HAPTER FIVE THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

kilograms of nitrogen at 100 K, x = 0.5 P0

ated in a constant-pressure process to 300
a piston/cylinder arrangement. Find the ini- 31 March 2022
mp
and final volumes and the total heat transfer cb

red. g
r in tank A is at 250 kPa with quality 10% and
MIE 210 – Thermodynamics
A:H2O

0.5 kg. It is connected to a piston/cylinder Quiz 2a – 2022

ng constant pressure of 200 kPa initially with B:H 2O
kg water at 400◦ C.YouThe have
valve 40 minutes
is opened, andto do the following two problems. FIGURE Both problems are worth equal marks.
P5.66
gh heat transfer takes place to have a final
orm temperature of 150◦ C. Find the final P
V , the process work, and the process heat 5.67 Two rigid tanks are filled with water. Tank A is
3 ◦ 3
fer. 1) Two rigid tanks are filled with 0.2 mwater.at 100Tank
kPa, A
150hasC aandvolume
tank Bof is 0.2
0.3 mm3 and contains water at
◦Cmwhile
2 at saturated vapor of 300 kPa.3 The tanks are con-
0-m-high open cylinder,100 withkPa,
Acyl 150
= 0.1 , tanknected
B hasbya volume ofa0.3 m valve.
and contains saturated vapor at 300 kPa.
◦ ◦ a pipe with closed We open the
ains 20 C water above The and 2tanks
kg of are
20 Cconnected
wa- byvalve
a pipeand let all the water come to a single uniformvalve and let all the
with a closed valve. We open the
elow a 198.5-kg thin insulated floating piston,
water come to a single uniform
hown in Fig. P5.64. Assume standard g, P0 .
state.weDuring
state while transferthis
enoughprocess
heat tothe
havewater
a finalis allowed to exchange
heat with the
heat is added to the water below the pistonsurroundings until
pressure theoffinal pressure
300 kPa. Give theis 300
two kPa.
propertyDetermine
val- the final
ues that determine the final state and find the heat
at it expands, pushing temperature of the water and the amount of heat transfer that occurred during this process.
the piston up, causing
transfer.
water on top to spill over the edge. This pro-
continues until the piston reaches the top of
ylinder. Find the final state of the water below
iston (T, P, v) and the heat added during the B A
ess.

FIGURE P5.67
P0
Energy Equation: Multistep Solution
5.68 A piston/cylinder shown in Fig. P5.68 contains 0.5
H2O 3 ◦
g 2) Two flow streams of water,mone of saturated
of R-410a vapor
at 2 MPa, 150at C.0.6
TheMPa
pistonand the other at 0.6 MPa, and
mass
600°C, mix adiabatically in a steady flow to produce a single flowwill
and atmosphere give a pressure of 450 kPa that out at 0.6 MPa, 400°C.
float the piston. The whole setup cools in a freezer
Find the total entropy generation for this process per kg of fluid leaving the mixer.
maintained at −20◦ C. Find the heat transfer and
H2O
FIGURE P5.64 show the P–v diagram for the process when T 2 =
−20◦ C.

me the same setup as in Problem 5.50, but the

m has a volume of 100 m3 . Show that the final
is two phase and find the final pressure by trial
error.
ston/cylinder has a water volume separated in
R-410a
= 0.2 m3 and V B = 0.3 m3 by a stiff membrane.
initial state in A is 1000 kPa, x = 0.75 and in
FIGURE P5.68
is 1600 kPa and 250◦ C. Now the membrane
ures and the water comes to a uniform state at
C. What is the final pressure? Find the work 5.69 A setup like the one in Fig. P5.68 has the R-410a
he heat transfer in the process. initially at 1000 kPa, 50◦ C of mass 0.1 kg. The

2nd Confirmation Pages

Ideal gas equation For an ideal gas
PV = NRuT Ru =8.314 kJ/kmol K T2 v
Δs = s2 − s1 = cv ln + R ln 2
PV = mRT R=Ru/M T1 v1
V2
P v
Boundary Work W12 = − P dV ∫
V1
Δs = s2 − s1 = cv ln 2 + c p ln 2
P1 v1
For a constant pressure process T P
W12 = P1 (V1 − V2 ) = P1V1 − P2V2 Δs = s2 − s1 = c p ln 2 − R ln 2
T1 P1
For a polytropic process PV = C
n
wt h −h
V1
W12 = P1V1 ln
V
= P2V2 ln 1 for n=1 Isentropic turbine efficiency ηt = = 2 1.
wt ,s h2s − h1
V2 V2
P V − PV V22
W12 = 2 2 1 1 for n ≠ 1 Isentropic nozzle efficiency, h nozzle = .
n −1 V22s
Flow work per unit mass of fluid wflow = Pv Isentropic compressor/pump efficiency:

wc,s h2s − h1
Enthalpy h = u + Pv ηc = = .
wc h2 − h1
Specific heats
For an isentropic process in an ideal gas
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ( γ −1) ( γ −1)/ γ
cv (T ) ≡ ⎜ and c p (T ) ≡ ⎜ T2 ⎛ v1 ⎞ T ⎛P ⎞
⎝ ∂T ⎟⎠ v ⎝ ∂T ⎟⎠ P = ; 2 =⎜ 2⎟ ;
T1 ⎜⎝ v2 ⎟⎠ T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠
For an ideal gas: c p = cv + R P2 ⎛ v1 ⎞
γ

Δu = u2 − u1 = cv,avg (T2 − T1 ) = ⎜ ⎟ ; Pvγ =constant

P1 ⎝ v2 ⎠
Δh = h2 − h1 = c p,avg (T2 − T1 )
Exergy per unit mass of a control mass
cp cp V2
Specific heat ratio γ = = f = (u - uo ) + Po (v - vo ) - To (s - so ) + + gz.
cv cv 2
Flow exergy per unit mass of fluid in a CV
AV
For a control volume: m!= . V2
v y = (h - ho ) - To (s - so ) + + gz.
2
⎡ V22 − V12 ⎤
! !
Q + W = m ⎢(h2 − h1 ) +
! + g(z2 − z1 ) ⎥ . Bernoulli’s Equation
⎣ 2 ⎦ P1 V12 P2 V22
1 P + + gz1 = + + gz2 .
Gibbs equation: ds = du + dv r 2 r 2
T T
For a liquid or solid For a saturated liquid-vapour mixture
T2
dT T mass of vapour mg
Δs = s2 − s1 = cavg ∫ = cavg ln 2 x= =
T1
T T1 mass of mixture m
mg mf
Entropy balance for a control volume u= ug + u f = xug + (1 − x)u f
m m
Q mg mf
dS
= ∑ j + ∑ m i si − ∑ m e se + Sgen h= hg + h f = xhg + (1 − x)h f
dT m m
j Tj i e
mg mf
s= sg + s f = xsg + (1 − x)s f
m m