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CHAPTER - 00
WORK ENERGY POWER
The term ‘work’, ‘energy’ and ‘power’ are frequently used in everyday language. A farmer ploughing the
field, a studying for a competitive examination, an artist painting a beautiful landscape, all are said to be
working. In physics, however, the word covers a definite and precise meaning
Work
* Work is said to be done whenever a force acts on a body and the body moves through some distance
in the direction of the force
* For work to be done, following two conditions must be satisfied
i) A force must be applied
ii) The point of application of the force move in the direction of the force
* Work done by a constant force
Case-1
When applied force and displacement are in same direction
Consider a block which is placed at a point A. Let a horizontal force acts on the body. Then the new
position of block is B. The displacement of the body is s.
Then the work done by the applied force is given by W = Fs
Case-2
When applied force and displacement are not in same direction.
Consider a block which is placed in a horizontal surface. Let F be the force acting on the block at an
angle with the horizontal.
In this case work is not the product of force and the displacement of the object.
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
Let us resolve the vector quantity force into its vector components. Then Fcos is along the direction
of displacement and Fsin is perpendicular to the direction of displacement.
We can see that the only component of force that produces the displacement is Fcos
Since the dot product of any two vectors is scalar. work is a scalar quantity.
Types of work
Although work done is a scalar quantity, its value may be positive, negative or zero
Positive work
* If a force acting on a body has a component in the direction of the displacement, then the work done by
the force is positive.
* When us acute, cos is positive.
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Eg.
1) When a body slides against a rough horizontal surface, its displacement is opposite to the force of
friction. The work done by the friction is negative.
2) When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the work done by the braking force is negative
3) When a body is lifted, the work done by the gravitational force is negative
Zero work
Work done by force is zero, if the body gets displaced along a direction perpendicular to the direction
of the applied force.
* Work done is also zero if F or s or both are zero
Condition for zero work : 90o or s 0 or F 0
Eg.
1) For a body moving in a circular path, the centripetal force and displacement are perpendicular to
each other. So the work done by the centripetal force is zero.
2) When a coolie walks on a horizontal platform with a load on his head, he applied a force on it in the
upward direction equal to its weight. The displacement of the load is along the horizontal direction.
Thus the angle between F and S is 90o. Then the work done by the coolie on the load is zero.
3) The tension in the string of a simple pendulum is always perpendicular to its displacement. So the
work done by the tension is zero.
4) The work done in pushing an immovable stone is zero, because the displacement of the stone is
zero.
* Dimensional formula of work
W F s = MLT L
2
2 2
= ML T
* Units of work
Joule : It is the unit of work in SI.
One Joule of work is said to be done when a force of one Newton displaces a body through a distance
of one metre in its own direction.
1 Joule = 1 Newton 1 metre
1 J = 1 Nm
Erg : It is the unit of work in CGS system
One erg of work is said to be done if a force of one dyne displaces a body through a distance of one
centimetre in its own direction
1 erg = 1 dyne 1 cm
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= 107 dyne cm
= 107 erg
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The displacement can be divided into large number of small equal displacements x , the force F can
be assumed to be constant. Then the work done is
From the figure, it is seen that when x is increases, the area of the curve decreases. Then work
done will be lesser than the actual work.
To set the actual valve of work, x should tends to zero.
When x 0 , the number of rectangles tends to be infinite, then the above summation approaches
a definite integral. The value of definite integral is equal to the area under the curve.
xf xf
W lim
x 0
Fx Fdx
xi xi
Hence for varying force, the work done is equal to the definite integral of the force over the given
displacement.
Work is relative
Work done by a force depends up on the frame of reference.
1) If a person is pushing a box inside a moving train, the work done in the frame of train will F.s where
F is the applied force and s be the displacement of box. In the frame of earth, work will be F. s s0 ,
where s0 is the displacement of the train relative to the ground.
2) Suppose s and s/ are two frames of reference. s/ is moving withy a constant velocity v with respect
to s. A block m is placed in s frame which is initially at rest. It is acted upon by a constant force F.
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In s frame
Work done by F in time t
W = F.s
1 F 2 F2 t 2
F.
= o.t t
2 m 2m
In s ' frame
Work done by F in time t
W / = Fs/
1 F 2
= F vt t
2m
Clearly W W
Work done by friction
There is a misconception that the force of friction always does negative work. In reality, the work done
by friction may be zero, positive or negative depending up on the situation.
1) When a block is pulled by a force and the block does not move, the work done by friction is zero
2) When block is pulled by a force F on a stationary surface, the work done by the kinetic friction is
negative.
3) Block A is placed on the block B. When the block A is pulled with force F, the friction force does
negative work on block A and positive work on block B, which is being accelerated by a force F. The
displacement of A relative to the table is in the forward direction. The work done by kinetic friction on
block B is positive.
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Energy
Energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability to do work
Like work, energy is a scalar quantity
Unit and dimension of energy is same as that of work
SI unit - Joule
CGS unit - erg
2 2
Dimension - ML T
-7
1 erg erg 10 J
1.6 10
-19
2 electron volt eV J
KINETIC ENERGY
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called its kinetic energy. A moving object can
do work. The amount of work that a moving object can do before coming to rest is equal to kinetic
energy
Expression for kinetic energy
The kinetic energy of a body is equal to the amount of work required to bring the body into motion from
its state of rest.
Consider a body of mass m which is initially at rest. Let a constant force is applied on the body. If v be
the velocity of the body after covering a distance s from initial position
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
v 2 u 2 2as
v2
u=0 2
v 2as a
2s
As the force and displacement are in same direction
W = Fs
= ma.s
v2
= m s
2s
1
W mv 2
2
Thus work done appears as kinetic energy of the body
Relation between KE and linear momentum
1
KE mv 2
2
multiply and divide by m
1 m
mv 2
2 m
1 m2 v2
Since p = mv
2 m
p2 m 2 v 2
1 p2
KE
2m
P 2m KE
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KE v 2 , KE p 2 ,
1) 2)
m cons tan t m cons tan t
1
KE , p KE,
3) m 4)
p cons tan t m cons tan t
v 2 u 2 2as
v 2 u 2 2as
1
Multiply both sides by m
2
1 1 1
mv 2 mu 2 m 2as
2 2 2
1 1
mv 2 mu 2 F s
2 2
Change in KE = W
Thus the change in KE of the body is equal to the work done on the body by the net force.
Work Energy Theorem for a variable force
Suppose a variable force F acts on a body of mass m and produces displacement ds in its own
direction.
The small work done is
dw F.ds Fds cos 0o Fds
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dv
F ma m
dt
dv ds
dw m .ds v
dt dt
ds
= mdv.
dt
= mdv.v
dw = mv.dv
If the applied force increases the velocity from u to v, then the total work done on the body will be
v v
W dw mv dv m vdv
u u
v
v2 1 2 1 2
= mv mu
m
2 u 2 2
W = KEf KEi
1 1
W mv 2 mu 2
2 2
1
KE f mv 2 0
2
1
W mv 2
2
1
F s mv 2
2
1 mv 2
s
2 F
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Stopping time
By the impulse-momentum theorem
F t p
F t mu mv
But mv = 0
F t mv
mv
t
F
Two vehicles of masses m1 and m2 are moving with velocities v1 and v2 respectively. When they are
stopped by the same retarding force (F). Then
1 2
2 mv1
F 2
x1 m1v1
x 1 2 m 2 v 22
The ratio of their stopping distance 2 m 2 v 2
2
F
m1v1
t1 F m1 v1
The ratio of stopping time t 2 m 2 v 2 m 2 v 2
F
1 1 1
mv 2 mv 2 mv 2
stopping distance = 2 2 2
F ma m g
v2
s since a g
2g
mv mv mv v
Stopping time t
F ma mg g
v
t
g
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1
m v2
2 1
x1 F m
1
x 2 1 m v2 m2
2 2
F
m1v
t1 m
F 1
t2 m 2 v m2
F
p12
x1 2m1 F m 2
x2 p 22 m1 Since p1 = p2
2m 2 F
p1
t1
F 1
t 2 p2 since p1 = p2
F
KE1
x1
F 1
x 2 KE 2 since KE1 = KE2
F
t1 p1 2m1 KE m1
t 2 p2 2m 2 KE m2
Potential energy
Potential energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position or
state of strain.
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W Fs
= mg h
W = mgh
The work done to raise the object through a height h is stored as energy. This energy is called potential
energy.
W PE mgh
Conservative Force
A force is conservative, if the work done by the force in displacing a particle from one point to another
is independent of the path followed by the particle and depends only on the end point.
Suppose a particle moves from point A to point B along either path 1 or 2. If a conservative force F acts
on the particle, then the work done on the particle is same along two points
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
= mg h
Now suppose the body is taken from position A to B along the path ACDEB as shown in figure. During
horizontal path CD and EB, the force of gravity is perpendicular to the displacement, so work done is
zero. Work is done along vertical paths AC and DE. The total work done is
= mg AC 0 mg DE 0
= mg(AC + DE) Ac + DE = h
W = mgh
Suppose a ball is thrown vertically upward. As it rises, the gravitational force does negative work on it,
decreasing its kinetic energy. As the ball descends, the gravitational force does positive work on it,
increasing its kinetic energy. The ball falls back to the point of projection with the same velocity and KE
with which it was thrown up. The net work done by the gravitational force on the ball during the round
trip is zero. This again shows that the gravitational force is a conservative force.
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
Examples of conservative force : Gravitational force, electrostatic force, elastic force of a spring,
magnetic force, centripetal force
Nonconservative force
If the amount of work done in moving an object against a force from one point to another point depends
on the path along which the body moves, then such a force is called a non-conservative force.
Also if a force is said to be non conservative force work done by the force to move a particle along a
closed path or round trip is zero.
Examples of nonconservative force: Forces of friction and viscosity,
If a body is moved from position A to another position B on a rough table, work done against frictional
force shall depends on the length of the path between A and B and not only the position A and B
WAB mgs
Further if the body is brought back to its initial position A, work has to be done against the frictional
force, which always opposes the motion. Hence the work done against the friction over a round trip is
not zero.
WBA mgs
U w
But W F x dx
U F x dx
d
U F x
dx
d U
F x
dx
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
Hence we may define conservative force is equal to the negative gradient of potential energy.
Potential Energy curve
A graph plotted between the potential energy of a particle and its displacement from the centre of force
is called potential energy curve. Figure shows a graph of potential energy function U(x) for one
dimensional motion. The negative gradient of the potential energy gives force
dv
F
dx
Nature of force
1) Attractive force
On increasing x, if U increases
dU
= positive, then F is in negative direction
dx
i.e. force is attractive in nature. In graph this is represented in region BC
2) Repulsive force
dU
On increasing x, if U decreases = negative, then F is in positive direction.
dx
i.e. Force is repulsive in nature. In graph, this is represented in region AB
3) Zero force
dU
On increasing x, if U does not change =0
dx
then F is zero.
i.e. no force works on the particle. Point B,C and D represents the point of zero force or these points
can be termed as position of equilibrium
Types of equilibrium
If the net force acting on a particle is zero, it is said to be in equilibrium
dU
For equilibrium = 0, but the equilibrium of particle can be three types
dx
1) Stable equilibrium
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
2) Unstable equilibrium
3) Neutral equilibrium
dU dU dU
F 0 F 0 F 0
dx dx dx
d2 U d2 U d2 U
positive negative 0
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
dU dU is negative i.e., rate of change of dU is zero
i.e., rate of change of is positive i.e., rate of change of
dx dx dx
When the spring is stretched or compressed by pulling or pushing the block a spring.
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
Force Fs begin to act to the spring towards the equilibrium position. According to Hooke’s law, the
spring force Fs is proportional to the displacement of the block from the equilibrium position
Fs x or Fs kx
The proportionality constant K is called spring constant. It’s SI unit is Nm–1. The negative sign shows
that Fs acts in the opposite direction of x,
The work done by the spring force for the small extension dx is dws = Fxdx=-kxdx
If the block moved from initial displacement xi to find displacement xf, the work done by the spring force
is
xf xf
x2
w s dw s kx dx k
xi 2 xi
1 1
Ws Kx i2 Kx f2
2 2
Properties of spring force
1) Spring force is position dependent (Fs = -Kx)
2) Work done by spring force depends on initial and final positions
3) Work done by spring force in a cyclic process is zero
The potential energy of a spring is zero when the black is in equilibrium position. The PE of spring for
1
an extension x will be U Kx 2
2
Properties of conservative forces
1) A force F is conservative, if it can be defined from the potential energy function by the relation
dU x
F x
dx
2) Work done by a conservative force on an object is path independent and depends only in the end
points.
W U
W Uf Ui Ui Uf
3) The work done by the conservative force is zero if the object moving around any closed path returns
to its initial position
W F d x 0
4) If only conservative forces are acting on body, then its total mechanical energy is conserved
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
At point A
Body is at rest u = 0
1
KE m 02 0
2
PE = mgh
TE = KE + PE = 0 + mgh = mgh
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
At point B
Suppose the body falls freely through height x and reaches the point B with velocity v
v2 U2 2as
v 2 02 2 g x
v 2 2gx
1 1
KE mv 2 m 2gx mgx
2 2
TE mgx mgh mgx mgh
At point C
Suppose the body finally reaches a point C on the ground with velocity v. Then considering motion
from A to C
v2 U2 2as
v 2 02 2 g h
v 2 2gh
1 1
KE mv 2 m 2gh mgh
2 2
PE = 0
TE = mgh + 0 = mgh
Clearly, as the body falls, PE decreases and KE increases by an equal amount. However total
mechanical energy remains constant at all point. Thus mechanical energy is conserved during the
free fall of a body. Figure shows the variation of KE and PE and the constancy of total energy with
height.
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
TEA = KE + PE
= 0 + mgh1
TEC = KE + PE
1
= mv 2c mg 0
2
1
mv 2c
2
1
TEA = TEC mgh1 mvc2
2
2gh1 vc
h1 cos 1
h1 1 cos 1
v c 2g 1 cos 1
1
TE B mv B2 mgh 2
2
TE B TE A
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
1
mv 2B mgh 2 mgh1
2
1
mv 2B mg h1 h 2
2
v B 2g h1 h 2 2g cos 1 cos 2
TEA = KE + PE
= 0 + mgl =mgl
TEB = KE + PE
1
= mv 2 mg 0
2
1
= mv 2
2
TEA = TEB
1
mg mv 2
2
v 2g
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1 2
When a spring stretch to a distance xm, its PE is kx m . When it is released, it begins to move under
2
the spring force till it reaches the equilibrium position x = 0, where it has maximum velocity. All the PE
is converted into KE. Due to inertia of motion, the body overshoots the x = 0 position. It’s velocity
decreases until it momentarily stops at position x = –xm, where all the KE is converted into PE. The
spring force again pulls the body towards the position x = 0. Thus the body keeps on oscillating. Total
mechanical energy remain constant.
At extreme positions
x x m , velocity is zero
1
KE m 02 0
2
1 2
PE kx m
2
At equilibrium position
1
x=0 PE k 2 02 0
2
1
KE mv2m vm = maximum value of velocity
2
1
TE mv 2m
2
To find Maximum speed vm
1 2 1
kx m mv 2m
2 2
k
vm xm
m
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
1 2 1 1
kx m mv 2 kx 2
2 2 2
mv2 k x 2m x 2
k 2
v
m
xm x2
The variations of KE, PE and total energy with displacement x are shown in figure
As both KE & PE depend on x2, their graphs are parabolic. Total total = KE +PE remain constant, so its
graph is a straight line parallel to displacement axis
Work done in pulling the chain against gravity
Case-1
Work done in pulling the chain with half of its length hanging over the edge
Consider a chain of mass m and length L held on a frictionless table with half of its length hanging over
the edge
W = change in PE
W = Ui – Uf
M L
= g Mg 0
2 4
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
mgL
Then W
8
Case-2
th
1
Work done in pulling the chain on table with of its length hanging over the edge
n
Again reference level is the surface of table
W = Ui – Uf
M L
W g Mg 0
n 2n
mgL
W
2n 2
Velocity of chain while leaving the table
th
1
TE of chain when length hanging from the edge = KE + PE
n
MgL
= 0 2
2n
TE of chain when it leaves the table
1 L
= Mv 2 Mg
2 2
TE = constant
MgL 1 L
2
Mv2 Mg
2n 2 2
MgL 1 1 2
2 1 mv
2 n 2
1
gL 1 2 v 2
n
1
v gL 1 2
n
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
Power
Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
If an agent does work W in time t, then its average power is given by
W
Pav
t
Shorter is the time taken by a person or a machine in performing a particular task, larger is the power
of that person or machine.
Power is a scalar quantity. It is the dot product of two vectors
Dimension of power
2 2
W ML T
ML2 T 3
P
t
T
Units of power
SI unit is watt (W)
1 joule
1 watt =
1 sec ond 1 W 1 Js 1
Bigger units of power are kilowatt (kW) and horse power (hP)
1 kilowatt = 1000 watt or 1kW = 103 W
1 horse power = 746 watt or 1 hP = 746 W
Instantaneous power
The power of an agent may not be constant during a time interval. The instantaneous power is defined
as the limiting value of the average power as the time interval approaches zero. If W work is done in
a small time interval t , then the instantaneous power is given by
W dW
P lim
t 0 t dt
Power as dot product
dw
Instantaneous power, P
dt
dw F.ds
ds
P F.
dt
P F.v
Power of an agent at any instant is equal to the dot product of its force and velocity vectors at that
instant.
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
dv
= m v
dt
P
dt vdv
m
On integrating
P v2
t c1
m 2
At t = 0, v = 0 then c1 = 0. Then
P v2
t
m 2
2Pt
v
m
1/2
ds ds 2Pt
v
dt dt m
1/ 2
2Pt
ds dt
m
1/ 2
2P 1/ 2
s t dt
m
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
1/ 2
2P t 3/ 2
s c2
m 3
2
1/ 2
2P 2 3/ 2
s t c2
m 3
At t = 0, S = 0, C2 = 0
1
2
8P 3
2
S= t
9m
3
2
Then S t
When a machine gun fires in bullets per second, each with velocity v, then power machine gun P =
Energy n KE 1 2
; P = n mv
Time time 2
dP P nP
Force required to hold the machine gun in position F = n 2m KE
dt t 1
When a pump delivers mass M of water per second over a height h with a velocity v, then power of the
1
pump P = Mgh + Mv 2
2
Power of heart P = pressure volume of blood pumped per second.
Collision
A collistion is said to occur between two bodies, either it they physically collide against each other or
if the path of one is affected by the force exerted by the other. For a collision to take place, actual
physical contact is not necessary.
Collision between particles are of different types.
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
If there is no loss of kinetic energy during a If there is a loss of KE during collision, it is called
collision, it is called an elastic collision inelastic collision
Forces involved during the collision are Som e or all the forces involved are non-
conservative conservative
The mechanical energy is not converted into heat, A part of m echanical energy is converted into
light, sound etc heat, light, sound etc
Eg: Collision between sub-atom ic particles, Eg: Collision between two vehicles, collision
collision between gas molecules between ball and floor.
m2 m1
m1 m2
V1
rest V
Before collision After collision
1 1 mv
As the linear momentum is conserved m1v1 m 2 0 m1 m 2 V ; V m m
1 2
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
1 1
Loss in KE = Ki – Kf = m1 v12 m1 m 2 v 2
2 2
1 m1 1 m1m 2 v12
K m1v12 1
2 m1 m 2 2 m1 m 2
1 m1m 2 2
K v1
2 m1 m 2
1 m12 v12
m1 m 2 2
Kf 2
m1 m 2
m1
Ki 1 m1 m 2
m1 v12
2
Kf m1
K i m1 m 2
Case-2
When two colliding bodies are moving in the same direction.
m1 m2 m1 m2
V1 V2 V
m1 v1 m 2 v 2
V
m1 m 2
1 1 1
Loss in KE K m1v12 m 2 v 22 m1 m 2 v 2
2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2 1 m1v1 m 2 v 2
= m1 v1 m 2 v 2 m1 m 2 2
2 2 2 m1 m 2
2
1 1 1 m1 v1 m 2 v 2
K m1 v12 m 2 v 22
2 2 2 m1 m 2
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
m1 v1 m1m2 v12 m2 m1v 22 m22 v22 m1v1 m 2 v 2
=
2 2 2 2 2
m1 m 2
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
m1 v1 m1m 2 v12 v 22 m 22 v22 m12 v12 m 22 v 22 m1m 2 v 2 v 2
2 2 2 2 2
=
m1 m 2
1
m1m 2 v12 v 22 2v1v 2
K 2
m1 m 2
1 m1m 2 2
K v1 v 2
2 m1 m 2
Case-2
When the colliding bodies are moving in the opposite direction
m1 m2
v1 v2
v1 > v2
m1v1 m 2 v 2
v
m1 m 2
1 m1m 2 2
K loss in KE v1 v 2
2 m1 m 2
Elastic collision in one dimension
Consider two perfectly elastic bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 moving along the same straight
line with velocities u1 and u2 respectively. Let u1 > u2. After some time, two bodies collide head on and
continue moving in the same direction with velocities v1 and v2 respectively. If two bodies will separate
after the collision if v2 > v1
m1 m2
m1 m2 v1 v2
A B A B
During collision After collision
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
m1 u1 v1 m 2 v 2 u 2 .............(1)
1 1 1 1
Since KE is also conserved m1u12 m 2 u 22 m1v12 m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2
m1 u12 v12 m 2 v 22 u 22
m1 u1 v1 u1 v1 m 2 v 2 u 2 v 2 u 2 ..............(2)
2
u1 v1 v 2 u 2 ; v2 u1 v1 u 2 ......................(3)
1
Substitute (3) in (1)
m1u1 m1v1 m2 u1 m 2 v1 m 2 u 2 m 2 u 2
u1 m1 m 2 v1 m1 m 2 2m 2 u 2
m1 m2 u1 2m 2u 2 m1 m2 v1
m1 m 2 2m2 u 2
v1 u1
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
m m2 2m 2
v1 1 u1 u2
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
m m1 2m1
v2 2 u2 u1
m1 m 2 m1 m2
Special cases
1. When two bodies of equal masses collide m1 = m2 = m
v1 u 2 and v 2 u1
After collision, two bodies exchange their velocities if they have same masses.
2. When a body collides against a stationary body of equal mass m1 = m2 = m Let u2 = 0
Then v1 0, v 2 u1
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
m1 m 2 and u 2 0
m 2
v1 u1 u1 v1 u1 ; v 2 0
m2
A light ball on striking a wall rebounds almost with the same speed and the wall remain at rest.
4. When a massive body collides against a light stationary body
m1 >> m2 ; u2 = 0
v1 = u1 and v2 = 2u1
The velocity at massive body remains almost unchanged while the light body starts moving with twice
the velocity of the massive body.
Fractional decrease in KE
1
K 2 1 1
m u 2 v12
u 2 v2 v2
1 2 1 1 12
K 1 u1 u1
m1u12
2
If the target is at rest
m m2 2m 2 u 2
v1 1 u1
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
Put u2 =0
m m2
v1 1 u1
m1 m 2
2 2
K v m m2
1 1 1 1
K u1 m1 m 2
K m1 m 2 2m1m 2 m1 m 2 2m1m 2
2 2 2 2
2
K m1 m 2
K 4m1m 2 K 4m1m 2
2 ;
2
K m1 m 2 K m1 m 2 4m1m 2
K
If m1 m 2 1
K
Then transfer of KE will be maximum
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
v1 v 2
It is given by e
u1 u 2
The coefficient of restitution can be used to distinguish between the different types of collisions as
follows
* For a perfectly elastic collision e=1, ie relative velocity of separation is equal to the relative velocity of
approach
* For on inelastic collision, 0 e 1 . The relative velocity of separation is less than relative velocity of
approach
* For a perfectly inelastic collision, e =0. Relative velocity of separation is zero
* For super elastic collision e 1 KE increases
v 2 v1 e u1 u 2
v 2 v1 e u1 u 2 v1
By the law of conservation of momentum
m1u1 m 2 u 2 m1v1 m2 v 2
Substitute the value of V2
u1 m1 m 2 e u 2 m 2 m 2e v1 m1 m 2
v1
m1 m 2e u
m 2 1 e
u2
1
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
v2
m 2 m1e u
m1 1 e
u1
2
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
v 2 v1
e
u1
eu1 v 2 v1 ........(1)
v 2 eu1 v1
By conservation of mumentum
m1u1 m1 v1 m 2 eu1 m 2 v1
m1 m 2e u 1
u1 m1 m 2e v1 m1 m 2 ; v1 m1 m 2
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
m1 1 e u1
v2
m1 m 2
v1 m1 m 2 e
; if m1 m 2
v2 m1 1 e
v1 1 e
v2 1 e
v 2 v1
e
u1 u 2
(2) Colliding bodies moving in opposite direction before and after the collision
v1 v2
e
u1 u 2
(3) Rebounding of a ball after collision with ground
If a ball is dropped from a height ho on a horizontal floor, then it strikes with a speed vo
v 2 u 2 2gh
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
v 2o 02 2 g h o
v o 2gh o
02 v12 2 g h1
v1 2gh1
R.V of separation v1 h1
e= =
R.V of approach v0 ho
1
h 2
e 1
ho
v1
e v1 ev o e 2gh o
vo
v12
First height of rebound h1 e2 h o
2g
h1 e 2 h o
* For the second rebound, v1 is the velocity of approach v2 is the velocity of separation
v2
e
v1 ; v 2 ev1
But v1 ev o
v 2 e2 vo
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
vn en vo
v 22 e 4 v 2o
Height of second rebound h 2
2g 2g
v 2o
But ho
2g
h 2 e4h o
Similary for nth rebound, the height
h o e 2n h o
M h o 2h1 2h 2 .....
h o 2e 2 h o 2e4 h o 2e 6 h o ,......
h o 1 2e2 2e 4 2e 6 ........
h o 1 2e 2 1 e 2 e 4 ......
1
1 e 2 e 4 .....
1 e2
h o 1 2e 2
1
; ho
1 e 2 2e 2
1 e2 1 e2
M ho
1 e
2
1 e
2
T t o 2t1 2t 2 2t 3 ......
2h o 2h1 2h 2
T 2 2 ....
g g g
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
2h o 2 e2h o 2e 4 h o
T 2 2 .....
g g g
2h o
T
g
1 2e 2e 2 ......
2h o
T
g
1 2e 1 e e 2 e3 ....
2h o 1
T 1 2e
g 1 e
2h o 1 e 2e
T
g 1 e
2h o 1 e
T
g 1 e
A B
m1 u1 u2
m2
u1 > u2
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BBrilliant STUDY CENTRE LT-23(SPECIAL) PHYSICS (ONLINE)
m1 v1 sin 1 m 2 v 2 sin 2
* Conservation of kinetic energy yields
1 1 1 1
m1u12 m 2 u 22 m1v12 m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2
If the particle B is initially at rest
* Conservation of momentum along X axis
1 1 1
m1u12 m1 v12 m 2 v22
2 2 2
40