ELE 3122

ELECTRICAL MACHINES (2)

3-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE

Mr. BAGAIGA RICHARD

 PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE
• A 3-phase system enables us to shift the phase
angle of a voltage very simply.
• Such phase shifting enables us to create 2-phase,
6-phase, and 12-phase systems from an ordinary
3-phase line.
• Such multiphase systems are used in large
electronic converter stations and in special
electric controls.
• Phase shifting is also used to control power flow
over transmission lines that form part of a power
grid.
 PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE
• To understand the phase shifting principle,
consider a rheostat connected between phases B
and C of a 3-phase line (Fig.12).

Figure 12 : Voltage 𝐸𝐴𝑃 can be phase-shifted with respect to 𝐸𝐴𝐶

by means of a potentiometer.
 PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE
• As we slide contact P from phase B toward phase
C, voltage EAP changes both in amplitude and
phase. 𝐸𝐴𝑃
• We obtain a 60° phase shift in moving from one
end of the potentiometer to the other.
• Thus, as we move from B to C, voltage 𝐸𝐴𝑃
gradually advances in phase with respect to 𝐸𝐴𝐵 .
At the same time, the magnitude of 𝐸𝐴𝑃 varies
slightly, from E (voltage between the lines) to
0.866E when the contact is in the middle of the
rheostat.
 PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE
• Such a simple phase-shifter can only be used in circuits where the
load between terminals A and P draws a few milli-amperes. If a
heavier load is applied, the resulting IR drop in the rheostat
completely changes the voltage and phase angle from what they
were on open-circuit.
• To get around this problem, we connect a multitap autotransformer
between phases B and C (Fig.13).

Figure .13: Autotransformer

used as a phase-shifter.
 PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE
• By moving contact P, we obtain the
same open-circuit voltages and
phase shifts as before, but this time
they remain essentially unchanged
when a load is connected between
terminals A and P. Why is this so?
The reason is that the flux in the
autotransformer is fixed because
𝐸𝐵𝐶 is fixed. As a result, the voltage
across each turn remains fixed (both
in magnitude and phase) whether the
autotransformer delivers a current to
the load or not.
• Fig.4. shows 3 tapped
autotransformers connected between
lines A, B, and C. Contacts 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , Figure.14: Three-phase phase
𝑃3 move in tandem as we switch shifter.
from one set of taps to the next.
 PHASE-SHIFT PRINCIPLE
• This arrangement enables us to create a 3-
phase source 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 whose phase angle
changes stepwise with respect to source ABC.
• We obtain a maximum phase shift of 60° as we
move from one extremity of the
autotransformers to the other.
• We now discuss some practical applications of
the phase-shift principle.
 3-phase to 2-phase transformation
• The voltages in a 2-phase system are equal but
displaced from each other by 90°.
• There are several ways to create a 2-phase system from
a 3-phase source.
• One of the simplest and cheapest is to use a single-
phase autotransformer having taps at 50 percent and
86.6 percent.
• We connect it between any two phases of a 3-phase
line, as shown in Fig.15.
• If the voltage between lines A, B,C is 100 V, voltages
EAT and £NC are both equal to 86.6 V. Furthermore,
they are displaced from each other by 90°.
 3-phase to 2-phase transformation
• Fig

Figure.15:
a. Simple method to obtain a 2-phase
system from a
3-phase line, using a single transformer
winding.
b. Schematic diagram of the connections.
c. Phasor diagram of the voltages.
 3-phase to 2-phase transformation
• This relationship can be seen by referring to the
phasor diagram (Fig.15c) and reasoning as
follows:
1. Phasors 𝐸𝐴𝐵 , 𝐸𝐵𝐶 , and 𝐸𝐶𝐴 are fixed by the source.
2. Phasor 𝐸𝐴𝑁 is in phase with phasor 𝐸𝐴𝐵 because the
same ac flux links the turns of the autotransformer.
3. Phasor 𝐸𝐴𝑇 is in phase with phasor 𝐸𝐴𝐵 for the same
reason.
4. From KirchhofPs voltage law, 𝐸𝐴𝑁 + 𝐸𝑁𝐶 + 𝐸𝐶𝐴 = 0.
Consequently, phasor £NC must have the value and
direction shown in the figure.
 3-phase to 2-phase transformation
• Loads I and 2 must be isolated from each other, such as the
two windings of a 2-phase induction motor.
• The ratio of transformation (3-phase voltage to 2-phase
voltage) is fixed and given by 𝐸𝐴𝐻 /𝐸𝐴𝑇 =100/86.6 = 1.15.
• Another way to produce a 2-phase system is lo use the Scott
connection. It consists of two identical single-phase
transformers, the one having a 50 percent tap and the other
an 86.6 percent tap on the primary winding. The
transformers are connected as shown in Fig. 16. The 3-
phase source is connected to terminals A, B, C and the 2-
phase load is connected to the secondary windings.
• The ratio of transformation (3-phase line voltage to 2-phase
line voltage) is given by 𝐸𝐴𝐵 /𝐸12 . The Scott connection has
the advantage of isolating the 3-phase and 2-phase systems
and providing any desired voltage ratio between them.
 3-phase to 2-phase transformation
• Except for servomotor applications, 2-phase systems are seldom
encountered today.

Figure.16:
a. Scott connection.
b. Phasor diagram of the Scott connection.
 WORKED PROBLEM
• Example
A 2-phase, 7.5 kW (10 hp), 240 V,
60 Hz motor has an efficiency of
0.83 and a power factor of 0.80. It is
to be fed from a 600 V, 3-phase line
using a Scott-connected transformer
bank (Fig.16c).
Calculate
a. The apparent power drawn by the
motor
b. The current in each 2-phase line
c. The current in each 3-phase line
 WORKED PROBLEM
• Solution