PROTEINS

ENZYMES AND HORMONES INHIBITORS

MODULE 5.2 ▪ COMPETETIVE INHIBITION

ENZYMES

▪ Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions like

digestion and metabolism (anabolism and catabolism)

▪ Enzymes catalyze specific specific reactions and

specific to its substrates. Substrates are the reactants
that undergo chemical reaction.

▪ Enzymes have an active site where the substrate

binds to or interact to effect chemical reaction
(breakdown, rearrangement, synthesis)
▪ NON-COMPETETIVE INHBITION (ALLOSTERIC
▪ Enzymes are not changed or used up in the chemical
INHIBITION)
reaction.

Enzyme – Substrate interaction

LOCK AND KEY MODEL

▪ shape of the active site and substrate complement

in such a way that the substrate fits into the binding
site perfectly.

INDUCED FIT (1) Oxidoreductases

▪ the enzyme active site forms in response to ▪ Redox reactions involving the transfer of protons or
substrate binding. electrons between substrates

▪ Example is Alcohol dehydrogenase

(2) Transferases (7) Translocases

▪ Transfer of a functional group from one substrate to
another. The functional groups are methyl, ethyl,
amino, phosphate group, etc.
▪Examples:Transaminase, Nucleoside
monophosphate kinase (NMP Kinase)
▪ Movement of ions or molecules across membranes
or their separation within membranes. (TOM and TIM)
▪ Example:ATP Translocase, DNA translocase,
carnitineacylcarnitine translocase

(3) Hydrolases

▪ Hydrolysis reaction with water (transfer of functional

group to water.

▪ Examples: lipase, amylase, peptidase

(4) Lyases HORMONES

▪ Addition of functional groups to double bonds and
formation of double bonds by the removal of groups.
▪ Examples: fumarase, decarboxylase
▪ chemicals the endocrine system uses to send
messages to organs and tissue throughout the body.
Once released into the bloodstream, they travel to
their target organ or tissue, which has receptors that
recognize and react to the hormone.

▪ Proteins/Polypeptides or short-chain peptides

▪ Regulates metabolism, reproduction, growth, mood,

(5) Isomerases health, and sexual behavior/tendency

▪ Transfer of groups within molecules (intra-molecular)

to make isomeric forms.
▪ Lipid – derived
▪ Examples: triose phosphate isomerase,
▪ Amino-acid derived
phosphoglucomutase
▪ Peptide hormones

(6) Ligases

▪ Condensation of two molecules with energy from

ATP hydrolysis

▪ Catalyzes the formation of C-C, C-S, C-O, C-N bonds

by condensation with ATP cleavage

▪ Examples:Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, DNA ligase