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Plant Sciences A Treatise

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 Plant Sciences A Treatise

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 Publishing-in-support-of,

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING
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Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

Website: www.educreation.in
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Printed in India

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 Plant Sciences A Treatise
(For ICAR JRF, SRFARS/NET, SAU, Ph.D & Other Competitive Exams)

P. JALENDER
Ph. D Scholar, Plant Pathology,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030

A. SRIJAN
Ph. D Scholar, Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030

S. SANDEEP
Ph. D Scholar, Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING
(Since 2011)
www.educreation.in

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 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
The author Mr. P. Jalender completed his
M.Sc. Ag in the discipline of Plant Pathology
from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
Univeristy and currently pursuing his Ph.D
(Ag) in the Department of Plant Pathology at
PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The author has cleared
ICAR ASRB – NET and awarded wtih
NFST-UGC Fellowship. He has published
research papers in various National and
International peer reviewed journals and he also received awards in
various seminars and conferences.
The author Mr. Srijan Ambati completed his
M.Sc. Ag in the discipline of Genetics & Plant
Breeding from Professor Jayashankar Telangana
State Agricultural University (Formerly
ANGRAU). He also cleared ICAR- SRF
examination and ASRB – NET. Currently he is
pursuing his Ph.D. at PJTSAU, Hyderabad. He
was also awarded with DST- INSPIRE
fellowship for his Ph. D. program from Ministry
of Science & Technology, Government of India. He also has
publications in NAAS rated peer reviewed international journals to
his credit.
The author Mr. S. Sandeep completed his M.Sc.
Ag in the discipline of Genetics and Plant
Breeding from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
Univeristy and currently pursuing his Ph.D (Ag),
in the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding at
PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The author has cleared
ICAR ASRB – NET and awarded wtih UGC
(RGNF) Fellowship. He has published research
papers in various National and International peer reviewed journals
and he also received awards in various seminars and conferences.

******
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 ABOUT THE BOOK
The present book entitled “PLANT SCIENCES A TREATISE is
an attempt for providing agricultural graduates and post graduates
sufficient supplemental information for competitive examinations
such as JRF, SRF AND ICAR - ASRB NET Examinations. The
basic purpose of the book is to assist the students to develop a
thorough understanding of the subjects of plant sciences viz.,
Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biotechnology, Seed science and
technology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology. To
accomplish the said objectives an attempt was made to present the
subjects elucidly as per the requirements of students of agricultural
universities. For convenience the book is furnished in various
sections. The book deals with the fundamental facts and landmarks
in the field of plant sciences briefing introduction of various cell
organelles and their functions, cell division, Mendelian genetics,
Cytogenetics, plant breeding methods, breeding of field crops, seed
science and molecular genetics aspects. Plant pathology dealing
with various crop diseases, their casual organisms, epidemiology,
diagnosis and detection and management of plant diseases were
dealt. The basics of agricultural microbiology were also covered
briefly keeping JRF and other competitive examinations in view.
Scientists and their contributions have been thoroughly covered in
various sections of plant sciences. We hope this book can cater the
needs of the agricultural students preparing for various
examinations and we wish the students utilize this book for their
success. We are thankful to our teachers for their moral support in
bringing out this book. Yours valuable comments and suggestions
are most welcome for improving this book further.

******

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We feel previlge to acknowledge with praises to God and gratitude
for the guidance help and encouragement given by our respected
teachers. We extend our gratitude to our beloved parents for their
constant support, love, and motivation. The authors are grateful to
educreation publishers for their efforts in bringing out this book
into a reality. We also acknowledge Professor Jayashankar
Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) for providing
us healthy environment to explore knowledge and share through
this book. Finally we thank everyone who directly or indirectly
lent us their helping hands for completion of this book.

******

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 Dedicated To
Our Beloved Parents

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 SYLLABUS FOR JRF PLANT SCIENCES
Subjects:
1. Plant Breeding & Genetics,
2. Plant Pathology,
3. Agricultural Microbiology/Microbiology,
4. Seed Science & Technology,
5. Plant Genetic Resources.

UNIT-I: Importance of Agriculture in national economy; basic

principles of crop production; cultivation of rice, wheat, chickpea,
pigeon-pea, sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, potato and mango.
Major soils of India, role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms.
UNIT-II: Structure and function of cell organelles; mitosis and
meiosis; Mendelian genetics; elementary knowledge of
photosynthesis; respiration, and transpiration; structure and
functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and
vitamins. Major pests and diseases of rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea,
sugarcane and their management.
UNIT-III: Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms, differences between fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and
viruses; physical and chemical basis of heredity; chromosome
structure; genes/operon concept; protein biosynthesis;
transformation, recombination, Heterosis; Elements of economic
botany; integrated diseases management; sterilization, disinfection
and pasteurization; Koch’s postulates; etiological agents of rusts,
smuts, powdery/downy mildews, wilts, yellows, mosaic, necrosis,
enations, blights and witches- broom; pH, buffer, vitamins, role of
plant hormones in seed germination and dormancy; pollination/
fertilization in flowering plants; methods of seed testing; breeders,
foundation and certified seeds; seed production in self and cross
pollinated crops, nitrate assimilation; biological nitrogen fixation
and other uses of microorganisms in agriculture.
UNIT-IV: Food and industry; composting and biogas production.
Important rural development programmes in India; organizational
set up of agricultural research, education and extension in India.
******

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 CONTENTS LIST

S.No Topics Page No

1 Genetics 1
2 Plant Breeding 28
3 Plant Biotechnology 53
4 Science And Technology 71
5 Plant Pathology 86
6 Diseases Of Field Crops 124
7 Agricultural Microbiology 139

******

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 Plant Sciences A Treatise

GENETICS

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 P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep

The cell theory was formulated by

M.J. Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838-39.

Examples for unicellular organisms

Blue Green Algae, Bacteria, Protozoa etc.

A layer of plant cell wall that connects two adjacent cells

Middle Lamella

The naked cell surrounded by a plasma membrane is known as

Protoplast

Substance except nucleus surrounded by the plasma lemma is

known as
Cytoplasm

Plant cells with more than one nucleus are called

Coenocytes Eg: Certain Algae, Fungi, Vaucharia, Rhizopus,

Animal cells with more than one nucleus are called

Syncytia. Eg: Striated muscle cells of higher animals.

In a cell, the packaging of food material is done by

Golgibodies

Middle lamella is composed of

Ca & Mg Pectates

Following cells do not have nucleus / related material.

RBC of Human Beings

Cilia are formed from

Basal Bodies

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 Plant Sciences A Treatise

The formation of nucleolus is associated with

Secondary Constriction

The following structures is not found in a prokaryotic cell

Nuclear Envelope

Bacteria are examples of

Prokaryotic Cells

The region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is

called the
Cytoplasm

The resolving power of an electron microscope is____ times the

resolving power of a light microscope
One thousand times the resolving power of a light microscope

Endoplasmic reticulum originates from

Outer Membrane of Nuclear Envelope

Golgi bodies originate from

ER Elements

Lysosomes originate from

Golgi Bodies

Cellular organelles which extracts energy from carbohydrates

and from ATP molecules
Mitochondria

Cellular organelle involved in breakdown of complex

macromolecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins
Lysosome

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 P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep

Mitochondrion is the site for

Cell Respiration, Production of ATP

Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in

Synthesis of Proteins, Lipids, Glycogen, Cholesterol, Glycerides,
Hormones, Intracellular Circulatory System

Function of Golgi complex

Secretory in Function

The site of photosynthesis is

Chloroplast

Lysosomes contain enzymes (Hydrolytic digestive enzymes)

capable of
Digesting part of the cell

Function of Lysosomes
Digestion of food particles and microbes, autolysis of the cell

Power house of cell

Mitochondria

“Universal components of all biological organisms”

Ribosomes

Ribosome’s are synthesized and assembled in

Nucleolus (with in nucleus)

Ribosome’s are essential for

Protein Synthesis

Packaging plants of the cell

Golgi Bodies

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 Plant Sciences A Treatise

Green pigments capable of capturing the energy of sunlight are

located within the
Chloroplasts

The two types of cellular organelles that transform energy are

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

The plastids that give fruits and flowers their orange and
yellow colors are the
Chromoplasts

Intercellular junction between animal cells

Desmosome

Plant cells are connected by channels through their walls called

Plasmodesmata

Mitochondria are sites of

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Chloroplasts are sites of

Photo Phosphorylation

Among the higher plants, the longest mitotic chromosome is

found in
Trillium sps. Which may reach 32 μ in size

Molecular formula of glucose is

C6H12O6

Glycolysis occurs in
Cytoplasm (but outside the organelles).

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 P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep

The function of the mitochondrial cristae is

To increase the surface area of the inner membrane

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the

Grana of Chloroplasts

Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in

Stroma of Chloropalast

The term chromosome is coined by

Waldeyer (1888)

Chromosome was first described by

Strasburger (1875)

Chromosomes having secondary constrictions are called

Satellite Chromosomes or Sat-Chromosomes

The general morphology of somatic chromosome complement

of an individual constitutes its
Karyotype

Diagrammatic representation of karyotype is called as

Idiogram

Euchromatin is
Lightly Stained and Genetically Active

Heterochromatin is
Darkly Stained and Genetically Inactive

Folded fiber model proposed by

DuPraw (1965)

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 Plant Sciences A Treatise

Nucleosome Solenoid Model was proposed by

Kornberg and Thomas (1974)

The chromosomes which differ from normal chromosomes in

terms of either morphology or function are referred as
Special chromosomes

Lamp Brush Chromosomes were first observed by

W. Flemming (1882) in oocytes of sharks

Loops of Lampbrush Chromosomes are involved in

RNA Synthesis

Giant Chromosomes were discovered by

E. G. Balbiani (1881) in Dipteran Salivary Glands

Giant chromosomes are also known as

Salivary Gland Chromosomes or Polytene Chromosomes

Puffs of Giant chromosomes are the sites of

Active RNA Synthesis.

In many species some chromosomes are found in addition to

normal somatic chromosomes. These extra chromosomes are
called as
Accessory Chromosomes or B-Chromosomes or Supernumerary
Chromosomes.

A chromosome in which two arms are identical with each other

in gene content and morphology.
Isochromosomes

Chromosomes differing in morphology and number in male

and female are called as
Allosomes / Sex Chromosomes
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 P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep

Mitosis occurs in somatic organs like root tip, stem tip and leaf
base etc. Hence it is also known as
Somatic Cell Division

Meiosis I is also known as

Reductional Division

Meiosis II is called as
Equational Division

The chiasma terminalisation occurs during

Diplotene

The segregation of alleles of a gene occurs during

Anaphase – II

The chromosomal orientation present during Metaphase-II of

meiosis
Auto-Orientation

The paired homologouschromosomes are joined by a protein

containing frame work known as
Synaptonemal Complex.

Stage of meiosis characterized by pairing of homologous

chromosomes (Synapsis)
Zygotene or Zygonema

Exchange of segments between nonsister chromatids of

homologous chromosomes known as
Crossing Over

The centromeres of the bivalents are arranged on either side of

the equatorial plate and this type of orientation is called
Co-Orientation
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 Plant Sciences A Treatise

The division of cytoplasm takes place by cell plate method in

plants and in animals by
Furrow Method

About 0.3% of the DNA is not replicated during S phase and it

occurs during
Zygotene

Cell division takes place between two stages of

G2 & G1

Auto-orientation of centromeres is present during

Metaphase – II

In eukaryotic cell division, the process of cytoplasmic division

is called
Cytokinesis

DNA replication occurs in which phase of the cell cycle

Interphase

DNA synthesis takes place during

S Phase of Interphase

The maximum percent of recombination between two genes

will be
50 per cent

Crossing over occur during

Pachytene Stage of Prophase I.

Crossing over takes place between

Non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

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 P. Jalender, A. Srijan, S. Sandeep

The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by

Sutton and Boveri

This tendency of genes to remain together in their original

combination during inheritance is called
Linkage

The phenomenon of linkage was first reported by

Bateson and Punnet in 1906

The plants with the character combination as in the original

parents are known as
Parental Forms or Parental Combinations

Plants possessing one character from one parent and another

character from the second parent are known as
Recombined types or recombinations or new combinations or
cross-overs

The theory of linkage was put forth by

T H Morgan

When there is complete absence of recombinant types can be

due to absence of
Crossing Over

If some frequency of crossing over also occurs between the

linked genes, it is known as
Incomplete / Partial Linkage

If all dominant alleles are present on the same chromosome or

all recessive alleles are present on same chromosome they are
said to be in
Coupling Phase

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