CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, scope and
limitation, significance of the study, and definition of terms.

Background of the Study

Glue is an adhesive material that is widely used worldwide. It can be used in simple
works or as an emergency utensil from torn books to stripped parts of paper works. It can stick
two or more things together. The first glues known may have been natural liquids that come out
of trees when they are cut. It was discovered that the Antipolo tree and breadfruit tree produces a
natural sticky sap that can be used as glue. The sap of Antipolo tree is placed on tall trees that
can capture small birds because of its stickiness and breadfruit latex is also sticky that can be
make as glue as well. The Artocarpus blancoi is an indigenous tree that is endemic to the
Philippines. Antipolo is a large tree that grows up to 30 meters tall. The Antipolo tree belongs to
the Artocarpus species a lactiferous trees or shrubs whose leaves twigs and stem can produced
milky sap that can be used as an alternative glue (Aloha Nui, 2019).

According to Cambridge Dictionary glue defines as a “sticky substance that is used for
joining things together permanently, produced from animal bones and skins or by a chemical
process”. Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bone, hides, skin, sinew
and other connective tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen, the protein
these tissues (Mazur, 2013).

The commercial adhesives are chemical compounds hence, it is necessary to prevent

human exposure to those chemicals during the time of application. Some adhesives react with
substrate and are not good for inhaling. Adhesives are polymer-based materials and have an
average resistance to high temperature. According to Karen Gill (2018), sniffing glue poses a
serious health risk. Even if the outcome is not fatal, it may nonetheless harm the brain and lungs
as well as the mental and respiratory systems. According to A.J., high school students have used
toluene, an aromatic hydrocarbon used in glue, inappropriately in the Philippines. Children are so
dependent on the toluene that they regularly sniff it and inhale it. Authorities have observed
many youths in the neighborhood, particularly on San Pedro Avenue, in a euphoric state after
inhaling glue’s toluene (Tabaco, 2017).

According to Elevitch and Manner (2010), Antipolo tree sap can be alternative ingredient
in producing glue. Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi) is one of the most significant trees in tropical
home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the important genus
Artocarpus. It contains latex, that is used for trapping birdlime and insects, could be an essential
ingredient in making adhesives. Sap is frequently referred to as the blood of tree because it
circulates inside the three bringing nutrients. A tree would perish if the sap stopped flowing
through it because it serves as the body of the trees internal transportation system for nutrients.
Sap is also a wholesome diet consumed by numerous forest animals, including as squirrels nor
tree sap benefits not just the tree but also the people. Extracting tree sap and using it to produced
latex, resins, hair removal products, and maple syrup among others. Tree sap is occasionally due
to its nutritious richness, added to natural soaps and bath care items. Also, the sap holds
everything together.

In line with this, the reason why the researchers are launching this study is to identify the
substitute for commercial adhesives which is the Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo tree) an
indigenous tree that is endemic to the Philippines. It is very much related to the popular
jackfruit/langka. Leaves are simple, spirally arranged, with one to three pairs of lobes. All
Artocarpus species are lactiferous trees or shrubs whose leaves, twigs and stem can produce
milky sap. Wherein there is a need to help our community to create an alternative glue since
commercial glues are now expensive in the market.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aimed to determine the potential of Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo
tree) as an alternative ingredient in making homemade glue.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference on the potential of Artocarpus blancoi sap as an

alternative ingredient in making homemade glue in terms of time to bond using different
materials like paper, plastics and cloth?
2. Is there a significant difference between glue made out of Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi)
and the commercial glue in terms of;
a. Odor
b. Color
c. Stickiness
3. How long does it take to dry in different materials specifically in paper, plastics and
cloth?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study determines the potential of Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo tree) sap as
an alternative ingredient in making homemade glue. This research will be conducted in Palta
National High School SHS building. Also, this study yearns to identify how can the
researcher use Antipolo tree sap as an alternative homemade glue.
Significance of the study

This study is undertaken to prove the efficacy of Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi) as

an adhesive by producing glue out of its sap. The results of the study will be great benefits to
the following:

Students

This study will benefit the students to have an idea and also will learn on how to
make an alternative glue by using the sap of Antipolo tree (Artocarpus blancoi).

To the consumers

This study will help them lessen their expenses in terms of buying different
commercial glue especially commercial glue are expensive now in the market.

To the community

This study will provide information to them that the sap of Antipolo tree can be a
useful product and may help them use it at any different materials.

To the next researchers

This study will help other researcher in their research. The results of this study will
give future researchers ideas about Antipolo tree sap as an alternative glue.

Definition of Terms

1. Sap- it is the alternative main component of different materials adhesive

2. Antipolo tree (Artocarpus blancoi)- it is the source of the latex to be use as an alternative

adhesive glue.

3. Latex- a milky fluid found in Antipolo tree

4. Water- a material that will be put on the set up.

5. Alternative- it refers to the efficacy of the Antipolo tree sap as an alternative adhesive

glue.

6. Grade 12- STEM- the respondent in the said study

 CHAPTER II

This chapter of the paper presents the review of related literature, related studies,
conceptual framework and research hypothesis.

RELATED LITERATURE

Local Literature

According to nearly everyone uses paste ranging from houses to offices, schools, and
structures, paste is constantly available to assist people in their daily lives. Paste is a thick, sticky
substance. Usually created by combining liquid and fry materials, soft, wet product. It is a
material soft, wet product. It is material that can be used to rub light objects, such as papers
together. It goes from one thing to another. Our friends truly benefit from the handmade paste
with harmful substance issues in their homes. Not only is this endeavor beneficial to us, but it
also in future emergencies and financial crises, organization will be simple.

Paste is a thick, soft, moist substance usually produce by mixing dry ingredients with
liquid. It is a substance which is used to attach light things, such as papers together just by
rubbing it to one object to the other. The homemade paste, really come in handy to our fellows
with problems about toxics in their homes. This project isn’t helpful to us, but is also easy to
organize in times of financial crisis and emergencies to come.

Artocarpus blancoi known as the Antipolo tree is a genus of about 60 trees of the family
Moraceae in the genus Artocarpus species are native to Southeast Asia and only found in the
Philippines. The province of Kalinga is home to the indigenous plant species Artocarpus blancoi,
which belongs to the moraceae family. Large tree with stems that are at least 60cm in diameter
and a height of 30m. Recently, the western ghats have seen a large increase in the cultivation of
the woody Artocarpus species, which is suited for home use. It’s fruit, which can be eaten fresh
or used as component in cakes, were prized for their sweet, juicy, and romantic perianths
enclosing seed. Several Artocarpus species produce edible and economically valuable fruits,
according to the study by (Western 2015). The word Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words
artos (bread) and karpos (fruit). It is said Antipolo City, the capital of Rizal derived its name
from the Antipolo tree, at a time when the tree grew in abundance locally.

The Philippines is fortunate to have a very high biodiversity, which includes the plants
that live there throughout the area’s surviving woodland. There are roughly 3500 species of tree
alone. The Antipolo’s outer bark grayish-black tree with white latex oozing from its interior
bark. It is endemic to the Bataan Island, Luzon, Palawan, Negros, and Mindanao in particular as
well as in dense lowland vegetation. Fruit trees are significant as extra sources of income and as
crucial dietary supplements, according an article by Dela Torre published in 2018. These fruit
trees can provide a variety of valuable goods in addition to edible fruits. However, despite their
importance, their propagation, cultivation, and molecular characterization have not been
adequately studied. Fruit trees, in contrast to yearly agricultural crops, have specific issues that
make them difficult to improve.

According to Robert (2002) natural sources have dominated the raw material supply of
adhesive chemists throughout the majority of the 8,200-year history of adhesives. Synthetic raw
material sources did not significantly contribute to the adhesive formulator's toolbox until far
into the 20th century. Since ancient times, adhesive materials have been successfully employed
in a wide range of applications. Today, adhesives play a greater role in our daily lives than ever
before, and their usefulness is expanding quickly. The topic of adhesives and adhesive bonding is
of enormous interest to researchers even though people routinely entrust their fortunes and lives
to adhesively attached structures and hardly ever think about it. By their actions, materials are
typically classified as adhesive. Almost any organic polymer, as well as many inorganic
substances, can occasionally serve as an adhesive. However, all adhesives, whether organic or
inorganic, have certain characteristics in common that help them perform their function; an
adhesive transfers and distributes mechanical loads among assembly components only through
surface attachment; at some point during the bond formation, the adhesive must be liquid or
behave like a liquid in order to wet the adherents; an adhesive carries a constant, low, and
frequently variable load throughout its life; and an adhesive must cooperate with the other
components of the assembly.

According to a recent study by Sharma (2011), an adhesive is a chemical or material that

may join or bond two other materials by firmly sticking to their surfaces. However, for there to
be efficient bonding, the bond established between the two surfaces must be strong. If a liquid
adhesive can soak a specific surface, then it is appropriate for that surface. A specific adhesive's
wettability is influenced by its viscosity, surface tension, and a number of other properties. When
the interfacial tension between the liquid adhesive and the surface is at its lowest, the attraction
between them is at its strongest. While there are many capillaries on a porous surface, there are
none on a smooth surface. In light of this, porous materials include leather, paper, wood, and
ceramics (Akpan, 2012).

Foreign Literature

Glue derived from sap is called "pitch glue." American Indians used pitch glue
made from materials found in nature to make tools and various w aterproof
items . Pitch glue differs from conventional glue that is available in stores today
because of its tar-like consistency and high malleability. While different tribes
had their own recipes for making pitch glue adding or subtracting ingredients to make
it more or less fibrous there’s not just one method that will achieve effective results.
(Kivi.R.2019)

It is clear that plant species used for glue tend to have exudate, namely 42 from the total
of 48 species we found for the Ethiopian region. Of the five families most used for glue
(Leguminosae, Moraceae, Burseraceae, Apocynaceae and Euphorbiaceae) all, except for the
Leguminosae, of which most species lack exudate, are known to have exudate according to “The
Kew Tropical Plant Families Identification Handbook” (Utteridge and Bramley, 2014). But as
stated in Kew’s “Neotropikey” (Klitgård and Lewis, 2010), the subfamily Mimosoideae is, at
least in the Neotropics, known for its exudate. Even within families, certain genera often reoccur,
such as Acacia from the Leguminosae (subfamily Mimosoideae), the Ficus from the Moraceae,
the Commiphora from the Burseraceae and the Euphorbia from the Euphorbiaceae. It could be
possible that species that look very similar and are closely related to the named species are also
used for the same glue.

Adhesives are one of the important materials in industry particularly in craft production.
Craft industry is a creative industry to produce decorative items for home or fashion. Adhesive
commonly used in the craft industry is a synthetic adhesive called yellow glue and white glue
(PVAc). The synthetic adhesives are identified to be unsafe for human health as it solvent
contains Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). If LSD substances frequently inhaled by human
will cause hallucinations and damage the nervous system and other organs (Kasim, 2013). On the
other hand, formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea formaldehyde (UF), melamine
formaldehyde (MF) and phenol formaldehyde (PF) usually used in the wood industry emit
formaldehyde vapour that causes symptoms of dizziness, shortness of breath and insomnia
(Karliati, 2014).

RELATED STUDIES

Local Studies

Alternatives in Making Homemade Glue

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as an alternative glue

Jose Roger M. Barata Jr (2012) conducted a study of creating and transforming okra
( Abelmoschus esculentus) as alternative glue. Its mucilaginous properties are used as thickening
agent for food particularly in soups. The part of okra pod also contains mucilage which gives its
slimy characteristics. This mucilage has a good potential to be alternative glue.
Paste out of Banana (Musa acinibita) and Jackfuit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

The materials used in this study are exocarps of the said fruit and nothing else. Related
studies of paste made from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and banana (Musa acinibita)
used the sap of the fruit as the main ingredient to make their product. When compared to the
starch component of a conventional paste (which is often rice), banana was employed as the
alternative for the stated paste's starch. Any extremely thick viscous fluid is referred to as paste.
It alludes to an adhesive in this investigation.If it wets the surface, adheres to them, strengthens
after applied, and then maintains stability after adhering the materials, it can be referred to as an
adhesive (Packer, John). The product was created by getting the necessary exocarps, which were
then divided into two steps of the process: extracting the exocarps from the jackfruit and bananas
using a mortar and pestle and spoon, respectively.

Star Apple (Chrysophyllum Cainito) sap as Alternative Glue

According to the star apple is a cultivated for its edible fruit, which is the size and
shape of an apple and is named for the star-shaped core. One of relatively minor fruits of the
family Saotaceae, the star apple or goldentree, has acquired a moderate assortment of regional
names. The extract of the star apple can be effective to use as an alternative making glue because
it contains an alkoid, resin, and a bitter substance that can be used as a glue. The surface of the
fruit is firm and smooth. Both the skin and the flesh, which is sweet and tasty, vary in colour,
ranging from white to purple. The star apple had its name derived from the appearance of the
core when the fruit is cut in the cross section. Care should be taken remove the skin which
contains unpleasant tasting latex.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) as an Alternative Glue

Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) an indigeneous fruit tree is widely distributed

throughout many tropical countries, including Philippines both cultivated and wild. This fruit
contains a sap which has a component that is identical to the white wood glue called latex.
Jackfruit sap is extremely sticky and therefore also utilized as an effective adhesive.

Foreign Studies

A major step in the development of ancient humans is the ability to create useful products
from materials found in nature. These products resulted in components of tools that helped early
humans to do tasks essential for their survival. For a spear, a rock can hafted to a stick with a
plant-based glue. Plant-based glues have been used by humans for thousands of years. The use of
glues plays a major role in current debates on the complexity and development of prehistoric
technology (Niekus et al., 2019).
 According to Wadley et al., (2015) make a distinction between complex and simple glues
in his article about traditional glue and poison. He states that a simple glue only consists of one
component and may require little modification such as heating or mixing with water or saliva, a
complex glue requires the irreversible change of the plant material, by either a more complex
modification process than that of a simple glue such as boiling for example or the addition of
others compounds such as oil or charcoal.

Surface morphology showed that all five Artocarpus species have no specific forms, but
otherwise flexible and viscoelastic. Contact angle measurements showed that all samples of
Artocarpus species were hydrophilic with low contact angle values owing to the contents
ofnatural source latex. FITR analysis matched all Artocarpus latex samples to that polyvinyl
acetate. Highest resin content was found on Artocarpus blancoi with all the species containing
natural resins.

Natural glue from mistle-toe berries

Another related study about alternative glue is about natural glue from mistle-toe berries
which states that strong adhesive characteristics of white- berry mistletoe where discovered by a
group of researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces and McGill
University in Canada. (2022). Flexible fibers from the mistletoe berry stick to cartilage, skin and
a variety of synthetic materials. These fibers could be used in a variety of industries, including
medicine as wound sealant. By merely manipulating viscid fibers while they are wet, the
researchers in the former research group of Matthew Harrington—who has since been promoted
to a chair at McGill University in Canada—found that the fibers may be stretched into thin films
or put together to build 3D structures. This organic superglue sticks to metals, glass, and plastics
and could possibly be used as a wound sealer.

Glue made of Plants

In a study by Clark Addis (2019), he tested the strength of plant-based glue using a
tensile tester. It took a half kilonewton for the glued, locking ash fragments to break. He claims
that with a renewed demand for nontoxic products, the time is ripe to turn to natural raw
materials and improve the process to produce safer glue. Plant-based glues, particularly soy-
based glues, were popular until petroleum-based adhesives replaced them after World War I.

In a study conducted by Forrest Wickman (2012), he found out that horses are very
efficient in making glue. This is due to the abundant collagen found in their bones. Collagen is
one of the key ingredients in most animal glues, as it can be made into a gelatin that’s sticky
when wet but hardens when it dries. The word collagen actually derives from the Greek kola,
meaning glue, and the suffix -gen, meaning producer. As large, muscled animals, horses contain
slots of this glue producer. But most of the glue companies uses pigs and cattle as the main
component of their product. (Portillio.G.2019)
 Conceptual Framework

This study aims to determine the potential of Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo tree) as an
alternative ingredient in making homemade glue. There are two adhesive glue that the
researchers used to conduct the study: commercialized eco glue and the sap of Antipolo tree
which are the independent variables. The dependent variable is to test which of the two adhesive
glue is more stick when using different materials.

Control Variables Independent Dependent variable

Variable
 Amount of  To test its
Antipolo sap  Sap of stickiness to
 Heat Antipolo tree different
temperature materials.
 Texture/kind of  To test its
cloth odor.
 Texture/kind of  To test its
 Commercial color.
paper
glue
 Texture/kind of
plastic
 Amount of
water

Research Hypothesis
Ho: There will be no significant difference between the homemade glue made from sap
of Antipolo tree and the commercialized glue in terms of its stickiness, odor and color.

Ha: There will be a significant difference between the homemade glue made from
Antipolo tree sap and the commercialized glue in terms of stickiness, odor, and color.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will use the true experiment design under quantitative study. True
experimental design will be use to establish the potential of Artocarpus blancoi (Antipolo tree)
sap as an alternative ingredient in making homemade glue. By using this design, the researchers
able to determine if the sap of Antipolo tree will stick to the different materials (plastic, cloth,
paper).

Participants

In doing experimental study, Grade-12 STEM students will participate the survey that the
researchers will conduct. The Grade-12 STEM students that the researchers picked will rate the
odor, color and stickiness of the homemade glue.

Research Instrument

The researcher will prepare 100 ml of Antipolo tree sap, and 100 ml water. The different
materials (paper, plastic, cloth) will be our test subject to prove that Artocarpus blancoi has a
potential to be an alternative ingredient in making homemade glue.

- Beaker
- Pot
- Stick (bamboo)
- Timer
- Glue container

Intervention

A. Procedure of Antipolo tree as an alternative glue

For preparing the homemade glue, the researchers will only prepare one set-up. The
set up will use 15ml of Artocarpus blancoi sap and 15ml water to balance the solution. In
a pot put the Artocarpus blancoi sap and mix it with water. Cook it under low heat of fire
 then continue to mix it until thicken. Before putting it in a plastic container, let it cool.
Lastly, place it in a clean 20 g round glue container.

B. Utilizing the homemade glue

The researchers will use cloth, plastic and paper to test if the Antipolo tree sap is
effective and if will sticks to the materials.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will gather their data by conducting a survey where they picked
Grade-12 STEM students to rate the odor, stickiness and color of the homemade glue
made out of Antipolo tree sap. First, the respondents will smell the homemade glue to test
its odor then, the respondents will examine the color of the homemade glue. Lastly, the
respondents will use the homemade glue to test it to the different materials that the
researcher will be use to rate its stickiness.

Odor, stickiness and color will all be evaluated by the respondents as part of this
study’s criteria. The scores will be assigned using a one to five scale, with 5 representing
the greatest score and 1 as the lowest.

Treatment of Data

The researcher will use two-way ANOVA without replication it is an instrument

used to compare the main difference between commercial glue and Antipolo tree sap as
alternative glue.