WORLD

ENGLISHES AND
CULTURE

Prepared by Damla Sahin.

 CHAPTER 1

Find out six official languages of the United Nations?

Which is the World’s most widely spoken language?

How many variants/ varieties of English do you know?

How do you understand the concept of «World

Englishes»?
 INTRODUCTION
The past five decades have witnessed rapid and
widesperead developments in the English language that
have brought a change in how we view the language.

Galloway (2017) points out that multilingualism rather

than monolingualism as a norm and the increase in non-
native speakers of English over native speakers have
brought into question the validity of the monolingual myth
and the native as standard form of English that has
prevailed in the field of ELT.
 INTRODUCTION

At first glance, there seems to be a lot of jargon and

acronyms surrounding the concept of global status
of the English language. Just as we had begun to
understand the differences between English as a
Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second
Language
 INTRODUCTION

We are now met with an aray of terms such as

English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), English as an
International Language, Global English (GE), and
World Englishes (WE)

Are there any differences between these terms?

 The Global Spread
The Global of English
Spread of English

• The period of the Queens Elizabeth I and II.

What happened during this time?

• The number of speakers of the English

language increased from 5-7 million to 2
billion.
 The Global Spread of English

• The first step to global status was taken when

some quarter of a million people from Britain an
dIraland migrated to America, Australia and New
Zeland in the early 17th century.

• Jenkins (2015) call this first diapora or first

dispersal.
 The Global Spread of English

• Linguistic changes in America ensued in the

18th century with the slave trade and contact
with inhabitants of the Caribbian islands and
the mass migration from Northern Ireland
 The Global Spread of English

• In Australia, similar developments were taking

place. James Cook landed on the east coast of
Australia in 1770.

• The varieties of British dialect mixed and

interacted with the aborginal languages to
develop into the Australian variet of English.
 The Global Spread of English
• The second dispersioann or second diaspora saw
the transportation of Africa and Asia under
different circumstances and with different
consequences.

• The history of English in West Africa is closely

tied with the slave trade and the development of
pidgin and creole language
 The Global Spread of English

• Pidgin and creole language: What are the

differences between these two languages?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqJI7SdS9Gg
 English Speakers Across the
World
The World is being woven into steadily
compact system through politics, cultural
exchange, travel, trade and science.

With the speread of language through may

areas, English has been primarily discussed in
three main groups of users.
 English Speakers Across the
World

• English as a Native Language (ENL)

• English as a Second Language (ESL)

• English as a Foreign Language

 English as a Native Language
(ENL)
• English as a Native Language (ENL) refers to
speakers whose mother language is English
and who are born and raised in the
countries where English is spoken.
• In Kachru’s Three Circles Model, these
countries are the UK, USA, Canada,
Australia and New Zealand.
MODELS OF THE SPREAD OF
ENGLISH
Strevens’ World Map of English
Kachru’s Three Circles Model of English
Varieties
 Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

• In the current situation, English is the

prevailing and official language over 60
countries within 185 UN countries;it is used
by millions of individuals.
Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

• Until recently, the sociodemographic data

implies that there are more people who
speak English as a second language or
foreign language than those who speak it a
mother tongue/first language.
Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL
• In related literature, there are 3 basic
interpretations of the term World Englishes

The primary one serves as an umbrella term

with a broad definition that embraces all
varieties of language worldwide. (Kachru’s
circles)
Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

The second definition is norrow definition

which covers the varieties in Kachru’s outer
circle inclusive of some varieties in the
Caribbean, Asia and Africa.
Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

The third definition emhasizes the equal

respect to all varieties of English worldwide
and adopts a pluricentric view of languages.
 Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

Different from IE, English as a lingua franca

refers to a variety of English used as a means
of interraction between people whose
linguistic and cultural backgrounds are diferent
from each other (people with different mother
tongue other than English)
 Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

ELF: Jenkins (2015) defines it as «English as it

is used as a contact language among speakers
among speakers from different first languages
for whom English is the communicative
medium of choice, and often the only option.»
 Decoding the Acronmys: WE, ELF, and EIL

English as an International Language (EIL)

differs from both ELF and WE in two ways. WE
mainly focuses on defining the characteristics
of English varieities.
 Questions for Study and Reflection

 Watch «Which English?»-David Crystal’s

video. He argues that it is important that
students are exposed to varieties of English.
Do you agree with him?

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0XT04EO5RSU
 Questions for Study and Reflection

 Listen to David Crystal «Should English Be

Taught as a Global Language?» and explain
how this may be related to the course of
World Englishes?»