Holy Cross of Mintal, Inc.

“ Using Jackfruit Sap as An Alternative for Glue”

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Science

A Science Innovative Project

Presented to the Faculty of the Science Department
Of Holy Cross of Mintal, Inc.

Submitted by:

Cañe

Submitted to:
Mr. Michael John Loma
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Jackfruit sap has been used as a glue for craft and construction, as well as and adhesive

for bug, rat, and bird traps. The hard, durable wood of the jackfruit has a nice light yellow

hue, and is highly prized for the construction of instruments, decorative carvings, and

furniture. The jackfruit latex is a viscous and sticky white gel like substance which is

physically found to be hard.

Resins from the jackfruit tree may be valuable in varnishes. Latex or rubber: This latex is

commonly used as adhesive for mending broken chinaware or earthenware, caulking

boats, mending holes of buckets and trapping birds and in some countries it serves as a

substitute for rubber. Latex is an emulsion of polymer microparticles in water. Latexes

are found in nature, but synthetic latexes are common as well. In nature, latex is found

as a milky fluid, which is present in 10% of all flowering plants. The term 'rubber' refers to

durable, waterproof and elastic material made from natural or synthetic latex. Where

rubber is usually the finished product, latex refers to the liquid form; a stable emulsion of

polymer microparticles in an aqueous solution.

Originating in India, this versatile fruit tree is now distributed throughout the tropics and

has been grown in Florida for over one hundred years. Just twenty years ago jackfruits

were and extreme rarity in Florida markets and fruit stands.

Thanks to the rapid growth of the tree, unique taste, and high market price, the fruit is

now regularly found at Asian markets, tropical fruit stands, and other fine produce

vendors. Jackfruits can not tolerate heavy frost, so their growth is limited to coastal

Florida and protected locations. A healthy specimen can grow between four and six feet

annually, although trees can be maintained at 15 feet in height. The trees seem to thrive

in fertile, deep, well drained soil, but can also grow in Florida sand, and lime rock with

supplemental water and nutrients

The jackfruit is truly a “Jack” of all trades, with many culinary and craft uses. The young

leaves, flowers, and immature fruit can be cooked and eaten. The halfway mature fruit

can be peeled, diced, and slow cooked, resulting in a very convincing “pulled pork”

substitute. The mature fruit is extremely sweet and aromatic, with flavors resembling

banana, pineapple, mango, and bubblegum. The large seeds are also edible when

cooked, and taste similar to chestnuts. The latex-like sap has been used as a glue for

craft and construction, as well as and adhesive for bug, rat, and bird traps. The hard,

durable wood of the jackfruit has a nice light yellow hue, and is highly prized for the

construction of instruments, decorative carvings, and furniture. Late summer is prime

jackfruit season here in Florida, go out and try some. You don't want to miss out on this

culinary adventure.
Background of the Study
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is an exotic fruit grown in tropical regions of the

world - that incorporates the Philippines. It is widely abundant in South and Southeast

Asia yet is believed to have begun in Southwestern rainforests in India. It is part of the

Moraceae plant family, which also includes fig, mulberry, and breadfruit. Jackfruit has

spiky outer skin and is green or yellow. Studies have proven that jackfruit sap can be an

alternative ingredient to make an adhesive/glue for it contains a substance which is

required to form the adhesive, called latex. This project aims to produce fabric glue made

out of jackfruit sap. It aims to study the comparison of commercial glue to natural glue

and lessen the use of chemical ingredients in the product such as commercial fabric

glues. According to Mary Limpiada Mango sap and Jackfruit sap can be utilize as Shoe's

glue, The mango sap has a component that is similar to Shoe's glue. The mango sap is

extremely sticky therefore it can be utilized as adhesive.

Statement of the Problem

This project aims to enhance the study about Jackfruit“Artocarpus

Heterophyllus” Sap Eco-Glue.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. How probable can the jackfruit sap as an alternative source of eco-glue?

2. How much amount of jackfruit sap will be needed to produce alternative eco-glue?

3. What is the difference between the properties of commercial glue and eco-glue produced
from jackfruit sap, in terms of:

3.1 Viscosity;
3.2 Density;
3.3 Color
3.4 Odor; and
3.5 Stickiness

4. Is the eco-glue produced from jackfruit sap can be asubstitute glue for binding like papers?

Formulation of the Hypothesis

If the Durability of the hollow block is related to plastic waste additives, then the

hollow block’s durability will be high and constant.

If Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) varies from Low-Density Polyethylene

(LDPE), then Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) will experience an early disintegration in

terms of their durability as hollow block additives.

Significance of the Study

The researchers of this study aspire to make genuine contribution to the
better enhancement and development of Jackfruit“Artocarpus Heterophyllus” Sap
Eco-Glue.

Specifically, the findings of this research is significant to the following:

To citizens. This study will benefit citizens especially to thoseowner of

the jackfruit trees for it help them to have an eco-glue.
To the students. This will help them to have a substitute of glue which is commonly
used in school to bind materials such as paper and cardboards.
To the environment. The mere use of Jackfruit sap can already contribute to the
cleanliness of the environment, knowing that the partof the fruits to be used is
generally considered as wastes.
To the Future Researchers. This study will serve as source of
information to conduct further studies regarding adhesive glue produced
from jackfruit sap.

Scope and limitations

This research entitled, “Using Jackfruit Sap as An Alternative for Glue” will be
conducted by grade 7 Junior High School of Holy Cross of Mintal.

The source of the eco-glue will be limited in the sap of Jackfruit. The product will be compared

to the commercial glue to identify their similarities and differences in terms of viscosity,

density, color, odor and stickiness. This will also be applied to any paper to test its effectivity

and feasibility as alternative glue.

Definition of Terms

Dictionary-derived Definition

Plastic - Polymeric material that has the capability of being molded or shaped,

usually by the application of heat and pressure.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) – It is a synthetic resin made by

copolymerizing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid, widely used to make polyester

fibers.

Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) – LDPE (low-density polyethylene) is a soft,

flexible, lightweight plastic material. LDPE is noted for its low-temperature flexibility,

toughness, and corrosion resistance.

Chemical Reaction - A chemical change that occurs when two or more

substances combine to form a new substance.

 Decompose – To separate or resolve into constituent parts or elements like

disintegrate.

Carbon emissions - Carbon dioxide that planes, cars, factories, etc. produce,

are thought to be harmful to the environment.

Climate Change - A change in global or regional climate patterns.

Operational Definition

Plastic – These are detrimental materials that are composed of fossil fuels.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) - These are thermoplastic polymer resins

commonly used as bottles, jars, clothing, etc.

Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE) – It is a thermoplastic used in manufacturing

various squeeze bottles, a variety of containers, and others.

Chemical Reaction - It is the result of combining two or more compounds.

Decompose - It is the process of breaking down plastic waste through chemical

change.

Carbon emissions - It is the same as carbon dioxide and it produces bad

smoke. Climate change - It is the increase in temperature due to various

reasons.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This section includes the published literature and studies regarding the

researcher’s thesis, which is about the effectiveness of Polyethylene Terephthalate

(PET) and Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE) as hollow block additives. Moreover, the

researchers will also discuss the possibilities of the plastics becoming hollow block

additives, especially their qualities and durability as construction materials.

Foreign Literature

Plastics are harmful to the ecosystem and human health, but they have become

essential to an individual’s life. Logomasini (2021) disclosed that plastics are valuable to

society, especially in the medical field, consumer products, automobiles, protective gear,

and many more. This implies that plastics are difficult to remove from an individual’s life

because of their advantages in the modernization of the society or country. If plastics

have become such an entrenched part of humanity, and production and consumption

continue, there is a probability of further endangering the environment and human health

which can lead to extinction.

Plastics are known for their unique properties, and with that, they are used

constantly which caused controversies globally because “none of the commonly used

plastics are biodegradable. As a result, they accumulate, rather than decompose, in

landfills or the natural environment (6). The only way to permanently eliminate plastic

waste is by destructive thermal treatment, such as combustion or pyrolysis. Thus, near

permanent contamination of the natural environment with plastic waste is a growing

concern” (Geyer et al., 2017, p. 1).

The degradation of plastics takes hundreds of years because they are not

biodegradable (non-biodegradable); enzymes in the microorganisms don’t recognize the

bonds of polymers in degrading biodegradable materials (Vodovotz, 2022). Hence,

recycling plastic waste has been made long before. According to research, “recycling is

the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. The

recyclability of a material depends on its ability to reacquire its properties in its virgin or

original state. It is an alternative to conventional waste disposal that can save material

and help lower greenhouse gas emissions” (Maunahan & Adeba, 2021, p. 128).

An interview shows the production of bricks out of plastic by an organization

named Gjange Makers, founded by Nzambi Matee in 2018, and she explains the

process of making their plastic bricks (Insider Business, 2021). The process includes

the pulverization of plastic waste, which was then mixed with the sand and then fed into

the extruder, where it was then molded into shape (Insider Business, 2021). The

process used in making their plastic bricks is unique, especially their shape and form.

However, the extrusion of plastic waste requires heat and there is a lack of studies in

terms of the possible chemical compounds present in the process of extruding plastic

waste.

“The plastic in an Eco brick is very durable and will never break down, making it

an ideal building material. They are used in developing countries to construct furniture

and even buildings, and they are also used in the UK to build children’s playgrounds. In

South Africa, there are many sustainable construction projects underway, including

outdoor classrooms, community gardens, and a composting toilet. In Guatemala, there

are many schools built from plastic bottle Eco brick” (Maunahan & Adeba, 2021, p. 133).

Eco-bricks are already known internationally which result in numerous innovative

inventions, especially in building infrastructures out of recycled materials and making

pavements incorporated with plastic wastes. With the help of eco-bricks, people learn to

reuse previously squandered resources to construct something that will directly benefit

the community (Hall, 2020). Moreover, another study states that incorporating plastic

waste in pavements or roads is more detrimental to the ecosystem and human health

because of the micro-plastics that could be released into the environment as automobile

wheels create a force (abrasion) between the pavement (Insider Business, 2021).

In research from Umasabor and Daniel, due to the scarcity of resources in

making concrete, studies have been made on adding plastic waste to the concrete as

reinforcements to enhance the mechanical properties of the concrete as an alternative,

specifically Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) (2020, p. 1). The usage of Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PET) plastics as additives in hollow blocks is not widely known in many

countries, and not many studies specify the use of this type of plastic in their studies.

However, in a study carried out by Umasabor and Daniel (2020, p.1), researchers “used

waste PET bottles in fiber form as the partial replacement of fine aggregate in 25Mpa

grade of concrete specimens with 0.45 w/c ratio in various percentages 0.5%, 1%, 2%,

4%, and 6%.” And “It was reported that a 2% replacement of the fine aggregate with

PET bottle fibers gave an appreciable increase in the compressive strength. Beyond

2%, the compressive strength was found gradually reducing” (Umasabor & Daniel,

2020, p.1). In the study, a negative correlation can be observed because of the affected

variable—the compressive strength of a hollow block—as the amount of PET plastic

waste additive increase and decrease.

National Literature
An industry technique that is becoming more prevalent and has the potential to

produce an environmental-friendly material that can enhance some of the qualities of

concrete and masonry construction is the infusion of plastic waste (Dolores et al., 2020).

According to Rebultan (2018), “eco-bricks are a way to preserve and protect the

environment by taking away plastics, storing them, and using them for other

innovations.” The integration of plastic waste into cement hollow blocks creates a new

diversion or alternative way of recycling plastic waste. It is an innovative way of

recycling plastic waste rather than being disposed to landfills, incinerated, or released

into the ecosystem.

An interview from GMA News shows Engr. Rommel Benig, the president and

CEO of Green Antz Builders Inc., stated that “our eco-bricks are 5-6 times stronger

compared to a typical hollow block” (2017). The eco-bricks made by Green Antz
Builders Inc. include the process of shredding plastic waste materials and infusing them

with cement and sand, then they are molded (GMA News, 2017). Moreover, in research

from Dolores et al., a decrease in the mechanical properties of the hollow block with a

high amount of plastic additive (specifically LDPE pellets) was observed, and on the

other hand, in a hollow block with less plastic waste additive, an increase in

compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength was also observed. (2020, p. 1933). In

connection to the eco-bricks from Green Antz Builders Inc., the institution must have

infused a decent amount of shredded plastic waste into the cement and sand which

caused it to be compact and strong. However, the amount of shredded plastic waste

infused in the eco-bricks was not clarified or elucidated by Green Antz Builders Inc.,

hence further research is required or needed to know why their eco-bricks are stronger

compared to a typical hollow block or brick used in traditional infrastructures.

As a result of the study conducted by Parades (2020), eco-bricks made of

cement, sand, gravel, and 200 grams of shredded strips of Low-Density Polyethylene

(LDPE) plastic waste have the highest compressive strength. In Addition to that, the

hollow block composed of cement, sand, gravel, and 600 grams of finely shredded

LDPE plastics has the lowest compressive strength (Paredes, 2020). Substantially, the

compressive strength of hollow blocks tends to be affected by the amount of plastic

waste additives. If there is an increase in plastic waste additives, there is a possibility

that the compressive strength will decrease because of the weak bonds or weak

adhesion created in a compressed block. As well as in the decrease of plastic waste

additives, there is a possibility that the compressive strength increases—it’s a negative

correlation between the amount of plastic waste and the compressive strength of the

hollow block.

Local Literature
 Last year, November 26, 2022, at Mintal Elementary School, Tugbok District,

Davao City. PHINLA Youth Care Caravan was held in the said venue, it was a program

to assist the Philippine government in implementing the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000. It was a program set for educating the youth which enables

them to know the laws which are related to the environment. With that, they could also

commit themselves to help in decreasing the effects of harmful waste.

In an online news article, it stated that “DAVAO CITY – Assorted solid wastes,

mostly single-use plastics (SUPs), have been polluting the Panigan-Tamugan

Watershed in Baguio District here, which is among the city’s top sources of potable

water” and “this was disclosed by Davao City-based environmental group Interface

Development Interventions (IDIS) Executive Director Chinkie P. Golle, who expressed

alarm when

1,713 pieces of assorted solid wastes, mostly food and household product packaging,

including and, bottles, glass, cigarettes, face masks, and plastics, were recovered in a

river clean-up drive and brand audit at the watershed last September 26” (Colina, 2020).

With that information, having a reorientation and strictly implementing the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 won’t still be enough because waste could still be

released into the environment without any prior notice—although unintentional—it will

still gravely affect the ecosystem, especially in housing located near bodies of water.

Ensuring that plastic waste won’t be released into the environment is somehow

vivid because of the lack of unity in committing to help nature. Most people are still

reckless with their waste products (specifically, plastic waste), and rather than

accumulating in landfills or being released to the environment, making eco-bricks will be

helpful, especially in decreasing plastic waste globally, internationally, or locally. The

founder of Green Antz Builders Inc. can be seen in the video who was associated with
the MAER SUMMIT PROPERTIES in Mati, they were having their grand opening to

commemorate the start of building their innovative and sustainable development of a

residential, commercial, and tourism components (MAER SUMMIT PROPERTIES,

2022). With that, developing more buildings with the use of plastics will decrease the

number of total plastic waste generated and consumed globally.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the research design and what methodology will be used

in this study to gather data from the experiment to be conducted.

Research Design

In this study, qualitative research will be conducted that will mainly focus on the

narrative approach. The data gathered from the conducted experiment will reflect the

durability of the hollow block with PET and LDPE plastic waste additives as a

construction material in the masonry industry. Qualitative research is a type of research

that is descriptive. Unlike quantitative research, which is expressed in numbers,

qualitative is non-numerical. Qualitative research involves analyzing and collecting data

in the form of words rather than using numbers (Busetto et al., 2020). Narrative

approach, on the other hand, is different from qualitative research. The narrative

approach is a type of approach that the researchers will utilize in explaining the data

that has been collected. According to Wang and Geale (2015), “the narrative approach

allows for a rich description of these experiences and an exploration of the meanings

that the participants derive from their experiences.” Emphasizing what was stated, the

narrative approach allows a rich description, and by utilizing this, the researchers will be

able to provide an in-depth explanation of what data has been collected from the

conducted experiment.
Materials/Equipment

The researchers will utilize shredded PET and LDPE plastic waste as additives which

serve as the main material in producing the hollow block. Cement, sand, and water are

the normal materials used to make concrete hollow blocks; no substitutions will occur

with the materials. To mold the desired product, a 4-inch Hollow Block Molder will be

used. Since a huge amount of PET and LDPE plastic waste is needed, plastic waste will

be collected from the researchers’ households and institution.

Treatment/General Procedure

In conducting this experiment, the researchers will collect PET and LDPE plastic

wastes from different places before proceeding to the next step. When sufficient plastic

waste has been collected, PET and LDPE plastic wastes will be cleaned and separated

accordingly. Once it is dried, the plastic waste will then be shredded separately and

weighed into 200 grams per category of plastic. Afterward, these shredded plastics will

be brought to a hardware store for them to be made as hollow blocks. Since 1 sack of

cement with sand approximately makes 30 blocks, the mixture will be divided into 3

equal portions where the shredded PET and LDPE plastic waste will be added

respectively. Moreover, a control variable will be included where there will be hollow

blocks with no additives to compare each block. After adding the plastic waste to their

respective mixtures, they will be molded into the Hollow Block Molder. These molded

hollow blocks will be left to set for a maximum of 3 days. Lastly, when the hollow blocks

have fully cured, each hollow block with PET and LDPE plastics will be tested to

determine their durability and respective qualities using the compression test.

The researchers will test the product if it has similar qualities to a standard hollow

block such as its durability, compactness, and condition.

CHAPTER IV
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter focuses on a brief discussion of the results, including data analysis,

conclusion, and recommendations constructed through experimentation.

Results and Discussion

Table 1: PET and LDPE plastic according to its corresponding qualities

QUALITIES

Product (hollow Condition Durability Compactness Safeness or

block) security

PET ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

LDPE ✔ X ✔ X

Control X X X X

Based on Table 1, the condition, durability, compactness, and safeness or

security of the hollow block with PET plastic additives have shown a positive result

according to its qualities. LDPE on the other hand, has a great condition, but its

durability, compactness, and safeness or security are questionable as it has shown a

different result compared to PET. Moreover, the control (hollow blocks without any

additives) has a normal condition or physical appearance, however, compared to the

other two hollow blocks, it showed an early disintegration while it only received low

compression.

Data Analysis

The researchers’ method of acquiring data is by a hydraulic compression

machine. The unit used to identify whether the hollow blocks are weak or strong is psi or

pressure
per square inch. The researchers witnessed how each sample of hollow blocks

disintegrated with varying compression.

Table 2. test report on CHB samples

In Table 2, it can be observed that the first sample which is the Concrete Hollow

Block (CHB) with 200 grams of PET has a compressive strength of 725 psi, it is the

highest among all three samples. Looking at the condition of the CHB with PET additives

after experiencing compressive stress (Figure 1), a part of the CHB has fully collapsed

and detached. It can be understood that it resulted in the way it is because it was

exposed to 725 psi which is quite impressive for the CHB to endure and only cause

small damage to the sample. On the other hand, the CHB with LDPE additives has a

compressive strength of 557 psi, which is quite weaker compared to the CHB with PET

additives. Based on Figure 2, after the CHB with LDPE additives endured a

compression of 557 psi, a part of the product broke. Moreover, the third sample which is

the control or the CHB without any additives has a compressive strength of 33 psi, it is

much weaker compared to the other two CHBs with plastic additives. The standard CHB

fully disintegrated with such little compressive stress, in comparing Figure 3 with the

other two CHBs with additives, it acquired an adverse result which is unethical when

used as a construction material considering the fact that it broke down with a

compressive stress of 33 psi.

Figure 1. CHB with PET

Figure 2. CHB with LDPE Figure 3. Standard CHB

Conclusion

The researchers conducted an experiment to identify the durability of a CHB with

PET and LDPE as additives. According to the results and data acquired through

experimentation, the condition of the CHB with PET is firm even with the presence of

plastic additives, it can be observed that it is compact and didn’t affect the bond of the

product. With that, it endured a compressive strength of 725 psi which proves that its

durability is high, and it is safe or secure to use as a construction material in building

establishments. On the other hand, CHB with LDPE additives has the same condition as

CHB infused with PET, however, this product experienced a much early disintegration

compared to PET with a compressive strength of 557, which dictates that it has a

weaker bond. Although the product is compact, it is still not on par with CHB with PET

as its durability is quite weak which affects its safety and security used as a masonry

material.

Based on acquired data, there is truly a significant correlation between the

durability of hollow blocks and plastic waste additives. That is because the researchers

believe that the CHB with LDPE experienced an early disintegration due to plastic’s

properties. The LDPE materials have a slightly slippery and flexible property which

possibly contributed to the breaking down of the product even though the CHB is
evidently compact. Moreover, PET has a completely different property compared to

LDPE. PET has a solid property that is quite difficult to reform, which somehow

contributed to the increase of the strength of the CHB, rather than decreasing its

durability since it doesn’t have a slippery property as LDPE. Hence, additives with two

completely different properties are related to the durability of CHB; the product's

durability is high and constant.

The researchers conclude that CHB with PET additives is more durable than CHB

with LDPE additives. Consequently, it can be deduced that the hypothesis has been met

and the study is a success.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend producing the CHB with additives a few weeks

before actual use to completely cure and prepare the material because prior to the data

collection, the researchers encountered time constraints which caused a delay to

present the product. The researchers were only able to cure the CHB for 3 days which

was sufficient to dry the CHB. However, a CHB cured for a few weeks might have a

different result from what data we have acquired. Moreover, due to changes in

methodology, a few limitations were eliminated in making the product, especially in

terms of data collection.

Moreover, the researchers also recommend securing a shredding machine when

making this product to easily achieve finely cut plastics. Since PET has a solid property,

it required great time and effort to manually cut it. Hence, to avoid injuries, such as

blisters, shredding would be a better option rather than manually cutting the plastics.

DOCUMENTATION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this section, the researchers would like to express their gratitude and

acknowledge those who have helped accomplish and complete this study.

To our Science Teacher/instructor, Mr. Michael John Loma, who made this study

possible. His help, especially during difficult and stressful times, carried us to the

success of conducting this study.

The researchers would also like to give special thanks to Mr. Wayne C. Gudmalin

for supporting the study by providing pieces of advice and guiding the researchers to find

a testing center to conduct data gathering that is available within the town.

Finally, the Almighty God, for He has guided the minds and bodies of the

researchers to have made such an intricate yet understandable study to help his gift to

us.

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