1) Introduction

Global Energy Sources

57 3 %
.
from Petroleum (oil +
gas )
8 % from Renewables

Global Electricity Sources

26.6 % from Petroleum (oil +

gas )
26.3 to from Renewables

Saudi Arabia 's Energy Consumption

Industry ( 47 %)

Residential 129 %)

Transport (24 %)
2) chemistry of Petroleum
Elements
basic building blocks of Substances

118 elements ( 94 natural ,

24 Synthetic )
Hydrogen : most abundant element in the universe

Sun : H ( 75 %) ,
He 125 %)

most abundant element on Earth ( Fe )

most abundant elements in the crust (0 ,

Si )
most abundant element in the atmosphere ( N )

compounds
contain ( C )
organic :

All other compounds (including

inorganic :
carb ids Carbonates )
, , Cyanide ,
 Minerals

•
naturally occurring
.
Specific chemical composition

•
Crystalline
•
a
biogenic

Hydrocarbons
compound of C H ,

Petroleum
a.
Largest natural Source of
hydrocarbons
• mixture of hundreds of thousands of hydrocarbons
•
found in
every continent
At room conditions

C -

Cy : Gaseous
,

Cs -

Gg :
Liquid
Czo -

Ca : Solid

Simple Compounds with (o ) are

mostly liquid
3) Products of Petroleum

separation of Petroleum is Performed in

the field & a
refinery
GOSP : Gas -
Oil Separation Plant
4) Origin of Petroleum

A- biogenic
Theory ✗
Petroleum was formed from non-biological Sources

Biogenic Theory ✓

Petroleum was formed from Plants I animals

Source Rock

Sedimentary layer where Petroleum is generated

Primary Migration
The movement of Petroleum from the Source Rock
to an adjacent Porous layer
( Buoyancy , Capillary forces ,
Compaction )
Secondary Migration
The movement of expelled Petroleum along a

Pathway until a barrier stops it

Pathway
Porous
layer fracture
, .
fault line , etc .

Barrier

geologic feature that stops Petroleum movement

Trap

Porous layer in which Petroleum accumulates

beneath the barrier

 5) Petroleum Exploration
1) Geological Methods
look for geological structures within a

sedimentary basin

2) Geochemical Methods
•

Analyse air ,
water & Soil samples
look for 1
gas seeps
•
oil

3) Geophysical Methods
Magnetic Survey
map earth 's magnetic field
magnetic field is :

weak : in thick sedimentary basins

strong : in igneous & metamorphic rocks

 Gravitational survey
gravitational field is :

weak : in thick sedimentary basins

strong : in
igneous 4 metamorphic rock

Seismic
Survey
Sound Waves travel at different velocities

in different types of rocks

Resistivity Survey
Rocks containing water have lower electrical

than
resistivity rocks
containing oil or
gas
 6) Well Drilling
Functions of the Drilling Fluid

1) Cools I lubricates the bit

2) Transports cuttings
3) Creates pressure

4) Seals Porous layers

5) Medium for electric Signals

Casing Depths
1) Conductor 124 )
"
o -

Zoo ft
2) Surface
"
( 133s ) o -
3 boo ft
"
3) intermediate 19% ) O -
7-ooo ft

4) Production (7 ) Reservoir Depth

"
o -
 7) Well Logging & Testing
measurement of rock Properties of Subsurface

formation using special tools

Sonic Porosity
Log :

Neutron Log : Porosity

Density Log : Porosity

Resistivity Log : Water Saturation

Gamma Ray Log : Identify Shale

Spontaneous Potential Log : Formation Boundaries
8) Well completion

open -
Hole : no water Production

Perforated casing : water Production intervals

Slotted liner : Deep reservoirs, corrosive environment

liner Screen
, ,
and gravel : Sand Production
9) Oil & Gas Processing
Processing
treatment of Produced oil Lgas to make

them for Shipment

ready
b) Reservoir Engineering
Nod all discovered oil can be recovered

Recovery factor
Range between to -70%
11 ) Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals

Refining
Separating Crude oil into different fractions

fractions are separated according to boiling

Point

Petrochemicals
Chemicals made from Petroleum fractions

Two building blocks of Petrochemicals

Olefins ,
Aromatics
olefins → Polymers → Plastics, fibers, . . .
127 History of the Petroleum Industry
Before 1859

oil was collected from Seeps Pits and

,
rivers

Mohamad Al-Razi invented Petroleum distillation

Distillation to Produce kerosene for cooking

and
lighting
1859 -
1902

John Rockefeller established standardoil

Which became the largest oil

company in

the USA
1902 -
1945
oil discovered in Saudi Arabia by SOCAL

in 1938 (Arabian American oil Company )

1945 -
1973

in 196-0 , OPEC was by

founded

iran , iraq Kuw

, , Sandia Venezueta,
.

1973 -
1990 's

oil Prices were set by OPEC

1990 's -
Present
oil Prices fluctuated ( $18 -

$147 )

oil Price reached $147 in

July 2008

Global recession and end of worries caused

oil Prices to collaps to $32

between 2009 and 2014 oil Prices stabilized

from 2014 to 2016 Prices dropped because of

shale oil
 I 3) Statistics
World oil Producers

1) US

2) Saudi Arabia
3) Russia
World oil Reserves

1) Venezuela
2) Saudi Arabia
3) Canada

49% of the world's oil reserves is in the

Middle East

World Gas Production

1) US

2) Russia
World Gas Reserves

1) Russia ( 25% )
2) Iran 118 %)

3) Qatar ( 13 %)
Outlook
Petroleum will constitute between
36 -

62% of the world

energy
consumption by 2050
I 4) Renewable Energy
The most
hydroelectric Power is Producedin :
China 198000 MW)

The most wind Power is Produced in :

China
The Most Geothermal Power is Produced in :

United States

The Most Solar Power is Produced in :

China
The most nuclear Power is Produced in :

United States

.
15) Material Balance

Mass balance

mass balance applies to each ingredient if they

are not miscible ( Ex .
Oil & Water )

Mole balance

mole balance applies to each ingredient if they

do not react ← Second condition

Volume balance
Volume balance does not apply to each ingredient
if they are miscible
Volume balance can be applied if they are

atsameconditions
I 6) Data Analysis
Graph Types
1) Cartesian

2) Semi logarithmic
-

3) Full
logarithmic
-

4) Probability
Cartesian

linear
graph axes are

Semi -

logarithmic
one axis is linear ,
the other is
logarithmic
Full -

logarithmic
both axes are
logarithmic
Probability
one axis is linear or logarithmic ,
the other

is probability
 17) Ethics
SPE Professionals
1) offer Services in their areas of competence

2) Consider the consequences of their work

3) honest in Presenting information

4)
engage in Professional relationships without bias

5) responsible for enhancing their professional competence

6) Accept responsibility for their action

7) Do not offer or accept bribes