Sectional Views

CHAPTER 4
Sectional Views
4.1 Introduction:
A section is an imaginary cut taken through an object to reveal the shape or interior
construction. Fig. 4.1 shows the imaginary cutting plane in perspective view.
The imaginary cutting plane is projected on a standard view so that the sectional
view with orthographic representation is obtained as shown in Fig. 4.1.
A sectional view must show which portions of the object are solid material and
which are spaces. This is done by section lining (cross-hatching) the solid parts
with uniformly spaced thin lines generally at 45º.

Fig. 4.1Full Section (ref.[10])

Fig. 4.2 Full Section of a flange (ref.[10])

4.2 Types of Sectional Views:

4.2.1 Full-Sectional view:

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Fig. 4.9a, shows the pictorial sectional view of a bearing, while Fig. 4.9b, shows the
orthographic sectional view of the bearing.

(a) (b)
Fig. 4.3- ref.[6]

4.2.2 Half-Sectional view:

Fig. 4.4a, shows the pictorial
representation of a half-sectional
view, while Fig. 4.4b, shows the
orthographic projections of a half
sectional view.

Fig. 4.4-ref[6]

4.2.3 Offset Sections:

Fig. 4.5a, shows the offset section of a casting, while Fig. 4.5b, shows the pictorial
view of the offset section, while Fig. 4.5c shows the orthographic projection of the
offset section.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4.5-ref[10]

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4.2.4 Revolved (Rotated) Section:

Some parts of an object have to be
rotated to show the section. The cutting
plane is passed perpendicular to the axis
of the part to be cut. The cut portion is
revolved 90º and drawn in this position
(i.e. turning the section until it is parallel
with the plane of projection). The
resulting view is a rotated section

Fig. 4.6-ref[10]
4.2.5 Removed Sections:
This type of section is a revolved
section drawn outside of the normal
view. They are used if there is
restricted space for section or
dimensioning prevents the use of an
ordinary rotated section.
Several sections may be required
when shape of the part is not
uniform. These sections are
represented by a series of cutting
planes and identifying letters (e.g.
Section A-A, B-B, C-C and so on).

Fig. 4.7-ref[10]
4.2.6 Partial Sections:
Fig. 4.8a, shows a pictorial view
of a partial or broken section,
while Fig. 4.8b, shows an
orthographic view of a partial or
broken section.
Fig. 4.8-ref[6]

4.2.7 Local Section

Remembering that sections
are used only to clarify a
drawing, it is quite likely that
you will come across a case
where only a very small part
of the drawing needs to be

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sectioned to clarify a point. Fig. 4.9-ref[6]

4.2.8 Assembly Section

Assembly sections consist of a
combination of parts. The purpose of
an assembly section is to reveal the
interior of a machine or structure so
that the separate parts can be clearly Fig. 4.10-ref[10]
shown and identified.
However, the separate parts do not need to be completely described. Small amount
of clearances between mating or moving parts on assembly drawing is not shown.
Even the clearance between a bolt and its hole (which may be as much as 1 mm) is
rarely shown.
4.3 Proper Drawing of Sectional Views
In order to draw a proper sectional view, some
rules must be followed to avoid fatal mistakes.
Rule 1
Sections are primarily used to replace hidden
lines with visible lines. As a rule, hidden lines
and surfaces should be omitted in sectional
views.
Sectional view in Fig. 4.11a is incorrect.
Because, hidden lines do not clarify the drawing.
Thus, preferred sectional view should be as in
Fig. 4.11b.
Rule 2
There are some engineering details that, if
sectioned, lose their identity or create a wrong
impression and these items are never shown
sectioned.
The rib, if cut by a cutting plane for the whole
of its surface, will not be hatched.
Fig. 4.11-ref[10]

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 Sectional Views

Fig. 4.12-ref[10]
A list of some items which are not
being sectioned is shown in table 4.1

Table 4.1

Fig. 4.13-ref[6]

Rule 3
The hatch lines indicating the section in a casted item are continuous, i.e. no solid
line separates the different components of a casted item.

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 Sectional Views

Example 4.1:
Looking from the direction of the
arrow, draw the sectional front view and
the top view of the shown mechanical
item
Solution:
The given object can be divided into:

Ref[6]

4.3 Section Lines for Different Materials:

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 Sectional Views

Wood, Concrete
Polywood

Steel, cast Cork, rubber,

iron, leather, wax,
copper, paper,
aluminum insulating
and their wiring
alloys materials
Fig. 4.16-ref[6]

4.4 Section Lining (Cross-Hatching)

Section lining of a cut surface is indicated by fine lines,
which are drawn as continuous lines usually at an angle of
45º with uniform distance (about 2 mm). For smaller or
larger areas, distance between lines can be from 1 mm to 4
mm.

Fig. 4.17-ref[10]

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Example 4.2:
Draw the sectional front view for
the section XX and the LHS
view of the casting
Solution

Ref[6]

30

Problems (ref.[6])
1.
Looking from the direction of the arrow
X, draw the sectional elevation, the plan
and RHS view of the object shown
below.
3. Draw the sectional front view for
the section XX, top view and the LHS
Sectional Views
2.
Looking from the direction of the arrow X,
draw the sectional elevation, the plan and RHS
view of the object shown below.
4. Draw the half-sectional front view for the
section XX, top view and the RHS view of the
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view of the casting casting

5. Draw the sectional front

view for the section AA, top
view and the RHS view of the
casting

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6. Draw the sectional front view for

the section XX, top view and the
RHS view of the casting

7. Draw the sectional front view for the

section XX, top view and the RHS view of
the casting

8. Draw the sectional front view for the 9. Draw the sectional front view for the
section AB and the RHS view and sectional section AB and the RHS view and top view
top view of section CD of the casting of the casting.

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10. Draw the sectional front view for the section AB and the LHS view and top view of the
casting.

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11. Draw the front

view, sectional top
view for the section
AB and the LHS
view of the casting.

12. Draw the sectional front

view for the section AB,
sectional top view of the
section PQ and the LHS view
and top view of the casting

13. Draw the sectional front view for

the section AB, sectional top view of
the section PQ and the LHS view and
top view of the casting

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 Sectional Views

14. Draw
the front
view,
sectional top
view for the
section MN
and the LHS
view of the
casting

15. Draw the sectional front view, top

view and the RHS view of the casting

16. Draw the sectional

front view for the section
AA, top view and the LHS
view of the casting

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17. Draw the sectional front view for the

section AA, top view and the LHS view of
the casting

18. Draw the sectional front view

for the section SS, top view and
the LHS view of the casting

19. Draw the front view, sectional top

view for the section XX and the RHS
view of the casting

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 Sectional Views

20. Draw the sectional front

view, top view and the LHS view
of the casting

21. Draw the sectional front view

for the section BB, top view and
the LHS view of the casting

22. A casting is shown below.

Looking from the direction of
the arrow X, draw the half
sectional elevation with the left
half in section. Draw the plan
view of this casting.

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23.
Looking from the direction of the
arrow X, draw the elevation, the
plan and the sectional RHS view of
the bearing bracket shown below.

24.
Looking from the direction of the arrow X, draw the elevation, the plan and the sectional
RHS view of the bearing bracket shown below.

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For the following figures, draw the sections indicated on the figures and the missing
sectional view
27.

28.

29.

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30. 31.

32.

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33.

34.

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35.

43
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36.

37.

44
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38

45
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39.

46
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40.

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41.

42.

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