Stadia Surveying Earth’s Curvature and Refraction

Problem 1. Problem 5.

A transit with a stadia constant equal to 0.30 m is used to
determine the horizontal distance between points B and C with
stadia intercept reading of 1.85 m. The distance BC is equal to
182.87 m.
a) Compute the stadia interval factor of the instrument.
(98.686)
A man’s eyes 1.75 m above sea level can barely see the top of
the lighthouse which is at a certain distance away from a man.
a) What is the elevation of the top of the lighthouse above
sea level if the lighthouse is 20 km away from the
man? (14.853 m)

Problem 2.

Using the same instrument in problem 1, it was used to

determine the difference in elevation between B and D having
stadia intercept reading of 2.42 m at D at a vertical angle of
+6°30’.

a) Compute the difference in elevation of B and D. b) How far is the lighthouse from the man in meters if the
(26.895 m) top of the lighthouse is 14.86 m above sea level?
b) Compute the horizontal distance between B and D. (20.004 km)
(236.058 m)

Problem 3.

A transit with a stadia interval factor of 100.8 was set at C on

the line between points A and B, and the following stadia
readings were observed.

c) What is the height of the tower at a distance 20 km

away from the man in meters that will just be visible
without the line of sight approaching nearer than
1.75m to the water? (28.55 m)
If the stadia constant is 0.381 m. determine the following:

a) Length of line AB. (53.05 m)

b) Difference in elevation between points A and B.
(12.259 m)

Problem 4.

A survey party proceeded to do their stadia survey work as

follows. The transit was set up at A and with the line of sight
horizontal, too rod readings at point B and C which is 300 m
and 80 m respectively. With rod at B the stadia interval was
recorded to be 3.001 m and with the rod at C the stadia interval
was recorded to be 0.800 m. The distance from the instrument
to the principal focus was recorded to be 0.30 m. Then they went
to survey other points with some of the data recorded as follows
with the transit at point D, the two points E and F were sighted.
Intervisibility of Stations
Problem 6.
Two hills A and C have elevations of 600 m and 800 m
respectively. In between A and C is another hill B which has an
elevation of 705 m and is located at 12 km from A and 10 km
from C.

a) Determine the clearance or obstruction of the line of

sight at hill B if the observer is at A so that C will be
visible from A. (3.949 m)

a) Compute the stadia interval factor. (99.95)

b) Compute the horizontal distance DE. (223.80)
c) Compute the difference in elevation between E and F
assuming elevation of D=350.42 m above sea level.
(39.31)

b) If C is not visible from A, what height of tower must

be constructed so that it could be visible from A with
the line of sight having a clearance of 2 m above hill
B? (10.907 m)
 Problem 11.

A trigonometric leveling conducted by Jereza Surveying

Company, the two points A and B of a certain rough terrain are
each distance 2000 m from a third point C, from which
measured vertical angles to A is +3°30’ and to B is +1°30’.
Elevation at C is known to be 342.60 m above sea level. Point
C is in between A and B.

a) Compute the difference in elevation between A and B

c) What height of equal towers at A and C must be
constructed in order that A, B and C will be
intervisible? (3.949 m)
considering the effect of the earth’s curvature and
refraction. (69.96)
b) Compute the difference in elevation between B and C.
(52.64)
c) Compute the elevation of A. (465.19)

Problem 7.

Two hills A and B, 90 km apart, have elevations of 60 m and

200 m, respectively.

a) What would be the minimum height of tower that

could be constructed at b so that it would be visible
from A considering the effect of curvature and
refraction correction. (44.5)

Problem 8.

Three hills A, B, and C have elevations of 660 m, 625 m, and

600 m respectively. B is in between A and C and is 10 km. from
A and 12 km. from C.

a) Considering the effect of curvature and refraction,

what is the clearance or obstruction of the line of sight
at B considering that C is visible from A. (0.31 m)
b) What should be the height of the tower to be erected at
C so that B and C will be intervisible from A.
(0.68 m)

Sensitivity of Bubbles

Problem 9.

A sight is taken with an engineer’s level at rod held 100 m away

and an initial reading of 1.83 m was observed. The bubble is
then level through five spaces on level tube and the rod reading
is 1.91 m.

a) What is the sensitivity of bubble in seconds of arc?

(33”)

Trigonometric Leveling

Problem 10.

A vertical angle of +13°45’ is read to a target 1.23 m above point

B. The measured inclined distance S is 823.29 m and the
elevation of point A is 123.65 m above the datum. The height of
the instrument at A is 1.35 m. Consider the effect of earth’s
curvature and refraction.

a) Determine the difference in elevation between A and

B. (195.847 m)
b) Determine the elevation of B. (319.497 m)