ENGLISH IN THE WORLD

INTRODUCTION

THINK – PAIR – SHARE

• Do a small survey about your use of English.
• Get the link to our quiz in our MsTeams class:
code: iwra1a2
• Share your answers and ideas with your friends in pairs or groups.

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INTRODUCTION

THINK – PAIR – SHARE

• Do you like learning English? Why or why not?
• What are your motivations to learn English? What are your difficulties?
• What varieties of English do you want to learn and follow? (e.g. British
English, American English, your own way of using English...)
• Do you think there is and should be a "standard" English?
• What advantages or disadvantages does the dominance of some "standard"
English bring to English non-native learners/users?

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INTRODUCTION

The global
Features of
spread of
Englishes
English

Implications:
language
teaching, The future
assessment, of English
national &
cultural
identities

5
INTRODUCTION

ASSESSMENT
• Group presentation (50%)
• Final exam (50%)

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INTRODUCTION
GROUP PRESENTATION (50%)
Suggested topics:
• Choose a specific context and discuss the spread of English in that context, followed by
an analysis of features of English variety/varieties (e.g. vocabulary, phonology, grammar
features) in that context.
• Compare English varieties in two contexts, with consideration of influences of historical
and socio-cultural backgrounds of the two contexts.
• Discuss the issue of linguistic imperialism as related to the global spread of English
• Discuss implications of the status of English as a global language for ELT, language
assessment and national and cultural identities.

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INTRODUCTION
GROUP PRESENTATION (50%)
• Form groups of about 4 members.
• Each member presents for 5 - 7 minutes.
• Each presentation should include a discussion on the implications of the topic for your
field of study (language teaching, translation & interpretation, identity of non-native
users of English).
• Refer to the presentation guideline marking rubric.

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INTRODUCTION
FINAL EXAM (50%)
• The test lasts for 60 minutes and consists of two parts:
1. Multiple choice questions (20 Qs). (40 points)
2. An open-ended question: You are asked to write a short essay to discuss issues
examined in the course. (60 points)
3. Refer to the revision guideline for the final test.

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INTRODUCTION

Warm-up quiz
• Test your knowledge about the status of English around the world.

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 Unit 1:
The Global Spread of English:
The Historical Context
Main Contents – Lesson 1

1. Origins

2. America

3. Canada

4. The Caribbean
1. ORIGINS
1. Origins

Work in pairs/Group

List countries where English is the mother tongue

1. Origins
What is modern English?

How far back do we

have to go in order to
find the origins of
global English?

What is Old English?

The History of English

1. Origins

Q1: What is global

language?

Q2: What are some

special roles of
English?

Q3. How English can be taken up

by other countries around the
world where it is given a special
place and it has few (or no)
mother-tongue speakers?
English as a Global Language
1. Origins

“English is the global language”

Q1: What is global language? (p.3 & 4)
A language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role
that is recognized in every country.
1. Origins

“English is the global language”

Q2: What is meant by “special role” in the above definition? How many
facets of ‘special role”?
a. English as a mother tongue in many countries
b. English is taken up by other countries around the world where English is
given a special place and it has few (or no) mother-tongue speakers.
1. Origins

“English is the global language”

Q3. How English can be taken up by other countries around the world
where it is given a special place, and where it has few (or no) mother-
tongue speakers?
a. The official language
b. The priority language
2. AMERICA
2. America

Q1: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement

areas in America?
2. America

Q1: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement

areas in America?
east of England: lack "r"
after vowels...

"West Country": voicing of "s"

sounds; strong "r"
2. America
a. 1584: 1st expedition from England to the New World by Walter Raleigh
b. 1590: none of the original group of settlers could be found

c. 1607: The first permanent English settlement Jamestown in Virginia

d.November 1620: the first group of Puritans, established a settlement in Plymouth,

Massachusetts.

e.1640: about 25,000 immigrants had come to the area.

d. 17th century: new shiploads of immigrants to Pennsylvania - came to be settled mainly

by Quakers from Midlands and the north of England.

Atlantic areas (New York, in particular) became the focus of settlement.

2. America

e. 18th century: vast wave of immigration from Northern Ireland & Scotland. Main
movements took place during the 1720s à Frontier people with "broad" accent
f. 19th & 20th century: a massive increase in American immigration (Irish, Germans,
Italians, Central European Jews)
d. 1950: population of 150 million
àmigrant families had come to speak English through a natural process of assimilation
àmassive growth in mother-tongue use of English
3. CANADA
 3. Canada

What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement areas in Canada?

a. 1497: John Cabot is thought to have reached Newfoundland

b. one cent. later: English migration along the Atlantic coast

c. 1750s: French settlers replaced by settlers from New England.

Many more come from England, Ireland, and Scotland

d. 1776: US Declaration of Independence à Loyalist supporters of Britain left for Canada

e. 2001: 31 million population, with two-thirds claiming English as a native or home language.
4. THE CARIBBEAN
4. The Caribbean
4. The Caribbean

Q1.What are Creoles /kriˈəʊl/ and Pidgins /ˈpɪdʒ.ɪn/?

Q2. What are the differences between Creoles and Pidgins?
 4. The Caribbean
What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement
areas in the Caribbean?
a. Slave trading: people of different languages in ships to prevent plots of rebellion
b. pidgin forms of communication, especially between slaves and sailors – many of whom
speak English
c. when their children were born, the pidgin gradually began to be used as a mother tongue,
producing the first black creole speech in the region.
- standard British English was becoming a prestige variety
- Creole forms of French, Spanish & Portuguese interacted with creole and standard varieties
of English à a remarkably diverse range of varieties of English
Home readings:

Unit 1: The global spread of English: The historical context p.40 - 49

Q1: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement
areas in Australia and New Zealand?
Q2: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement
areas in South Africa?
Q3: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement
areas in South Asia?
Main Contents – Lesson 2

5. Australia and New Zealand

6. South Africa

7. South Asia
5. AUSTRALIA AND
NEW ZEALAND
5. Australia and New Zealand
5. Australia and New Zealand

Q1: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement areas in
Australia and New Zealand?
a. 1770: James Cook arrived in Australia & within 20 years Britain established its first penal
colony at Sydney
b. 1788: first fleet of prisoners were transported & during the fifty years after the first
arrival, about 130.000 prisoners arrived.
c. Mid-nineteenth century: free settlers in substantial numbers
à rapid increase of immigration
 5. Australia and New Zealand

Q2: How did these social and historical backgrounds influence Australian English?
- Many of the convicts came from London and Ireland à features of the Cockney accent of
London and the brogue of Irish English can be traced in the speech patterns heard in
Australia today. (brogue: a broad gentle-sounding dialectal accent, esp. that is used by the Irish in speaking
English)

- Many expressions have originated from Aboriginal languages (boomerang, Kaola, wallaby,
kangaroo, warratah, dingo....)
- Mixed immigrant groups à the country has a very mixed linguistic character.
- The influences of English convicts' slangs: document written on the earlier Convicts' slangs
named as "Flash Language" (typo, arvo, barbie, devo, servo,...)
37
5. Australia and New Zealand

Q3: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement areas in
New Zealand?
a. 1769-70: Captain Cook charted the islands
b. 1790s: European whalers and traders began to settle in NZ.
c. About 1814: Christian missionary work began among the Maori.
d. 1840: The official colony was established, following the Treaty of Waitangi between
Maori chiefs and the British Crown.
e. By 1900: a rapid increase in European immigration three-quarters of a million.
Þthe emergence of a New Zealand accent
5. Australia and New Zealand

Q4: What were three strands of New Zealand’s social history in the present century
that have had special linguistics consequences?

a. Compared to Australia, stronger sense of the historical relationship with

Britain + a greater sympathy for British values and institutions
à an accent of clear British influence.
5. Australia and New Zealand

Q4: What were three strands of New Zealand’s social history in the present century
that have had especial linguistics consequences?

b. a growing sense of national identity + an emphasis on the differences

between NZ & Australia
à focused on accent differences of the two countries and motivated the use of
distinctive New Zealand vocabulary.
5. Australia and New Zealand

Q3: What were three strands of New Zealand’s social history in the present
century that have had especial linguistics consequences?

c. a fresh concern for the rights and needs of the Maori - now form over 10% of

the population

à an increased use of Maori words in New Zealand English.

6. SOUTH AFRICA
6. South Africa
Q1: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement areas in
South Africa?
a. 1806: British control was established
b. 1820: a policy of settlement began; some 5,000 British were
given land in eastern Cape
c. 1822: English became the official language of the region, an
attempt to anglicize the large Afrikaans-speaking population:
English became the language of law, education, & most other
aspects of public life
d. The last quarter of the 19th century:
nearly ½ million Europeans arrived – many spoke English.
6. South Africa

Q2: What were the different strands of the

English language history of the region?
a. Regional dialect variation among different
groups of British settlers:
- London speech prominent in Cape
- Midlands & northern British speech in Natal
- a more homogeneous accent emerged ~
Australian accent
6. South Africa

Q2: What were the different strands of the

English language history of the region?
b. English as a second language: by Afrikaans
speakers & many Dutch colonists
c. African variety of English: spoken by the black
population
d. English varieties spoken by ethnically mixed
backgrounds ("coloureds"): e.g. Indian immigrants
6. South Africa

Q3: How have the historical & sociopolitical backgrounds

influenced the status of English in South Africa?
- English: a minority language, spoken as a first language by
about 3.7 million (2002) (British whites)
- Afrikaans (Dutch-based) : the first language of the majority
of whites, including most in power à a symbol of identity
for those of Afrikaner background
- English used by an increasing number of black population
(70%)
 6. South Africa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2f2k6iDFCL4
Q3: How have the
historical and
sociopolitical
backgrounds influenced
the status of English in
South Africa?

Ø Afrikaans perceived by
the black majority as
the language of
authority and
repression
Ø English perceived by
the Afrikaner
government as the
language of protest
and self-determination
7. SOUTH ASIA
7. South Asia

Can you name some

South Asia
countries?
7. South Asia

Q1: Which country in South Asia has the largest population of English
speakers?
ÞIndia
ÞBangladesh
ÞPakistan
7. South Asia

Q2: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement

areas in South Asia?
a. 1600: the formation of the British East India Company

b. 1612: British East India Company established its first trading station at Surat

c. from 1765 to 1947: English-the medium of administration and education

d. 19th century: introduction of an English educational system in India, English

e. 1857: Bombay, Calcutta and Madras universities established

ÞEnglish became the primary medium of instruction.

7. South Asia
Q3: What was ‘three language formula” in India?

- Conflict between supporters of English, Hindi & regional dialects led to a

"3-language formula" in the 1960s
7. South Asia
Q3: What is the status of English in present-day India?

- Nowadays, English is an associate official language in India, and Hindi is

the official language.

- English has retained its standing in India: used in legal system, government
administration, secondary & higher education, armed forces, media,
business, tourism

- English is a strong unifying force: In Dravidian-speaking areas of the

south: English is a preferred to Hindi as a lingua franca
7. South Asia
Q3: What is the status of English in other South Asian countries?

- In Pakistan: English is an associated official language

- English has no official status in other countries of South Asia, but is

universally used as the medium of international communication.

- Recognized by young South Asians as the language of cultural modernity

Home readings

Unit 1: The global spread of English: The historical context p.49 - 71

Q1: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement
areas in former colonial Africa?
Q2: What were the different events leading to English-speaking settlement
areas in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific?
Q3: What are the three concentric circles by Braj Kachru? Please elaborate each
circle
Main Contents – Lesson 3

8. Former colonial Africa

9. South-east Asia and the South Pacific

10. Three concentric circles by Braj Kachru

8. FORMER COLONIAL AFRICA
8. Former Colonial Africa
8. Former Colonial Africa

Q1: What were the different events leading to English-

speaking settlement areas in former colonial Africa?
a. In the late 15th century: English was used as a lingua
franca in some coastal settlements.
b. In the early 19th century: increase in commerce and
anti-slave-trade
Þ English spread to the whole West African coast.
Þ The rise of several English-based pidgins and creoles,
used alongside the standard varieties of colonial officials,
missionaries, soldiers, and traders.
8. Former Colonial Africa

Q3: What were several modern states, each

with a history of association with Britain, that
gave English official status when they gained
independence?

Botswana Kenya Lesotho

Malawi Namibia Tanzania

Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

8. Former Colonial Africa

Q2: What were the countries where English developed especially with its
current official status and one under American influence?
Sierra Leone Ghana Gambia
Nigeria Cameroon Liberia
9. SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND
THE SOUTH PACIFIC
9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific
9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific

Q1: What was the main American presence in the territories in and to the west
of the South Pacific?

a. 1898: the USA received the island of Guam, Puerto Rico and sovereignty over the
Philippines. Hawaii was annexed at that time also.

b. 1946: The Philippines became independent.

Þthe influence of American English still remains strong

c. 2002: Philippines is the largest population of the English speaking states in the
region - about 80 million
9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific

Q2: What was the British influence in South-east Asia and the South Pacific?

a. 1770s: journeys of Captain Cook

b. 18th and 19th century: British colonial empire grew - centres in Penang (1786),
Singapore (1819) and Malacca (1824)

c. 1845: First English-language daily newspaper: The Straits Times

d. 1816: The introduction of a British educational system in Penang

e. Early 20th century: higher education through the medium of English

9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific

Q2: What was the British influence in South-east Asia the South Pacific?

English inevitably and rapidly became

Þ the language of power in the British territories of South-east Asia and Hongkong

Þ the language of professional advancement and the chief literary language.

Þ a prestige lingua franca among those who had received an English education and
who had thereby entered professional society.
9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific

Q3: What was the status of English in Singapore?

a. Singapore:
• 1950s: a bilingual educational system with
English alongside Chinese, Malay, and
Tamil.
• the language of government and the legal
system, education and the media.
• quite widespread used in family settings
=> a new local variety, known as Singlish
 9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific

Q3: What were the status of English in Malaysia?

b. Malaysia:

1957: Malaysia gained independence

Þ Bahasa Malaysia: the national language

Þ English: became more restricted.

Þ Malay-medium education introduced

Þ English as an obligatory subject but more a

foreign language than a second language.
 9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific
Q3: What were the status of English in Hong Kong?

c. Hong Kong
• English: limited use in government or military
administration, law, business, and the media.
• Chinese (Cantonese) is the mother-tongue of over 98% of
the population
• Recent years: a quarter of the population have some competence in English.
• English and Chinese: joint official status
• Chinese predominates in most speech situations, often with a great deal of language
mixing.
9. South-East Asia and The South Pacific
Q3: What were the status of English in Papua New Guinea?

d. Papua New Guinea

• About 50% speak Tok Pisin
• Tok Pisin: an English-based pidgin, as a
second language (and some have it as a mother
tongue).
• a nation-wide presence
10. THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES
BY BRAJ KACHRU
10. Three Concentric Circles by Braj Kachru

Q3: What do the three concentric circles by Inner circles

e.g. USA, UK
Braj Kachru represent?
(320-380 million)
Outer (extended) circle
e.g. India, Singapore
(300-380 million)
Expanding (extending) circle
e.g. China, Russia
(500 – 1,000 million)
10. Three Concentric Circles by Braj Kachru

Q3: What do the three concentric circles by Braj

Kachru represent?

a. The inner circle: traditional bases of English - the

primary language

b. The outer or extended circle: the earlier phases of

the spread of English in non-native settings

c. The expanding or extending circle: those nations

which recognize the importance of English as an
international language
Home readings

Unit 2: The global spread of English: The cultural foundation p.72 - 83

Q1: What were the political developments that resulted in global status of
English?
Q2: What was the “access to knowledge” factor that resulted in global status of
English?