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 RECENT
ADVANCEMENTS
IN
PLANT PROTECTION

Editors
Naveen Kumar
Pooja Purushotham
Anoop Kumar
Anukiran Sahu
Nandeesha S V

Golden Leaf Publishers

 About The Editors
Naveen Kumar is working as Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology at
National P.G. College Barhalganj, Gorakhpur. He is pursuing Ph.D. in Agricultural
Entomology from D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur. He has received his education
from Dr. B.R.A. Univeristy, Agra (M.Sc. Ag. Zoology & Entomology) and C.S.J.M.
University, Kanpur (B.Sc. Agriculture). He has qualified ASRB-NET 2013 in Agricultural
Entomology. He has vast experience of teaching and research in the field of Agricultural
Entomology. He has published many research papers in reputed journals.

Miss Pooja Purushotham is now pursuing Ph.D. in Plant Pathology at the University of
Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru following her graduation from the same institute
and Master's in Plant Pathology from Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat.
During her master's programme, she investigated the management of the greengram
anthracnose in South Gujarat. She has cleared the ICAR JRF exam in 2019 and secured a
9th rank in ICAR SRF (Plant Pathology) in 2022. She is credited with DST-INSPIRE
fellowship to carryout her Ph.D research. She has qualified ASRB-NET two times (2021 &
2023). She has published 4 book chapters. Currently she is working on diversity of Tomato
leaf curl virus in tomato and cucurbits.

Anoop Kumar completed his Ph.D. for the Department of Plant Pathology, Sam
Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (211007), Uttar
Pradesh. He was completed her M.Sc. (Ag.) from SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh and
completed his B.Sc. Agriculture form Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &
Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, 224 229 (U.P.). He was qualified ASRB NET Plant
Pathology in 2018. He has published 6 original research articles, 3 Review articles, 4 book
chapters and 5 popular articles. He was awarded with Yong Ph.D. research scholar award.

Dr. Anukiran Sahu is completed her Ph.D. at Department of Nematology, OUAT,

Bhubaneswar. She qualified ASRB ICAR NET in 2018. She did her B. Sc. (Ag.) and M. Sc.
(Ag.) from OUAT, Bhubaneswar. She is also gold medalist in M. Sc. (Ag.) in Nematology
from OUAT. She availed INSPIRE Fellowship from DST, Govt. of India for her Doctoral
research. She has 10 Research Paper, 5 Abstracts, 3 Chapters and1 Popular Article in various
national and international magazines/journals/Souvenir etc.

NANDEESHA S V the author of this book was born on 26th May, 1995 in Seetharamapura
Village, Iragampalli Post, Chintamani Taluk, Chikkaballapura District, Karnataka State,
India. He has completed his 10th standard in 2011 from Kishora Vidya Bhavana,
Chintamani, Chikkaballapura, Karnataka and 12th standard in 2013 from Venkatadri Ind.
P.U. College, Chintamani, Chikkaballpura, Karnataka. He has joined B.Sc. (Agri.) in
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru in 2013 and graduated in 2017. In the year
2017, he opted for pursuing his post-graduation in the subject Plant Pathology at College of
Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal),
Umiam, Meghalaya and graduated in the year 2019. He worked as SRF in College of
Agriculture, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences,
Shivamogga in the year 2019-2020. He joined for his Ph.D. in Plant Pathology at College of
Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal),
Umiam, Meghalaya in the year 2020. The author had attended three months training
programme, six national and two international conferences. He was awarded with “Best
Poster Presentation Award” with medal and has three full length research papers, articles,
leaflets and two manuals prepared for practical classes.

Golden Leaf Publishers (Lucknow)

592 GHA 575/6 Rajeev Nagar, Ghosiyana
lucknow, Pin 226029 Uttar Pradesh, India.
Website:goldenleafpublishers.com
Email: goldenleafpublishers@gmail.com
Mob no.- +91 8318687013

670/-
 RECENT
ADVANCEMENTS IN
PLANT PROTECTION
Editors
Dr. Naveen Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology,
National P.G. College Barhalganj, Gorakhpur (U.P.), India

Miss Pooja Purushotham

Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology, University of
Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, India

Dr. Anoop Kumar

Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj
(211007), (U.P.), India

Dr. Anukiran Sahu

Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Nematology, Odisha University of
Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Mr. Nandeesha S V
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology, CAU (Imphal),
Umiam, Meghalaya, India

GOLDEN LEAF PUBLISHERS

Golden Leaf Publishers
Address- 592 GHA 575/6 Rajeev Nagar,
Ghosiyana lucknow, Pin-226029,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Website: goldenleafpublishers.com
Email: goldenleafpublishers@gmail.com
Mob No. – +91 8318687013

ISBN Number: 978-81-19906-22-2

Copyright Notice:

© [2023], [Dr. Naveen Kumar, Miss Pooja Purushotham, Dr. Anoop Kumar, Dr. Anukiran
Sahu and Mr. Nandeesha S V]. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by

any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods,
without the prior written permission of the publisher/author, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by
copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention:
Permissions Coordinator,” at the address below.
Golden Leaf Publishers
Address- 592 GHA 575/6 Rajeev Nagar,
Ghosiyana lucknow, Pin-226029,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Website: goldenleafpublishers.com
Email: goldenleafpublishers@gmail.com
Mob No. – +91 8318687013

Disclaimer:
The information provided in this book is intended for informational purposes only and should
not be construed as professional advice. The views and opinions expressed within this book
are those of the Editors and do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher or any affiliated
organizations.

While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained herein,
the editors and publisher make no warranties or representations as to its accuracy, and
assume no liability or responsibility for any errors or omissions. Readers are encouraged to
confirm the information contained in this book with other sources.

This book is sold with the understanding that the editors and publisher are not engaged in
rendering legal, medical, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required,
the services of a competent professional should be sought.
 About The Editors
Dr. Naveen Kumar is working as Assistant
Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology at
National P.G. College Barhalganj, Gorakhpur. He is
pursuing Ph.D. in Agricultural Entomology from
D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur. He has
received his education from Dr. B.R.A. Univeristy,
Agra (M.Sc. Ag. Zoology & Entomology) and
C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur (B.Sc. Agriculture). He has qualified
ASRB-NET 2013 in Agricultural Entomology. He has vast experience
of teaching and research in the field of Agricultural Entomology. He has
published many research papers in reputed journals.

Miss Pooja Purushotham is now pursuing Ph.D. in

Plant Pathology at the University of Agricultural
Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru following her
graduation from the same institute and Master's in
Plant Pathology from Navsari Agricultural
University, Navsari, Gujarat. During her master's
programme, she investigated the management of the
greengram anthracnose in South Gujarat. She has
cleared the ICAR JRF exam in 2019 and secured a 9 th rank in ICAR
SRF (Plant Pathology) in 2022. She is credited with DST-INSPIRE
fellowship to carryout her Ph.D research. She has qualified ASRB-NET
two times (2021 & 2023). She has published 4 book chapters. Currently
she is working on diversity of Tomato leaf curl virus in tomato and
cucurbits.

Dr. Anoop Kumar completed his Ph.D. from the

Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom
University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences,
Prayagraj (211007), Uttar Pradesh. He was completed
his B.Sc. Agriculture from Acharya Narendra Deva
University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj,
Ayodhya, 224229 (U.P.) and completed his M.Sc.
(Ag.) from SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. He was qualified
ASRB NET Plant Pathology in 2018. He has contributed to many
publications including research articles, review articles, book chapters
and popular articles.
 Dr. Anukiran Sahu is completed her Ph.D. at
Department of Nematology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
She qualified ASRB ICAR NET in 2018. She did
her B. Sc. (Ag.) and M. Sc. (Ag.) from OUAT,
Bhubaneswar. She is also gold medalist in M. Sc.
(Ag.) in Nematology from OUAT. She availed
INSPIRE Fellowship from DST, Govt. of India for
her Doctoral research. She has 10 Research Paper, 5 Abstracts, 3
Chapters and1 Popular Article in various national and international
magazines/journals/Souvenir etc.

Mr. Nandeesha SV was born on 26th May, 1995 in

Seetharamapura Village, Iragampalli Post,
Chintamani Taluk, Chikkaballapura District,
Karnataka State, India. He has completed his 10th
standard in 2011 from Kishora Vidya Bhavana,
Chintamani, Chikkaballapura, Karnataka and 12th
standard in 2013 from Venkatadri Ind. P.U. College,
Chintamani, Chikkaballpura, Karnataka. He has
joined B.Sc. (Agri.) in University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
in 2013 and graduated in 2017. In the year 2017, he opted for pursuing
his post-graduation in the subject Plant Pathology at College of Post
Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural
University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya and graduated in the year
2019. He worked as SRF in College of Agriculture, Keladi Shivappa
Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences,
Shivamogga in the year 2019-2020. He joined for his Ph.D. in Plant
Pathology at College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences,
Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya in the
year 2020. The author had attended three months training programme,
six national and two international conferences. He was awarded with
“Best Poster Presentation Award” with medal and has three full length
research papers, articles, leaflets and two manuals prepared for practical
classes.
 Preface
It is with great pleasure that we present this edited book on
"Recent Advancements in Plant Protection." This comprehensive
collection of research and development showcases the latest
breakthroughs, innovative approaches, and emerging trends in the field
of plant protection. Throughout the world, the protection of plants from
pests, diseases, and environmental stressors is a critical aspect of
sustaining agricultural productivity and preserving the health of our
ecosystems. This book aims to provide readers with a valuable resource,
offering a diverse array of chapters written by leading experts in their
respective fields.

The chapters in this book cover a wide range of topics,

exploring various aspects of plant protection, from novel pest control
strategies to disease management techniques, and from cutting-edge
technologies to sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Each
chapter offers unique insights and presents the most up-to-date research
findings and practical applications.

In addition, this edited book highlights the importance of

collaboration and interdisciplinary approaches in advancing the field of
plant protection. It brings together contributions from scientists,
researchers, practitioners, and policymakers from around the world,
fostering knowledge exchange and promoting collaborative efforts. By
providing a platform for sharing experiences, best practices, and
innovative ideas, this book contributes to a global community dedicated
to tackling the challenges faced by our plants.

We would like to express our gratitude to the authors who

have contributed their valuable expertise and insights to this book. Their
dedication and commitment to advancing the field of plant protection
are evident in the quality of the chapters they have provided. We are
confident that their contributions will inspire readers and stimulate
further research and application in this vital area.

Finally, we extend our appreciation to the editorial team,

reviewers, and everyone involved in the production of this book. Their
hard work and expertise have been essential in ensuring the quality and
coherence of the content.
 We sincerely hope that this edited book on "Recent
Advancements in Plant Protection" will serve as a valuable resource for
researchers, students, practitioners, and policymakers alike. It is our
collective hope that the knowledge and insights shared within these
pages will contribute to the development of sustainable, efficient, and
environmentally friendly practices in safeguarding the health and
productivity of our plants and ecosystems.

Enjoy the journey through the pages of this book and may it
inspire you to explore new frontiers in plant protection.

Editors
 Table of Contents

S. No. Chapters Page No.

1. Mechanism of Resistance in Plants 1-25
1 2
Anand Nagsen Warghat , Anoop Kumar ,
Himendra Raj Raghuvanshi3, Ashutosh Singh
Aman4 and Arun Kumar4*
2. Integrated Pest Management 26-48
1
Dasika. V. N. R. Swetha *
3. Integrated Disease Management 49-70
1 2
Sharanabasav Huded , Hariom Dwivedi , Kshitij
Gupta3, Arvind Kumar4 and Ashutosh Singh
Aman5*
4. Advanced Techniques of Plant Disease 71-89
Detection
Sharanabasav Huded1, Sakshi Pandey2, Dr. Vani
N U3, Pradeep Kumar Verma2 and Arun Kumar4*
5. Classical Biological Control of pests: 90-124
techniques and future prospects
Dhruvi Ajudia1, Arti Sharma2, Abhisek Tripathy3,
Pradeep Kumar Verma4 and Arun Kumar5*
6. Role of Bio- inputs in Pest Management 125-154
1 2
Abhay Pratap Singh , Suresh R. Jambagi *, Dr.
Eurekha Savadatti3, Sourabh Maheshwari4 and
Anoop Kumar5
7. Role of Semio-Chemicals In Pest Management 155-181
Vineeth M1*, Archana B. R.2, Somashekhar
Gaddanakeri3, Kishor Pujar4 and Arun Kumar5
8. Role of Botanicals in Pests Management 182-197
1 2
Sakshi Pandey *, Dasika. V. N. R. Swetha ,
Ramprem Meena3, Sagar Chaudhary4, Trilok
Reddy5 and Dr. Arcot Purna Prasad6
9. Pesticides Hazards and their Antidotes 198-222
1 2
Sakshi Pandey *, Ashutosh Saini , Abhisek
Tripathy3, Sagar Chaudhary4 and Vineeth M5
10. Advanced Techniques of Pesticides Residue 223-236
Analysis
Somashekhar Gaddanakeri1, Saraswati Mahato1,
Suresh R Jambagi2 , Hemadri T1 and Arun Kumar3
11. Safe handling of pesticides: An awareness to 237-273
farmers
Vivek Adhikari1*, Dr. G. Gayathri2, Nishant Dilip
Zatale3, Janhavi Gajanan Dose4 and Anoop Kumar5
12. Bio-war through Pathogens in Agriculture 274-295
1 2 3
Sakshi Pandey *, Nivetha M , Abhisek Tripathy ,
Arun Kumar4 and Puskar Shukla5
13. Role of Insect Pollinators in Agro-ecosystem 296-316
1 2
Sakshi Pandey , Pushpa Choudhary , Kishor
Pujar3, Priyanka3, Ashutosh Singh Aman4 and
Arun Kumar4*
14. Role of Edible Insects in Nutritional Security 317-335
1 2
Ms. Anam Khan , Sourabh Maheshwari *, Sushil
Bhagwanrao Kachave2, Dharanikota Lalithambica
Devi2 and Arun Kumar3
15. Management of Weeds through Bio-Control 336-353
Agents
Aman Pratap Singh1*, M E Krishnababu2, Dr. G.
Gayathri3, Sourabh Maheshwari4 and Anoop
Kumar5
 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection

CHAPTER
Integrated Disease
Management
Sharanabasav Huded1, Hariom Dwivedi2,
Kshitij Gupta3, Arvind Kumar4 and Ashutosh
Singh Aman5*
1
Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur- 584101,
India
2
Young Professional, Department of Plant Pathology,
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology
Banda- 210001, U.P., India

3 3
Laboratory Assistant, Department of Genetic and
Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central agriculture
University, Jhansi- 284003, U.P., India
4
Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology,
Banda University of Agriculture and Technology
Banda- 210001, U.P., India
5
Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Entomology, Chandra
Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kanpur- 208002, U.P., India

*Corresponding Author Name:

Ashutosh Singh Aman

Corresponding Author E-mail Id:

ashutoshsinghaman@gmail.com

Abstract
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is a comprehensive
approach to controlling and preventing diseases in various sectors,
including agriculture and human health. It involves combining multiple
strategies, such as biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
cultural practices, to effectively manage diseases and minimize their
impact. IDM aims to optimize resource allocation and maximize disease
control outcomes by integrating different techniques and tools. By
considering the interactions between diseases, hosts, and environments,
IDM promotes a holistic and collaborative approach towards disease
management, leading to healthier and more resilient systems.
Keywords: Biosecurity Measures, Disease Management, IDM and
Human Health

Introduction

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is a comprehensive approach that

aims to effectively manage and control diseases, both in humans and in
various agricultural settings. This holistic approach combines different
strategies such as prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and
ongoing monitoring to minimize the impact of diseases on individuals,
communities, and crops (Gurjar et al., 2018). By integrating various
methods and disciplines, IDM seeks to optimize disease management
efforts and enhance the overall well-being of individuals and the
sustainability of agricultural systems. In this era of increasing disease
burdens and emerging threats, IDM plays a crucial role in safeguarding
public health and ensuring the productivity and resilience of our food
systems.

What is IDM?
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) refers to a comprehensive and
holistic approach to controlling and managing diseases in various
contexts. It involves integrating different strategies, disciplines, and
techniques to address the multiple aspects of disease prevention,
diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. By combining various methods and
approaches, IDM aims to optimize disease management efforts and
minimize the impact of diseases on individuals, communities, and
agricultural systems. This multidimensional approach recognizes the
complex nature of diseases and seeks to provide effective solutions that
consider biological, environmental, and socio-economic factors. IDM is

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
crucial in addressing the challenges posed by diseases and improving
both public health and the sustainability of our agricultural systems
(Ciancio & Mukerji, 2007).

History of IDM
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) in plants is an approach that aims
to control plant diseases while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides.
It focuses on combining various strategies and tactics to prevent,
manage, and control diseases in a holistic manner. The history of IDM
can be traced back to the early 20th century when researchers began
exploring alternative methods to chemical control.

In the 1930s, researchers started investigating the use of cultural

practices, such as crop rotation and sanitation, as a means to control plant
diseases. These practices aimed to disrupt disease cycles and reduce the
presence of pathogens in the environment. The concept of integrating
different control methods gained prominence during this time.

The development of resistant crop varieties also played a crucial role in

the evolution of IDM. Plant breeding became an essential component of
disease management as scientists continuously worked to develop
varieties that exhibited resistance or tolerance to specific pathogens. This
allowed for a more sustainable and long-term approach to disease
control.

In the 1970s, the focus on chemical control methods started to shift

towards more environmentally friendly and integrated approaches. This
change was driven by growing concerns regarding the negative impacts
of excessive pesticide use on the environment, human health, and
beneficial organisms.

As the field of plant pathology advanced, so did the understanding of the

complex interactions between plants, pathogens, and the environment.
Integrated Disease Management became more refined and expanded its
scope to include a wider range of tactics. Biological control, where

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
natural enemies of plant pathogens are utilized to reduce disease
incidence, became an integral component of IDM.

Modern IDM practices emphasize an approach that combines multiple

strategies, including cultural practices, host resistance, biological control,
and judicious use of chemical pesticides when necessary. This approach
recognizes the need for a comprehensive and sustainable disease
management strategy that is both effective and environmentally
conscious.

Overall, the history of Integrated Disease Management in plants reflects

a shift towards more holistic and sustainable practices in managing plant
diseases. This approach continues to evolve as researchers and
practitioners seek innovative ways to control diseases while minimizing
the negative impacts on the environment and human health.

Principles of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) in plants:

1. Multidisciplinary approach: IDM involves the integration of various

strategies and tactics, such as cultural, biological, and chemical methods,
to effectively manage plant diseases (Razdan & Sabitha, 2009).

2. Prevention and early detection: Emphasis is placed on preventing

disease outbreaks through practices like crop rotation, sanitation, and
scouting for early signs of disease to take prompt action.

3. Host resistance: Breeding and selection of resistant plant varieties is a

key principle of IDM, as it reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides
and provides long-term protection against diseases.

4. Cultural practices: Practices like proper crop spacing, appropriate

irrigation, and nutrient management are implemented to promote plant
health and reduce disease susceptibility.

5. Biological control: The use of natural enemies and beneficial

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
microorganisms to suppress plant pathogens is an important aspect of
IDM, promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly disease
management.

6. Chemical control as a last resort: Chemical pesticides are used

judiciously and as a last resort when other control methods are
inadequate or ineffective, minimizing their impact on the environment.

Importance of Integrated Disease Management (IDM)

The importance of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) in
agriculture is underscored by its multifaceted benefits that contribute to
sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally friendly farming
practices. Here's a closer look at the key reasons IDM is crucial (Poot et
al., 2021):
1. Sustainable Agriculture:
 IDM promotes sustainable agricultural practices by
reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. This
sustainable approach helps maintain the long-term
health of the soil, water, and ecosystems.
2. Resilience to Disease Outbreaks:
 Combining multiple disease management tactics
enhances the resilience of agricultural systems. Crop
diversity and cultural practices contribute to the overall
resilience, helping mitigate the impact of specific
diseases on entire crops.
3. Reduced Chemical Use:
 IDM significantly reduces the reliance on chemical
pesticides by integrating cultural practices, biological
controls, and resistant plant varieties. This reduction in
chemical use benefits human health, ecosystems, and
the overall environment.
4. Economic Viability:
 IDM aims to optimize disease management strategies,
reducing the overall cost of controlling diseases while
maintaining or improving crop yields and quality. This

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
enhances the economic viability of farming operations.
5. Reduced Environmental Impact:
 Minimizing the use of chemical pesticides in IDM
helps reduce environmental pollution and the negative
impact on beneficial organisms, including pollinators
and natural enemies of pests.
6. Public Health and Safety:
 IDM emphasizes the safe and judicious use of
pesticides, mitigating potential risks to farm workers,
consumers, and the environment. This focus on safety
aligns with broader public health objectives.
7. Innovation and Research:
 Implementation of IDM encourages ongoing research
and innovation in disease management. This leads to
the development of new technologies, biological
control agents, and resistant crop varieties, fostering
progress in agricultural science.
8. Adaptation to Climate Change:
 IDM promotes a diversified and adaptable agricultural
system, which is crucial for coping with the challenges
posed by climate change and emerging diseases.
Flexibility in disease management strategies helps
farmers adapt to changing environmental conditions.
9. Preserving Beneficial Organisms:
 Biological control methods within IDM help preserve
natural enemies of pests and diseases. This
preservation contributes to a balanced ecosystem,
reducing the likelihood of secondary pest outbreaks
and promoting overall agroecosystem resilience.
10. Integrated Approach:
 IDM recognizes the complexity of disease interactions
and addresses them with a holistic strategy. By
combining various disease management tools, IDM
tailors strategies to specific crops, regions, and
situations, offering a more comprehensive and

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
effective approach than relying on a single control
method.

Concepts of Integrated Disease Management (IDM):

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is an approach that combines

various strategies to effectively manage and control diseases in
agriculture, human health, and other fields. The key concepts of
Integrated Disease Management include (Razdan & Sabitha, 2009):
1. Multidisciplinary Approach:
 IDM involves collaboration among experts from
different disciplines such as agronomy, entomology,
plant pathology, epidemiology, and veterinary science
(in the case of zoonotic diseases).
2. Holistic Perspective:
 IDM considers the entire ecosystem and takes a
holistic approach to disease management. This includes
understanding the interactions between different
components of the environment, host organisms, and
pathogens.
3. Preventive Measures:
 Emphasis is placed on preventing the occurrence and
spread of diseases rather than just treating the
symptoms. This may involve the use of cultural
practices, crop rotations, and biosecurity measures.
4. Cultural Practices:
 Crop and livestock management practices are
optimized to create an environment less conducive to
the development and spread of diseases. This may
include planting resistant varieties, adjusting planting
dates, and implementing proper sanitation practices.
5. Biological Control:
 The use of natural enemies, such as predators,
parasites, and pathogens, to control the population of
disease-causing organisms. This can be an

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 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
environmentally friendly alternative to chemical
control methods.
6. Chemical Control (when necessary):
 While minimizing reliance on chemicals, IDM may
incorporate judicious use of pesticides or antimicrobial
agents when necessary. Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) practices within IDM often involve using
pesticides as a last resort.
7. Monitoring and Surveillance:
 Regular monitoring of disease incidence and
prevalence allows for early detection and intervention.
This includes the use of diagnostics, surveillance
systems, and predictive modeling.
8. Resistant Varieties:
 Utilizing plant and animal varieties that have natural
resistance or tolerance to specific diseases, reducing
the need for chemical interventions.
9. Education and Extension:
 IDM involves educating farmers, healthcare
professionals, and the public about disease
management practices. Extension services play a
crucial role in disseminating information and
promoting best practices.
10. Adaptive Management:
 IDM is flexible and adaptive to changing conditions.
As the environment, pathogens, and hosts evolve, IDM
strategies are adjusted accordingly.
11. Community Involvement:
 Engaging local communities in disease management
efforts fosters a sense of ownership and encourages
sustainable practices.

Benefits of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) in plants:

1. Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides: IDM aims to minimize the

56
 Golden Leaf Publishers Recent Advancements in Plant
(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
use of chemical pesticides, resulting in less environmental pollution,
reduced health risks, and improved ecological balance.

2. Sustainable disease management: By incorporating various strategies,

IDM promotes long-term and sustainable disease control that is less
likely to lead to the emergence of pesticide-resistant pathogens.

3. Preserves beneficial organisms: Biological control methods used in

IDM help maintain a healthy population of beneficial organisms, such as
natural enemies and beneficial microorganisms, which contribute to
overall ecosystem health.

4. Cost-effective: IDM practices can help farmers manage diseases

effectively and efficiently, reducing the economic burden associated with
crop losses and excessive chemical pesticide use.

Challenges of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) in plants:

1. Knowledge and expertise: Implementing IDM requires a good

understanding of plant pathogens, their interactions with host plants, and
the selection and application of various control strategies. This can be a
challenge for farmers and practitioners without adequate training or
access to information (Pandey et al., 2016).

2. Adoption and awareness: Encouraging widespread adoption of IDM

practices can be challenging, as some farmers may be resistant to change
or unaware of the benefits and techniques involved. Education and
outreach programs are crucial to address these challenges.

3. Site-specific considerations: IDM approaches need to be tailored to

local conditions, considering factors such as climate, crop type, and
disease prevalence. Designing customized IDM strategies can be
complex and requires careful evaluation and adaptation.

4. Monitoring and decision-making: Effective IDM requires regular

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monitoring of crops to detect disease outbreaks early and make timely
decisions regarding control measures. This can be time-consuming and
may require additional resources.

5. Integration of control methods: Coordinating and integrating various

control methods in IDM can be a challenge, as different strategies may
require specific timing, application techniques, or infrastructure. Proper
planning and coordination are essential to optimize disease control
efforts.

Addressing these challenges requires collaboration among researchers,

farmers, extension services, and policymakers to promote knowledge-
sharing, develop effective training programs, and provide necessary
support for implementing IDM practices.

Disease Management Tools

1. Cultural Practices: These practices involve implementing proactive

measures to prevent disease outbreaks. Examples include crop rotation,
proper sanitation, managing planting densities, providing adequate
irrigation and drainage, using certified disease-free seeds, and practicing
good weed control. Cultural practices help create unfavorable conditions
for pathogens and promote plant health and resilience.

Cultural practices are non-chemical methods of disease management that

can be used to reduce disease incidence and severity. They are important
components of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) and can be
implemented to achieve a more sustainable and environmentally friendly
approach to disease control. Here are a few examples of cultural
practices:

1. Crop rotation: Rotating crops helps break disease cycles by disrupting

the continuous presence of a host crop. Different crops have varying
susceptibility to diseases, so rotating crops reduces the buildup and
spread of pathogens.

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2. Tillage: Proper tillage practices can bury crop residue and reduce the
survival of pathogens on the soil surface. However, it is important to
balance tillage requirements with potential negative impacts on soil
health and erosion.

3. Irrigation: Proper irrigation practices, such as avoiding excessive soil

moisture or using drip irrigation, can reduce disease incidence by
minimizing favorable conditions for pathogen growth and spread.

4. Planting resistant varieties: Selecting and planting disease-resistant

varieties is an effective way to reduce the impact of diseases. Resistant
varieties have genetic traits that make them less susceptible or tolerant to
specific pathogens, reducing the need for chemical control measures.

Cultural practices are an important tool in disease management, but it is

crucial to consider specific crop requirements, local conditions, and
disease characteristics when implementing these practices. They should
be part of an integrated approach that combines various strategies to
optimize disease control outcomes.

2. Biological Control: This approach utilizes natural enemies, beneficial

microorganisms, or antagonistic plants to suppress plant pathogens.
Examples include the use of beneficial insects, predatory mites, parasitic
nematodes, or beneficial fungi to control pests and pathogens.
Biopesticides, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms or their
byproducts, are also used to inhibit pathogen growth.

Biological control is an important disease management tool that utilizes

natural enemies to control diseases. It involves the use of organisms such
as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other beneficial microorganisms to
suppress plant pathogens. These biological control agents can disrupt the
disease cycle, reduce the population and activity of pathogens, and
promote plant health. By using biological control agents, plant diseases
can be managed in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner,

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reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides. However, it is important to
consider the specific pathogen-host interactions, environmental
conditions, and compatibility with other disease management strategies
when implementing biological control.

Table 1: Commercially available bio-control products to control

plant disease.

Bacterial
Bio control Source Target pathogens
Product
Agrobacterium Crown gall (A.
Galltrol radiobacter strain K84 tumefaciens)

Pseudomonas
Dagger G fluorescens Pythium, Rhizoctonia

Actinovate Streptomyces lydicus Soilborne pathogens

Erwinia amylovora
Messenger hairpin protein Wide spectrum

Bacillus subtilis strain Fusarium, Rhizoctonia,

Kodiak GB03 Alternariaetc.

Bio-save 10 LP, Postharvest Botrytis,

110 Pseudomonas syringae Mucor,Penicillium

Erwinia amylovora,
Pseudomonas russeting bacteria, frost
Blightban A506 fluorescens A506 injury

Fungal

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Kalisena Aspergillus niger AN-27 Rhizoctonia solani

Fusarium oxysporum
Biotrox C (nonpathogenic) Fusarium oxysporum

RootShield, Plant
Shield T-22 Planter Trichoderma harzianum Pythium, Fusarium,
Box strain, KRL-AG2 (T-22) Rhizoctonia

Soil Gard Trichoderma virens GL- Rhizoctonia solani,

(Gliogard) 21 Pythium

Colletotrichum,
Trichodex Trichoderma harzianum Plasmopara, Sclerotinia

Trichoderma harzianum Armillaria,

Trichopel and T. viride Botryosphaeria, Fusarium

Trichoderma harzianum Phytophthora, Pythium,

Trichojet and T. viride Rhizoctonia

Botrytis spp. and

Aspire Candida oleophila 182 Penicillium spp.

3. Chemical Control: When other methods are insufficient, chemical

control involves the targeted use of pesticides to manage plant diseases.
Fungicides, bactericides, and nematicides are commonly employed to
control specific pathogens. It is crucial to use these chemical treatments
judiciously, following labeling instructions, and considering their
potential impact on non-target organisms and the environment. Chemical
control is one method used in disease management. Pesticides are
substances that can be classified into different categories based on their
target pathogens. Fungicides are used to control fungal diseases,
bactericides are utilized against bacterial pathogens, and viricides are

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designed to combat viruses. These pesticides are employed to kill or
suppress the growth of pathogens and reduce the severity of diseases.
However, it is important to note that the use of pesticides should be
practiced responsibly, with proper consideration given to environmental
and human health concerns.

4. Physical Control: This involves the use of physical barriers or

interventions to prevent disease spread. Examples include using covers
or nettings to exclude pests or employing heat treatment or hot water dips
to disinfect seeds, bulbs, or propagation materials. Physical control
methods can help reduce the spread and establishment of pathogens.
Physical control methods are valuable tools in disease management.
These methods utilize physical means to control or mitigate the impact of
diseases. Here are a few examples:

1. Heat treatment: Heat can be employed to treat soil, plant material, or

equipment to eliminate pathogens. Temperature regimes are carefully
chosen to ensure pathogens are effectively killed without causing harm to
the treated material.

2. Solarization: Solarization involves covering soil with clear plastic

sheets to capture and increase solar heat, raising soil temperatures to
levels that can effectively kill pathogens present in the top layers. This
method is particularly useful in warm and sunny climates.

3. Sterilization: Sterilization can be carried out using various methods

such as steam, irradiation, or applying chemicals to eliminate pathogens.
These techniques are often used for sanitizing tools, equipment, or
surfaces to prevent disease spread.

5. Regulatory Control: This refers to regulations and policy measures

enforced by regulatory agencies to prevent the introduction, spread, or
establishment of plant pathogens. Quarantine measures, inspection and
certification programs, and strict movement restrictions for planting
materials are examples of regulatory control to ensure disease-free plants

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are traded and transported.

Regulatory control measures are an important aspect of disease

management. These measures involve the implementation of laws and
regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases. Some
examples of regulatory control measures include:

1. Import and export restrictions: Governments may impose restrictions

on the import and export of certain plants, animals, or products to
prevent the introduction or spread of disease-causing organisms. These
restrictions are put in place to control the movement of potential disease
vectors.

2. Quarantines: Quarantine measures involve isolating and restricting the

movement of individuals, plants, animals, or goods that may be infected
with or affected by a disease. Quarantine helps prevent the spread of
diseases to unaffected areas or populations.

3. Labeling requirements: Labeling requirements on products can

provide vital information to consumers about the presence of certain
diseases or health risks. These requirements ensure that consumers are
well-informed and can take necessary precautions.

Host resistance
Host resistance, in the context of plant disease management, offers a
simple, effective, and economical approach to control diseases. Resistant
varieties not only protect plants from diseases but also save time, money,
and energy that would otherwise be spent on other control methods. They
are particularly valuable in managing diseases like wilts, rusts, and viral
infections, where chemical control is costly and impractical. In low-value
crops where implementing other control methods is often expensive, the
development of resistant varieties can be a viable solution. The level of
resistance in plants can be determined by their genetic makeup, which
can be governed by monogenic, oligogenic, or polygenic traits. Host
plant resistance has several advantages, including its positive impact on

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the environment and human health, as well as its cost-effectiveness for
farmers. However, it also has some drawbacks, such as the time-
consuming process of developing resistant varieties that can take several
years. Additionally, the introduction of resistant varieties can exert
selection pressure on pathogens, potentially leading to the emergence of
new pathogen biotypes. It is also important to consider that the absence
of competition from key pathogens resulting from the introduction of
resistant varieties can potentially give rise to new pathogen problems.

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)

Plants possess the ability to actively respond to environmental stimuli,
including physical stress, temperature, light, gravity, and the presence of
soil- and plant-associated microbes. These stimuli can induce or
condition plant host defense mechanisms through biochemical changes
that enhance resistance against a range of pathogens. The induction of
host defense can occur at the local and/or systemic level, depending on
the type, source, and concentration of the stimuli. Systemic acquired
resistance (SAR) is mediated by the production of salicylic acid (SA), a
compound often synthesized following pathogen infection. SA triggers
the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which can directly
lyse invading cells, reinforce cell walls, or induce localized cell death.
On the other hand, induced systemic resistance (ISR) is mediated by the
production of jasmonic acid (JA) and/or ethylene, typically induced by
the application of certain non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. Interestingly, the
SA- and JA-dependent defense pathways can be mutually antagonistic, a
trait some bacterial pathogens exploit to overcome SAR. For example,
pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae produce coronatine, a
compound similar to JA, to suppress the SA-mediated pathway. As
different microbes and insect feeding can activate various host-resistance
pathways to varying degrees, it is conceivable that plants are constantly
receiving and processing multiple stimuli. Consequently, the magnitude
and duration of host-defense induction are likely to vary over time.

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IDM Implementation

These are the steps involved in implementing Integrated Disease

Management (IDM):

1. Identifying diseases and their symptoms: The first step in IDM

implementation is to accurately identify the diseases affecting the crop
and understand their symptoms. This knowledge is crucial for making
informed decisions about disease management strategies.

2. Setting economic thresholds: Economic thresholds refer to the level at

which the population of the pathogen or the damage caused by the
disease justifies the implementation of control measures. Determining
economic thresholds helps farmers and practitioners make informed
decisions about when and how to intervene.

3. Selecting control methods: Based on the knowledge of the specific

diseases and their economic thresholds, an appropriate combination of
control methods is selected. This may include cultural practices,
biological control, chemical control, physical control, or a combination
of these approaches. The choice of control methods depends on factors
such as disease severity, crop susceptibility, environmental
considerations, and resources available.

4. Monitoring disease populations: Regular monitoring is essential to

assess disease development and severity over time. Monitoring allows
early detection of disease outbreaks and provides valuable data for
decision-making. Techniques like visual inspection, sampling, and the
use of diagnostic tools can aid in disease population monitoring.

5. Evaluating IDM programs: Continuous evaluation of IDM programs is

critical to assess their efficacy and make necessary adjustments. This
involves measuring the effectiveness of implemented strategies,
analyzing the impact on disease incidence and crop yield, and
considering the economic costs and benefits. Evaluation helps in fine-

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tuning IDM approaches for better disease management outcomes.

By following these steps, practitioners and farmers can effectively

implement IDM strategies, ensuring a comprehensive and sustainable
approach to disease management in plants.

IDM in Practice
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is implemented in various sectors
to reduce the impact of diseases on plants and ecosystems:

1. IDM in Agriculture: Agricultural systems commonly utilize IDM to

manage diseases in crops. This includes implementing a combination of
cultural practices, such as crop rotation and sanitation, as well as
utilizing resistant crop varieties, biological control agents, and targeted
use of chemical control when necessary. IDM in agriculture aims to
optimize disease control while minimizing the reliance on chemical
pesticides, promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.

2. IDM in Forestry: Forests face challenges with various pathogens that

can impact tree health and productivity. IDM in forestry involves
practices like selecting disease-resistant tree species, ensuring
appropriate site preparation, and maintaining good tree health through
proper nutrition and pruning. Additionally, biological control agents,
chemical treatments, and physical interventions may be used to manage
forest diseases when necessary.

3. IDM in Urban Areas: Urban areas often have unique challenges

related to plant diseases, as they are characterized by high population
densities, restricted spaces, and diverse plant species. IDM in urban areas
focuses on managing diseases in public parks, gardens, and urban green
spaces. This includes implementing cultural practices such as proper
planting techniques, maintaining plant health, and using disease-resistant
plant varieties. Regular monitoring and maintenance, including pruning
and removal of infected plants, are important to prevent disease spread.

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4. IDM in Protected Areas: Protected areas, such as national parks and
nature reserves, often have significant ecological value and require
careful disease management. IDM in protected areas involves approaches
such as promoting biodiversity, managing visitor access to minimize
transmission of pathogens, implementing strict quarantine measures, and
using biological control agents for targeted disease management.
Integrated approaches are used to balance disease control with
conservation objectives in these sensitive ecosystems.

In all these sectors, IDM aims to implement holistic and sustainable

disease management strategies, considering the specific challenges and
requirements of each environment. By combining multiple approaches
and continually monitoring and evaluating the efficacy of these
strategies, IDM seeks to minimize the impact of diseases on plant health
and ecosystem integrity.

The Future of IDM

The future of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) holds great

potential for sustainable agriculture, forestry, urban greening, and
conservation. However, there are also challenges to overcome and
opportunities to explore in order to maximize the impact of IDM in
shaping a sustainable future.

Challenges to IDM:
1. Knowledge and Education: Building awareness and providing training
to farmers, practitioners, and stakeholders about IDM practices is crucial.
Enhancing knowledge about diseases, their management, and the benefits
of IDM is essential for successful implementation.

2. Adoption and Implementation: Encouraging widespread adoption of

IDM practices can be challenging. Balancing the economic, social, and
environmental aspects of disease management requires continued
promotion and incentives to overcome potential resistance and facilitate
the integration of IDM strategies.

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3. Effective Monitoring and Decision-Making: Continuous monitoring

and data collection are vital for informed decision-making in IDM.
Collecting real-time data on disease occurrence and deploying
technologies like remote sensing, big data analytics, and sensor networks
can enhance disease monitoring and inform timely management
interventions.

Opportunities for IDM:

1. Technological Advancements: Advances in technology, such as
precision agriculture, unmanned aerial vehicles, and data-driven
agricultural systems, offer new opportunities for integrated disease
management. These technologies can improve disease detection, enable
targeted interventions, and enhance the efficiency and sustainability of
IDM practices.

2. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Recent advancements in

biotechnology and genetic engineering provide opportunities for
developing disease-resistant crop varieties. Incorporating genetic
resistance into crops can reduce the reliance on chemical control and
enhance the long-term sustainability of disease management.

3. Collaboration and Partnership: Building partnerships and fostering

collaboration among researchers, farmers, extension services, industry,
and policymakers is crucial for advancing IDM. Sharing knowledge, best
practices, and resources can lead to innovative solutions and
implementation strategies that address local and global disease
challenges effectively.

The Role of IDM in a Sustainable Future:

Integrated Disease Management plays a vital role in achieving
sustainability in agricultural, forestry, urban, and protected areas. By
minimizing the reliance on chemical pesticides, IDM promotes
environmentally friendly practices, reduces environmental pollution,
safeguards human health, and preserves biodiversity. IDM enables

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farmers and practitioners to maintain healthy ecosystems, conserve
natural resources, and enhance overall resilience to diseases and pests.
As we strive for a sustainable future, IDM will continue to be an
essential tool in ensuring food security, protecting natural habitats, and
maintaining the health and well-being of both humans and the
environment.

Conclusion:
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is a comprehensive and
multifaceted approach to disease control and prevention. By combining
various strategies, such as biosecurity measures, vaccination programs,
and cultural practices, IDM aims to optimize disease control outcomes
across different sectors, including agriculture and human health. This
holistic and collaborative approach takes into account the interactions
between diseases, hosts, and environments, resulting in more effective
and sustainable disease management solutions. IDM not only minimizes
the impact of diseases but also minimizes resource allocation and reduces
reliance on chemical control methods, thereby promoting environmental
and economic sustainability. Incorporating host resistance, through the
use of resistant varieties, is a practical and cost-effective method within
IDM, offering long-term protection while reducing the need for other
control measures. Although there may be challenges, such as the time
required for the development of resistant varieties, the benefits of host
plant resistance in IDM far outweigh the disadvantages. Overall, IDM
provides a framework for integrating diverse disease management tools
and strategies into cohesive plans, resulting in healthier and more
resilient systems.
References:
Ciancio, A., & Mukerji, K. G. (Eds.). (2007). General concepts in
integrated pest and disease management (No. 04; SB611. 5,
G4.). New York, NY, USA:: Springer.
Gurjar, M. S., Saharan, M. S., & Aggarwal, R. A. S. H. M. I. (2018).
Integrated disease management practices for sustainable
agriculture under ICM approach. Integrated crop management
practices for enhancing productivity resource use efficiency,

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(ISBN: 978-81-19906-22-2) Protection
soil health and livelihood practices. CAR-Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi, 113-120.
Pandey, A. K., Sain, S. K., & Singh, P. (2016). A Perspective on
integrated disease management in agriculture. Bio Bulletin, 2(2),
13-29.
Poot, C. C., Meijer, E., Kruis, A. L., Smidt, N., Chavannes, N. H., &
Honkoop, P. J. (2021). Integrated disease management
interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9).
Razdan, V. K., & Sabitha, M. (2009). Integrated disease management:
Concepts and practices. Integrated Pest Management:
Innovation-Development Process: Volume 1, 369-389.
Razdan, V. K., & Sabitha, M. (2009). Integrated disease management:
Concepts and practices. Integrated Pest Management:
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