particularly nations like Pakistan. Several compelling arguments support this
statement:

Alliance Dynamics:

Powerful nations often form alliances, and countries like Pakistan strategically align themselves to
enhance their security and geopolitical standing.

Participation in alliances, such as Pakistan's historical ties with the United States, shapes its foreign
policy objectives to align with the interests of influential partners.

Economic Dependency:

The power structure influences economic ties, as powerful nations often control global economic
institutions.

Countries like Pakistan may adjust their foreign policies to maintain economic relations with dominant
players, ensuring financial stability and development opportunities.

Security Concerns:

Global power dynamics directly impact regional security. For Pakistan, its foreign policy is intricately
linked to the geopolitical situation in South Asia and the influence of major powers in the region.
The strategic competition between major powers often shapes Pakistan's security policies and defense
strategies.

Multilateral Institutions:

The influence of powerful countries is evident in international organizations where decisions are often
reflective of major powers' interests.

Countries like Pakistan tailor their foreign policies to engage with these institutions strategically, seeking
support or influencing decision-making processes.

Nuclear Dynamics:

As a nuclear-armed state, Pakistan's foreign policy is profoundly impacted by the concerns and interests
of major powers in non-proliferation efforts.

The power structure shapes how Pakistan navigates its nuclear policies and engages with the
international community on disarmament and security issues.

Diplomatic Relations:

Diplomatic ties and alliances are often influenced by the global power structure. Pakistan's foreign policy
decisions, including diplomatic engagements and partnerships, are crafted considering the influence of
major powers.

In summary, the foreign policy of countries like Pakistan is intricately linked to the international power
structure. The need to navigate global dynamics, economic dependencies, security considerations, and
diplomatic relations with major players shapes and molds their strategic decisions on the international
Stage.

Q.3 Whate were the circumstance which convinced Liaqat to prefer a visit to the United States in
preference to the Soviet Union? Make a critical analysis. (20)
Answer;Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, faced a complex geopolitical landscape
that influenced his decision to prioritize a visit to the United States over the Soviet Union. Several
circumstances can be critically analyzed to understand this choice:

Cold War Dynamics:

During Liaquat Ali Khan's tenure in the early 1950s, the Cold War was at its height. The ideological divide
between the United States and the Soviet Union influenced global politics.

Liaquat aimed to secure economic and military assistance for Pakistan, and aligning with the United
States was seen as a means to counterbalance Soviet influence in the region.

Strategic Alliances:

The United States was emerging as a key player in shaping global alliances against the perceived spread
of communism. Liaquat saw an opportunity to strengthen Pakistan's strategic position by aligning with
the U.S. and potentially joining regional defense pacts.

Economic Assistance:

The U.S. was a significant source of economic aid during the post-World War II period. Liaquat
recognized the importance of economic assistance for Pakistan's development and stability, making a
visit to the United States strategically beneficial.

Regional Security Concerns:

Liaquat Ali Khan was deeply concerned about the security situation in South Asia, especially given the
tense relations with India. A closer association with the United States could provide Pakistan with
support in addressing regional security challenges.

Common Language and Legal Systems:

English as a common language and the shared legal system with the United States facilitated diplomatic
communication and understanding. This cultural affinity played a role in the decision-making process.

Common Values:
Liaquat perceived common values, such as democracy and free-market principles, between Pakistan and
the United States. This alignment resonated with his vision for Pakistan's socio-economic development.

However, it's crucial to note that Liaquat Ali Khan also maintained diplomatic relations with the Soviet
Union. The decision to prioritize the United States did not imply complete exclusion of ties with the
Soviet bloc but reflected a pragmatic approach to navigate the Cold War dynamics and address
Pakistan's immediate strategic and economic needs. The circumstances surrounding Liaquat's decision
were complex, requiring a delicate balance between regional security concerns, economic development,
and global power dynamics.

Q.4 Discuss in detail the achievements of first Saian-African Conference at Bandung keeping in view
the interest of Pakistan. Do you agree with assertion that it was paradox in Pakistans foreign policy to
remain aligned with the West and trying to be Non-Aligned as well? (20)

Answer:The Asian-African Conference, held in Bandung in 1955, marked a significant milestone in the
history of post-colonial diplomacy. The conference brought together leaders from newly independent
Asian and African nations, promoting solidarity and cooperation. Regarding Pakistan's interests, several
achievements and paradoxes can be highlighted:

Achievements of the Bandung Conference:

Promotion of Anti-Colonialism:

The conference aimed to promote anti-colonial sentiments and solidarity among Asian and African
nations. Pakistan, having gained independence in 1947, shared these aspirations.

Principles of Non-Alignment:

The Bandung Conference emphasized the principles of non-alignment, advocating for countries to
maintain independence and not align with any major power bloc during the Cold War.
Cultural Exchange and Understanding:

The conference facilitated cultural exchange and understanding among diverse nations. Pakistan, with
its diverse cultural heritage, saw this as an opportunity to strengthen diplomatic ties.

Economic Cooperation:

Economic cooperation was a key focus, with discussions on trade and development. For Pakistan, this
presented an opportunity to foster economic partnerships beyond Western alliances.

Peaceful Coexistence:

The Bandung Conference promoted the idea of peaceful coexistence, encouraging nations to resolve
conflicts through diplomatic means. This resonated with Pakistan's efforts to maintain regional stability.

Paradoxes in Pakistan's Foreign Policy:

Alignment with the West:

Pakistan, despite participating in the Bandung Conference, maintained close ties with the Western bloc,
especially the United States. This alignment was driven by security considerations, economic aid, and
military assistance during the early years of independence.

Cold War Realities:

The Bandung principles of non-alignment were challenging to uphold in the context of the Cold War.
Pakistan's strategic location and security concerns compelled it to navigate between superpower
influences, creating a paradox in its foreign policy.

Regional Alliances:

While participating in the Bandung Conference, Pakistan was concurrently engaged in regional alliances,
such as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), aligning itself with Western powers for security
reasons.
Strategic Considerations:

The geopolitical landscape and security threats from neighboring India influenced Pakistan's foreign
policy. Balancing non-alignment with the necessity for security alliances reflected the complexities faced
by the country.

In conclusion, the Bandung Conference presented an opportunity for Pakistan to engage with other
newly independent nations, promote principles of non-alignment, and foster economic cooperation.
However, the paradox in Pakistan's foreign policy emerged from the dual objectives of aligning with the
West for security reasons while attempting to adhere to non-alignment principles. The geopolitical
realities of the Cold War era and regional security considerations made it challenging for Pakistan to fully
embrace non-alignment while maintaining its Western alliances.

Q.5 Pakistan has exposed it to communists aggression by providing its basis to the United States for
its reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union. How far you agree/disagree with this statement?
Elaborate with cogent arguments. (20)

Answer:The statement that "Pakistan exposed itself to communist aggression by providing its bases to
the United States for reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union" is a complex assertion. To evaluate
this, we must consider various perspectives and historical context:

Agreement with the Statement:

Security Concerns:

Pakistan's decision to allow the United States to use its bases for reconnaissance flights was driven by
security concerns. The Cold War tensions were high, and the Soviet Union posed a perceived threat to
the region. Allowing the U.S. to conduct surveillance was seen as a means to enhance regional security.

Strategic Alignment:
By providing bases for U.S. reconnaissance, Pakistan aligned itself strategically with the United States
during the Cold War. This alignment was intended to garner American support, both militarily and
economically, which was crucial for Pakistan's stability and development.

Deterrence Against Soviet Aggression:

The presence of U.S. reconnaissance flights from Pakistani bases could be seen as a deterrent against
potential Soviet aggression. The collaborative effort aimed to monitor Soviet activities and enhance the
collective defense posture of the region.

Disagreement with the Statement:

Balancing Act:

Pakistan, while cooperating with the United States, pursued a policy of non-alignment and sought to
maintain friendly relations with the Soviet Union. The provision of bases did not necessarily expose
Pakistan to aggression but was part of a delicate balancing act in Cold War politics.

Sovereign Decision:

The decision to allow U.S. reconnaissance flights was a sovereign choice made by Pakistan based on its
perceived national interest. It was not a passive exposure to aggression but a calculated move to
navigate the geopolitical realities of the time.

Regional Security Considerations:

Pakistan's collaboration with the U.S. was also driven by regional security considerations, including the
ongoing tension with India. The Soviet Union's alignment with India further justified Pakistan's strategic
decisions during this period.

Economic and Military Assistance:

The collaboration with the U.S. brought economic and military assistance to Pakistan, aiding its
development and defense capabilities. This, in turn, contributed to regional stability rather than
exposing Pakistan to aggression.

In conclusion, while the provision of bases for U.S. reconnaissance flights over the Soviet Union was a
significant aspect of Pakistan's Cold War foreign policy, it is essential to view it as a complex strategic
decision rather than a straightforward exposure to aggression. Pakistan's actions were driven by a
combination of security imperatives, regional dynamics, and the pursuit of national interest within the
context of Cold War geopolitics.

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