Grade: 9 WORK & ENERGY PHYSICS

➢ Work: It is defined as the product of force and displacement.

➢ Work = Force × displacement ➔ W = F x S

➢ Work is scalar quantity because it has only magnitude but no direction.
➢ Unit of work: SI unit of work is “newton – metre (N m)” OR ‘joule (J)’.
➢ One Joule:
When a force of one newton is acting on a body through a displacement of one metre in its own
direction, then the work done is known as one joule.
1J=1Nx1m
❖ 1 kilo joule = 1000 joules = 103 J
❖ 1 mega joule = 106 J
➢ Necessary conditions to say work is done:
❖ A force should act on the object
❖ The object should be displaced from its position.
➢ Factors on which the amount of work done depends:
➢ Magnitude of force applied:
Work done by a force is directly proportional to its magnitude (force). i.e., more the force
applied, more is the work done provided and the body is displaced.
➢ Work done α Force applied
➢ WαF
➢ Displacement of the body:
Work done by a force on a body is directly proportional to the displacement of the body in the
direction of the force applied.
➢ Work done α Displacement of the body
➢ WαS
➢ Types of Work done:
There are three types of work: 1) Positive work 2) Negative Work 3) Zero Work
➢ Positive work done:
Work done is positive, when the displacement taken place in the direction of force.

W=F×S=FS

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Grade: 9 WORK & ENERGY PHYSICS
For example:
❖ If we kick a football lying on the ground it starts moving in
the direction of the applied force.
❖ When a spring is stretched, work done by the stretching force is positive.
➢ Negative work done:
Work done is negative, when the displacement taken place in the opposite direction of force.

W = – F × S = F × –S = – F S
For example:
❖ A football moving on the ground slows down gradually
and ultimately stops. The force is due to friction acting
opposite to the motion of the body.
❖ When a body is thrown up, its motion is opposed by the gravity.
❖ When brakes are applied on a moving vehicle, work done by the braking force is negative.
➢ Zero work done:
Work done is zero, when a force acts at right angles (perpendicular) to the direction of motion of
the body.
OR
A force acts on the object, but the displacement of the object is zero

W=F×S=0
For example:
❖ The work done in pushing wall is zero.
❖ When a porter carrying some load on his head moves on a horizontal platform. To
balance load, he applies force in upward direction and moves along horizontal surface.
❖ When a body is tied to one end of a string is rotated in a circle, work done by the
centripetal force applied along the string is zero.
❖ The satellites move around the earth in a circular path. Here
gravitational force of earth acts on the satellite is perpendicularly
to the direction of the motion of satellite. So, work done by the
earth on the satellite moving around it in a circular path is zero.
❖ Similarly, the work done by the sun on the planets moving around
it in a circular orbit is zero.
❖ The work done by an object moving around it in a circular path is zero.

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