Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

(a) Pictorially, example of a sectional view

(b)

Fig 5-1

5-2
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Fig 5-2

5-3
Chapter Five
• Sectional views can dispense with the
need to use dotted lines to represent
hidden detail.
• The number of views required to give
a complete picture of the object is often
reduced.
• A sectional view of a mechanism can
show much more easily now that
mechanism works
In addition to the sectional elevation
view shown in Fig. 5.1b, other main
two types of sectional views can be
illustrated as in Fig. 5.2.
SECTION CUTTING PLANE
A cutting plane is selected which will
enable a complete visualization of the
component. Section cutting planes are
denoted by a chain line [type H] drawn
across the part as shown in the elevation
view as shown in Figs. 5.1 and 5.2.
Arrow- heads indicate the face of the
section and the direction of viewing.
A specific section is identified by letters
placed near the arrows, and reference to
the section view is made by the letters,
separated by a hyphen, for example
section A-A. Where only one cutting
plane is used on a drawing, the letters
may be omitted.
The chain line may be simplified by
omitting the thin part of the line, if
clarity is not affected. Arrowheads may
also be omitted when indicating
symmetrical sectional views or when
the sectional view is drawn in the
correct projection indicated on the
drawing as seen in Fig. 5.3.
The identification of a cutting plane
may be omitted when it is obvious that
5-4
Sectioning and Conventions
the section can only be taken through
one location Fig. 5-4 shows a sectional
view, which is obviously taken on the
centerline of the other view
However, depending upon the position
of the cutting plane relative to the
horizontal plane of projection sectional
views, or sections are divided into
i. Vertical, a cutting plane is said to be
vertical when it is perpendicular to
the horizontal plane of projection as
shown in Fig 5-5a A vertical
sectional view is said to be sectional
elevation, If cutting plane P is
parallel to the vertical plane of
projection, and sectional side-view,
if plane P is parallel to the side-view
plane of projection, and
ii. Horizontal, a cutting plane is said to
be horizontal when it is parallel to
the horizontal plane of projection as
shown in Fig. 5-5b.
The cutting plane is drawn as a
heavy line with short dashes at
intervals; this can be thought of as a
knife-edge cutting through the object.
Spacing of the dashes dep ends upon
the drawing size. The weight of these
lines is the same as that of a visible
object line. Letters can be placed at
each end of the cutting plane to label
the sectional view, as labled by A-A in
Fig. 5-1.
SECTIONING CONVENTIONS
Sectioning Lines
These are light lines (type B), and are
normally drawn at 45° to
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Half
Section

Fig 5-4

Fig 5-3

Fig 5-4

(a) (b)

Fig 5-5

5-5
Chapter Five
the horizontal, right or left. If the shape
of the section would bring the
sectioning lines parallel to one or more
of the sides, another angle may be used
as shown in Fig. 5-6.
Adjacent Parts
When an assembly of several parts is
sectioned, it is important that the
section lines be drawn at varying angles
to distinguish the parts. In sectioning,
adjacent parts should have their
sectioning lines at right angles as in Fig.
5-7a. When more than two parts are
adjacent, as in Fig. 5-7b, they may be
distinguished by varying the spacing or
the angle of the hatching lines.
Dimensions
Dimensions may be inserted in
sectional areas by interrupting the
hatching lines, as shown in Fig. 5-8.
Sectioning Large Areas
These can be shown sectioned by
placing section lines around the edges
of the area only, as shown in Fig. 5-9.
Sectioning Thin Areas
Sometimes the section plane passed
through very thin areas, which cannot
be sectioned by nor mal 45° hatching
lines, for example, gaskets, washers,
plastic sheets, packing, sheet metal and
structural shapes. These parts are
sectioned by blacking in the areas
completely rather than using hatching
lines. These areas should be filled in as
shown in Fig. 5-10a. If two or more thin
areas are adjacent, a small space should
be left between them as shown in Fig.
5-10b.
5-6
Sectioning and Conventions
Rules Exceptions
As a general rule, all material cut by a
sectioning plane is cross- hatched in
orthogonal views but there are some
exceptions. When a sectioning plane
passes through parts, which have no
internal features, sections through them
would be of no value
For example, when a cutting plane
passes through the centers of webs, ribs,
shafts, bolts, rivets. keys, pins and
similar parts, they are not shown
sectioned.
Figure 5-11a shows two views of an
assembly of parts making up an
operating handle. In the interests of
clarity certain of the features lying in
the sectioning plane A-A are not
sectioned. These features are; the main
shaft, the key 1 fixing the shaft and
handle, the strengthening web, the main
spindle for the handle and the nut and
washer fixing the handle to the main
casting. Items such as these should
never be sectioned, otherwise
misreading of the drawing could occur.
Another examples for these exceptions
are shown in Fig. 5.11b
Part or Local Sections
A part or local section is used to show
interior features by cutting away a
portion of a view.
Part or local sections may be taken at
suitable places on a component to show
hidden detail. The boundary of the
sections is drawn
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Scribe line with dividers 2 mm

from long edge

Fig 5-6

45o

30o

(a) (b)

Fig 5-7

75 mm

Fig 5-8 Fig 5-9

5-7
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

(a) (b)

Fig 5-10

(a)

WEB

Section A-A A

SPOKE
SPINOLE
WHEEL
SHAFT
RIB
THICK WASHER

THIN WASHER
(b)
WEB
NUT
KEY

Fig 5-11

5-8
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

The shaft and web are lying The shaft and web are lying
along the cutting plane X-X across the cutting plane Y-Y

An alternative method of section-lining webs and to is shown

Spaced section lining may be used for the same purpose. The space
lining shown is necessary to distinguish between the tid that is out and
the rib that is viewed behind the cutting plane in the section
Fig 5-11 b (continued)

5-9
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Part section

Fig. 5-12

Revolved Interposed
Section section
Revolved
Section

Fig. 5-13

Removed Section

Section
A-A

Fig. 5-14

5-10
Chapter Five
freehand using a type "C" line, as
shown in Figure 5-12.
Revolved and interposed
A revolved section is used to describe a
cross section of a part by revolving it
about an revolution axis and placing it
on the view on that axis.
The shape of the cross-section of a bar,
arm, spoke or rib may be illustrated by
a revolved or interposed section.
The interposed section has detail
adjacent to it removed, and is drawn
using a thick line; type A.
The revolved section has the cross-
sectional shape revolved in position
with adjacent detail drawn against the
revolved view. It is drawn using a thin
line; type B. Fig.5- 13illustrates these
two sections.
Removed Sections
A removed section is a revolved section
that has been removed from the view
where it was revolved.
These are similar to revolved sections
except that the cross- section is
removed clear of the main outline for
the sake of clarity The removed sect-ion
may be located adjacent to the main
view as shown in Figure 5.14 or away
from it entirely. In the latter case it must
be suitably referenced to the view and
section to which it refers. The outline of
a removed section is a thick line type A
5-11
Sectioning and Conventions
The Conventional Breaks
One use of conventional breaks is to
shorten a long piece that has a uniform
cross section. The long part shown in
Figure 5.15 has been shortened and
drawn at a larger scale for more clarity
by using conventional breaks as shown
in Figure 5.15. The dimension specifies
the true length of the part, and the
breaks indicate a portion of the length
has been removed.
The Conventional Revolutions
In order to include detail on a sectional
view, which is not located along one
plane, the section plane may be bent or
revolved to pass through the cutting
plane. The sectional view when shows
the detail along the line of the bent or
rotated cutting plane without any
indication that the plane has been bent
or rotated. The principle is illustrated in
Fig. 5.16a. Note that when indicating
the cutting plane on the elevation view,
heavy lines are used where the cutting
plane changes direction.
Fig. 5.16b illustrates another use of an
aligned section, where detail such as
holes located on a pitch circle are
considered to be rotated into the cutting
plane and projected on to the sectional
view at their actual distance from the
center line.
Number of Sectional Views
Except in the case of very elementary
components it is likely that at least one
sectional view will be helpful, and in
some instances necessary, for complete
shape description.
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

True length

Less than true length

Revolved section
Fig. 5-15

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5-16

5-12
Chapter Five
In most cases, the normal out-side
views obtained from orthogonal
projection are not sufficient to complete
the shape description of a component,
both inside and out. Hence other views
of a different type must be drawn in
conjunction with, or instead of the
normal outside views. These special
views are called sectional views and the
main types used in mechanical drawing
are described in this section
The Full Sectional View
A full sectional view is a view formed
by passing the cutting plane completely
through an object and removing half of
it.
Figure 5-17 illustrates an isometric
view of a machined block, which has
been cut through the center and moved
apart. The shape and detail of the
counter bored holes are revealed along
the face of the cut. This is the purpose
of the sectional view to reveal interior
detail. A normal view would be taken
from position X.
Figure 5-18 shows a sectional elevation
view and a side view taken from
position Y in Fig. 5-17. The sectioning
plane is labeled by A-A on the side
view. The direction of the arrows on the
section plane A-A indicates the
direction from which the section is
viewed.
The Offset Sectional View
An offset sectional view is a full section
in which the cutting plane is offset to
pass through important features. With a
5-13
Sectioning and Conventions
full sectional view. Interior detail,
which lies along one plane only, is
revealed. Sometimes it is desirable to
show detail, which lies along two or
more planes, and this is done by means
of the offset sectional view
Figure 5.19 is an isometric view of a
shaft bracket, which has been cut by an
offset sectioning plane to reveal the
detail of the two bosses The offset
sectional view in this
case is taken looking down on the
bottom piece as shown. Figure 5.20
illustrates a normal elevation view and
an offset sectional plan of the bracket;
the course of the sectional plane is
shown by A-A.
Note that there is no line shown on the
sectional view where the course of the
sectioning plane changes direction.
The Half Sectional View
A half-sectional view is a view that
results from passing a cutting plane
halfway through an object and
removing a quarter of it to show
external and internal features.
This type of view is often used on
objects, which are symmetrical about
centerline. The cutting plane effectively
removes a quarter of the object as
shown in Figure 5.21. The resulting
view provides two views in one, as one
half shows interior detail and the other
half shows external detail. This is
illustrated in Figure 5.22.
It is standard practice to place the
sectioned part to the right of an
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Sectional view

Fig. 5-17

Left side view Sectional elevation at A-A

Fig. 5-18

5-14
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Offset sectional
view

Fig. 5-19

Offset sectional plan at A-A

Fig. 5-20

5-15
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Half sectional view

Fig. 5-21

Half sectional elevation at A-A

Plan
Fig. 5-22

5-16
Chapter Five
axis of symmetry. It can be done
such that the cross-hatched part in
the sectional elevation view on the
left-hand side and the cross-hatched
part in the sectional side view on the
right-hand side as shown in Fig. 5.21
As with the offset sectional view, the
division between the external half
and the internal half of the view is
not indicated by a full line, but by a
center line. Hidden detail is omitted
from the sectioned half of the view,
but may be shown on the extemal
half if by so doing the internal shape
description is made clear. This is the
case in Fig. 5.22, where the hidden
detail completes the internal holes
revealed in the sectioned half.
RULES TO REMEMBER WHEN
SECTIONING
1. A sectional view shows the part
of the component in front of the
sectioning plane arrows. In third-
angle projection the sectional
view is placed on the side behind
the sectioning viewing plane,
while in first-angle projection it is
placed on the side in front of the
sectional viewing plane.
2. Material, which has been cut by
the sectioning plane, is cross-
hatched. Standard exceptions are
given previously.
3. A sectional view must not have
any full lines drawn over cross-
hatched areas. A full line
represents a corner or edge, which
cannot exist on a face which has
been cut by a plane.
5-17
Sectioning and Conventions
4. As a general rule, dimensions are
not inserted in crosshatched areas,
but where it is unavoidable, it
may be done as previously
mentioned
EXERCISES
The following are miscellaneous
problems on sectioning and
conventions. These problems are
intentionally graded in approximate
order of difficulty. The exercises
may also be used for both the
construction of the third view and/or
for the sectioning training that have
be already taught in the present
chapter.
The available problems in this
chapter are two groups. The first
group is of two views with missing
lines, and without dimensioning. In
this group, the student is required to
complete the missing lines and to
cross-hatch the sectioned areas. For
the second group, the student is
required to complete the missing
lines, cross-hatching the sectioned
areas and finally to construct the
third view.
The third group is completely
dimensioned views. The student is
required to complete the missing
lines, cross-hatching the sectioned
areas.
As a fourth group, on sectioning and
conventions, the student has to go
back to chapter two and solve all
problem parts that are labeled with
letters B.
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

SECTIONAL VIEWS
SOLVED PROBLEMS AND
EXERCISE FOR YOUR
REVISION

5-18
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

5-19
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

5-20
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Web

5-21
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

from the lettered drawings choose the correct

Sectional view for each numbered drawing.
Sketch the view in the space provided.

5-22
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
Draw the following:

1- Sectional elevation.
2- Side view
3- Plan.

Draw the following:

1- Sectional elevation.
2- Side view.
3- Plan.

5-23
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
Draw the following:

1- Elevation.
2- Side view.
3- Sectional Plan at A-A.

Draw the following:

1- Elevation.
2- Sectional Side view.
3- Plan.

5-24
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
Draw the following views:

1- Elevation.
2- Side view.
3- Sectional Plan at A-A.

5-25
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
For the following figure, draw:

1- Sectional Elevation.
2- Side view.
3- Plan.

Draw the following views:

1- Sectional Elevation.
2- Side view.
3- Plan.

5-26
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Draw the following views:

1- Sectional Elevation.
2- Side view.
3- Plan.

5-27
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
ALL FILLETS R6

UNLESS STATED

B
For the given views, draw the missing one and cross-hatch the sections according to the
projection angle symbol show.

5-28
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Draw the following:

a) Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

B
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

5-29
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Draw the following:

a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

Draw the following: B

a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

5-30
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

A
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

Draw the following:

a) Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

5-31
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Draw the following:

a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Sectional Plan.

Draw the following:

a) Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Sectional Plan.

5-32
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

A
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Side view. c) Plan.

B
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

5-33
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
For the given views, draw the missing one and cross-hatch the sections according to the
projection angle symbol show.

5-34
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
Required
Draw the following views:
1- Elevation.
2- Sectional Side view.
3- Plan.

A
Required
Draw the following views:
1- Elevation.
2- Sectional Side view.
3- Plan.

5-35
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

Draw the following:

a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

5-36
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

Draw the following: A

a) Sectional Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

B
Draw the following:
a) Elevation. b) Sectional Side view. c) Plan.

5-37
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

A
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Side view. c) Plan.

B
Draw the following:
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Side view. c) Plan.

5-38
Chapter Five Sectioning and Conventions

A
Required:-
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Plan. c) Side view.

B
Required:-
a) Sectional Elevation. b) Plan. c) Side view.

5-39