Lecture Notes ENEE3103IU Water Supply & Drainage Systems

Department of Civil Engineering

International University - VNU HCMC

ENEE3103IU
WATER SUPPLY & DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

PART 2.
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
CABALTICA DOLIENTE ANGELI, MSc.
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, International University-VNU
angeli.dc@hcmiu.edu.vn

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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

Chapter 2. Sewerage
1. Wastewater 4. Introduction to Sewer Design 7. Storm Water Drainage
1. Wastewater characteristics 1. Manning’s Equation for Open 1. Gutters
Water Demand Wastewater 2. Classification according to Channel Flow 2. Gutter Flow
source 5. Sanitary Sewer Design 3. Inlets
3. Wastewater quantity 1. Design: Flowrates 4. Inlet Intercepted Flow
CWSS Components Sewer Systems estimate 2. Design: Pipe Size 5. Inlet basin/Catch basin
2. Sewers 3. Design Limits: Min. Pipe Size 8. Storm Sewer Design
1. Collection 1. Collection 1. Sewer Systems 4. Design Limits: Min. and Max. 1. Estimating Storm Runoff
2. Types of Sewers: According Velocities 2. Sizing of Storm Sewers
to wastewater type conveyed 5. Sanitary Sewer Design 9. Pipe Installation and Maintenance
2. Transport 2. Treatment
3. Types of Sewers: According 5. Slope 1. Pipe bedding Conditions
to specific functions 6. Min. Cover Depth 2. Pipe Maintenance
3. Treatment 3. Disposal 4. Types of Sewers: According 7. Invert Elevations 10. Modelling in SWMM (Extra)
to position in the sewer 8. Design Periods for Sewerage 11. Overview of Wastewater
4. Storage Design network System Components Treatment (Extra)
5. Sewage Collection Systems 6. Infiltration & Inflow
5. Distribution 3. Sewer Material And 1. Definitions
1. Sanitary Sewer Appurtenances 2. Infiltration Test

Hydraulics 2. Storm Sewer

1. Factors affecting selection of
materials
3. Exfiltration Test

2. Materials used for pipes

Modelling Modelling 3. Pipe corrosion
4. Sewer appurtenances

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SEWERAGE SEWERAGE
Sewerage is the infrastructure that conveys (encompassing
collection, treatment and disposal) wastewaters to safe
disposal Wastewater Management
Ultimate goal:
Protection of the
environment in a manner
commensurate with
public health, economic,
social, and political
concerns.

EPA
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SEWERAGE

1. Wastewater
1.1 Wastewater characteristics
1.2 Classification according to source
1.3 Wastewater quantity estimate

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1. WASTEWATER 1.2 Classification According to Source

Classification according to Source:
- the water supply of the community after it has been
fouled (made dirty) by a variety of use (daily activities, 1. Sanitary ww/Domestic ww/Sewage

commercial use, industrial use)  excreted waste from humans, kitchen, bath laundry, and
floor drains wastes feces urine
 wastewater from commercial establishments

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1.1 Wastewater Characteristics 1.2 Classification According to Source

Characteristics Classification according to Source:
o 99% water - 2. Industrial wastewater
o Pathogens – disease causing organism  process wastes from manufacturing
o Suspended and dissolved solids –cause  wash waters
turbidity  relatively uncontaminated water from
heating and cooling operations
o Organic matter – biodegradable, reduce or
deplete the supply of oxygen in the water
needed by aquatic life
o Inorganic matter – non-biodegradable,
requires other treatment
o Nutrients - cause algae and other plants to
grow quickly depleting oxygen in the water.
o Toxic materials – harmful to humans and
environment

It is harmful to the environment and will affect people’s health if wastewater is

disposed into the environment without treatment
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1.2 Classification According to Source 1.3 Wastewater Quantity Estimate
Classification according to Source:

3. Stormwater
 flow from rainfall events
 street washings

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1.3 Wastewater Quantity Estimate

1. Municipal Wastewater

2. Sewers
 derived principally from water supply thus it varies widely
throughout the day in response to water usage and to weather
conditions.
 estimated based on water consumption: 70% to 130% (McGhee, 2.1 Sewer Systems
1991)
2.2 Types of Sewers: According to wastewater type conveyed
2. Industrial Wastewater 2.3 Types of Sewers: According to specific functions
- Depend on certain arrangement. Ex. Industries may have their
own water supply but discharge their waste water to the 2.4 Types of Sewers: According to position in the sewer network
municipal sewers. 2.5 Sewage Collection Systems

3. Stormwater
 Stormwater run off can be estimated by Rational Method or SCS
Method (Hydrology)
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2. SEWERS 2.1 Sewer Systems

Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO)
Sewer - during dry periods the wastewater is carried to a treatment plant
(dry weather flow)
- during rain storms the excess water is discharged directly into a river,
A pipe or stream or lake without pre-treatment (wet weather flow)
conduit which
carries sewage,
usually closed
but not flowing
full

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2.1 Sewer Systems 2.1 Sewer Systems

1. Separate Sewer System
 Sewers carrying municipal
wastewater (sanitary sewer)
and sewers carrying
stormwater (storm sewer) is
separate

2. Combined Sewer System

 Accommodate both municipal
wastewater and stormwater
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2.2 Types of Sewers: 21

2.2 Types of Sewers: 23

According to wastewater type conveyed According to wastewater type conveyed

1. Sanitary Sewers
 carry municipal wastewater
from homes and commercial
establishments
 with proper pre-treatment,
industrial wastewaters may
also be discharged in these
sewers
 may also carry
inflows/infiltration*
entering the system through
holes, leaks or defects in the
system
 convey wastewater to
treatment facilities
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2.1 Types of Sewers: 22

2.3 Types of Sewers: 24

According to wastewater type conveyed According to specific functions

1. Force mains
2. Storm Sewers
pipelines that convey wastewater under pressure in a
 carries surface
and storm water
situation where gravity sewage flow is not possible
 generally
discharged
into rivers
and streams

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2.3 Types of Sewers: 25

2.3 Types of Sewers:
According to specific functions According to specific functions
2. Intercepting sewers
 Intersects other sewers to separate dry weather flow from
stormwater flow

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2720795/Revealed-How-new-4billion-super-
sewer-stop-London-returning-days-Great-Stink-increase-bills-80.html

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& SEWERAGE

2.3 Types of Sewers: 26

2.3 Types of Sewers: 28

According to specific functions According to specific functions

3. Relief sewer 4. Outfall sewer
 Built to carry a portion of  Carries collected waste
the flow in a system with to a point of treatment
otherwise inadequate
or disposal
capacity

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2.3 Types of Sewers: 31

2.1 Sewer Systems According to position in the sewer network

Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) 6. House sewer
- during dry periods the wastewater is carried to a treatment plant  Pipe conveying water from an
(dry weather flow) individual structure to a common
- during rain storms the excess water is discharged directly into a river, sewer
stream or lake without pre-treatment (wet weather flow)
5. Lateral sewer
 A common sewer with no tributary
except from house sewers
4. Submain sewer/Collector sewer
 Collects flows fro one or more laterals
as well as house sewers
3. Main or Trunk sewer
 Collects from several
submains/collector sewers as well as
laterals and house sewers
2. Interception sewer
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2.1 Sewer Systems 2.5 Sewage Collection Systems

1. Gravity Flow Systems
- Sanitary sewers are usually built to follow the general
slope of the land so that the wastewater will flow by
gravity
- At lift stations: Wastewater is pumped vertically to
discharge into a higher-elevation gravity sewer when
sewer trenches become uneconomically deep

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2.5 Sewage Collection Systems 2.5 Sewage Collection Systems

1. Gravity Flow Systems 2. Vacuum Systems
- A vacuum sewer system consists of three major components: the vacuum
valve (valve pit), the vacuum mains, and the vacuum station.

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2.5 Sewage Collection Systems 2.5 Sewage Collection Systems

2. Vacuum Systems
- Vacuum sewerage is a mechanized system of wastewater transport. Unlike
gravity flow, vacuum sewers use differential air pressure to move the sewage.
2. Vacuum Systems
- A central source of power to operate vacuum pumps is required to maintain vacuum (negative
pressure) on the collection system.
- The system requires a normally closed vacuum/gravity interface valve at each entry point to seal
the lines so that vacuum can be maintained. These valves, located in valve pits, open when a
predetermined amount of sewage accumulates in collecting sumps.
- The resulting differential pressure between atmosphere and vacuum becomes the driving force
that propels the sewage towards the vacuum station.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCMDaPALWiI
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3.2 Materials used for pipes

3. Sewer Material
1. Plastic pipes
& Appurtenances 2. VCP – vitrified clay pipe
3.1 Factors affecting selection of materials 3. Iron & Steel pipes
3.2 Materials used for pipes 4. Concrete
3.3 Pipe corrosion
3.4 Sewer appurtenances

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3.1 Factors affecting selection of materials 3.2 Materials used for pipes

1. Chemical characteristics
1. Plastic Pipes
of wastewater (corrosive)  Becoming popular in gravity
2. Resistance to scour sewer lines due to its lightness
(abrasion) and ease of handling during
3. External forces and construction.
internal pressures
4. Soil conditions
 Corrosion-resistant and
5. Type of backfill smooth walls provide good
6. Useful life hydraulic characteristics
7. Strength and water  Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is
tightness used extensively in sewage
8. Availability in diameter,
length, and ease of
pipe due to its low cost,
installation chemical resistance and ease
9. Cost of construction and of jointing
maintenance

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3.2 Materials used for pipes 3.3 Pipe Corrosion
2. Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) Chemical corrosion

― made from a blend of clay and shale

that has been subjected to high
temperature to achieve vitrification,
which results in a hard, inert ceramic.
― commonly used in gravity sewer
collection mains because of its long
Microbiological corrosion
life and resistance to almost all
domestic and industrial sewage,
― hard, dense, resistant to biological
and chemical attack (can resist
erosion and abrasion)
― Brittle and can break easily thus
careful handling and bedding
(placement in trench) is important
― Clay pipe has been in-use in sanitary
sewer systems for at least 5,000 years
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3.2 Materials used for pipes 3.3 Pipe Corrosion

3. Iron and Steel Pipe
 used only under unusual loading
conditions or for force mains in
which sewage flow is
pressurized
4. Concrete Pipe
 Pre-stressed concrete pipes are
mainly used for forced mains Conversion of sulfate Conversion of Corrosion
while precast concrete pipes are SO42- to hydrogen hydrogen sulfide H2S
sulfide H𝟐S to sulfuric acid H2SO4
primarily used for gravity sewers
sulfates are reduced sulfur oxidizing sulfuric acid converts
 used in locations where grades, to hydrogen sulfide as bacteria (SOB) the calcium hydroxide
temperatures, and sewage an alternative source metabolize the in concrete to calcium
of oxygen for hydrogen sulfide gas sulfate.
characteristics prevent corrosion catabolizing organic to sulfuric acid
Angeliused for storm drains
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waste
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3.4 Sewer Appurtenances 3.4 Sewer Appurtenances

1. Manholes
1. Manholes Allowable intervals of manholes relative to the diameter

Pipe Diameter (in) Max distance between manholes (m)

2. Cleanouts 8 30
3. Sewage Pumps 8 - 10 40
10 - 12 50
12 - 16 60
16 - 36 100
≥ 36 150
The distance depends on the maintenance equipment available
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3.4 Sewer Appurtenances 3.4 Sewer Appurtenances

Drop manholes:
1. Manholes Are used when the difference of
1. Manholes
elevation between the inlet pipe and the
 Provides access to sewers for outlet pipe is ≥ 60 cm (such as when the
inspection and cleaning lateral sewer joins a deeper submain
sewer). The drop manhole has a vertical
 Located at pipe to prevent turbulence in the
• changes in directions manhole and to allow the maintenance
• changes in pipe size (diameter) works to enter manhole
• all pipe intersections
• uppermost end of each lateral
• substantial changes in grade (slope),
and
• at intervals of 90 to 150 m in straight
lines
 Large sewers can be accessed
easily and thus need fewer
manholes
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3.4 Sewer Appurtenances 3.4 Sewer Appurtenances

• The cover of manhole should be
1. Manholes 2. Cleanouts
strong to withstand the loads of
traffic.
• It is usually made of cast iron to carry
a minimum concentrated load of 25
tons.
Relation of manhole diameter or side
dimensions to the depth of
excavation
Depth of Manhole dimensions (m)
manhole (m)
 Used to permit cleaning
≤ 0.90 Square: 0.60 x 0.60
of small sewers
Circular: 0.60 ø
1.50 – 2.00 Square: 1.00 x 1.00  Small television
Circular: 1.00 ø cameras can be
Rectangular: 0.80 x 1.20 inserted to permit
≥ 2.00 Circular: 1.50 ø inspection
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3.4 Sewer Appurtenances 3.4 Sewer Appurtenances

1. Manholes 2. Cleanouts

Components of Manholes
1. Access Shaft
- Upper portion of deep manhole
2. Working Chamber
- Lower portion, provides working space
for cleaning and inspection of sewer line

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3.4 Sewer Appurtenances

4. Sewage Pumps
 For lifting wastewater such as in low-lying sections

How it Works - Lift Stations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9-DXl028-Y
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