Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07264-9

RESEARCH ARTICLE-ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Prediction of Rotor Slot Size Variations in Induction Motor Using

Polynomial Chirplet Transform and Regression Algorithms
J. Anish Kumar1 · N. M. Jothi Swaroopan2 · N. R. Shanker3

Received: 9 May 2021 / Accepted: 31 August 2022

© King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2022

Abstract
For constant monitoring of rotor slot in induction motor, average rotor slot variation (ARSV) prediction is proposed. The rotor
slots expand due to thermal stress and high intensity magnetic flux. The magnetic flux with high intensity is created in rotor
lamination sheet, because of stretching and curving magnetic flux. The surface of rotor slot exhibits thermal stress due to over
current which in turn generates heat and transfers the heat into the rotor lamination surface. The magnetic stress-based rotor
slot size variation is never monitored or measured before. In the proposed ARSV method, multimodal sensor signals such as
Giant magnetoresistance, temperature, current, vibration and voltage acquire magnetic stress and temperature stress of rotor.
The acquired signals are analyzed through polynomial chirplet transform to obtain energy band values of signal. The energy
band values and microscopic camera image-based rotor slot variation values are used for ARSV prediction. The prediction
of ARSV is computed using polynomial regression (PR) method. From experimental results, it is observed that ARSV is
greater than 5% from the normal size which leads to extreme damage to the motor through vibration, sparking and harmonics.
The prediction accuracy of ARSV is about 94.6% when compared to manual measurement of slots in rotor. Moreover, the
prediction of ARSV avoids the major faults, namely eccentricity, overload, under voltage, unbalance voltage, induced rotor
slot, rotor crack and rotor burn.

Keywords Induction motor faults · Average rotor slot variation · Sensor · Polynomial regression · Polynomial chirplet
transform

1 Introduction
Electrical drive systems and converter topologies are used
in various applications such as the medical industry, water
pumping station, cement factory, textile industry and chem-
ical factory. The fault monitoring of induction motor during
runtime is the major problem. Effective monitoring and pre-
dictive maintenance of motor increases productivity, life
span, performance, safety and dependability. At the same
time, it decreases cost and time. In IM, rotor is the vital part.
Rotor is placed inside the stator, which cuts the magnetic
B J. Anish Kumar
janishengg@gmail.com
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
R.M.K. Engineering College, Kavaraipettai 601206, India
3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Aalim
Muhammed Salegh College of Engineering, Chennai 600055,
India
flux and induces a voltage in the rotor. The induced voltage
causes electrical current through the rotor bars and rotor rota-
tion creates magnetic field around the rotor bars. Magnetic
field of stator creates a force on the rotor bars and causes
the rotor to rotate. Figure 1 depicts the direction of various
parameters such as force, magnetic field, current and SC in
IM.
Magnetic and thermal stresses are created on the lami-
nated surface of rotor because of shaft bend, broken rotor,
induced slot on rotor, high voltage, over current and high
speed. Thermal and magnetic stresses are due to SC flux
variation in rotor slots. The high load applied to IM pro-
duces over current in the rotor which causes excessive heat
in the rotor bars and expands the size of rotor slots. Table
1 shows the various sensors used for induction motor fault
diagnosis. Until now, the research on rotor slot size vari-
ation is not attempted. Spin test with sensors is evaluated
for the rotor deformation due to mechanical stress. Simula-
tion model analyzes the thermal stress, magnetic stress and
deformation [1]. The rapid rise in the heat of motor causes

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Fig. 1 Direction of various parameters in IM
non-uniform magnetic stress in motor [2]. The motor leak-
age current is used for motor fault detection [3]. In the stress
study, the impact of permanent magnet (PM) rotor segmen-
tation is examined. Segmented magnets and tensile stresses
are due to the edging effect of the magnet [4]. Smart sen-
sor measures the vibration and current to identify the faults
in rotor. The motor vibration signal is utilized to analyze
the motor speed and harmonics for the detection of rotor
bar faults [5]. To reduce, the mechanical failure of rotor and
to construct a compact rotor the length and diameter of the
rotor is optimized [6]. Short-circuit fault in permanent mag-
net synchronous motor stator winding is monitored through
stray magnetic field [7]. Limitations of mechanical design
of machines are studied using surface-mounted magnets [8].
The inductance of wound rotor influences the various parts
of induction motor. The influence of inductance is studied for
their performance. The resulting inductance is compared with
FEM and simulated inductance [9]. Optimization design of a
PM rotor structure with different constraints such as critical
speed and deformation stress is studied. [10]. Broken rotor
bar failures of IM are analyzed through Taylor–Kalman fil-
ters [11]. IM starts with soft starters. Starting condition is
assessed through three-dimensional analytical method and
mechanical stress [12, 13]. Mechanical stress on rotor is cal-
culated using equivalent centroid method [14]. Mechanical
strength and electromagnetic performances are analyzed in
rotor by FEM [15, 16]. Thermal stress and mechanical defor-
mations on rotor are investigated using 3-dimensional FEM
[17]. Stray flux from air gap is used for fault detection in
motor through online [18]. Multilayer perceptron classifier
is used in this article to identify the rotor faults of motor [19].
End ring faults in rotor are detected at the initial stage which
increases the motor performance [20]. Deep learning-based
rotor fault detects multiple faults in squirrel cage IM [21].
A. Problem identification
Until now, faults in IM are diagnosed using UWB, current,
sound, temperature, vibration and infrared sensors. How-
ever, defects such as rotor slot variation, sparking, leakage
flux from rotor lamination need to be detected through novel
method and algorithms. Moreover, magnetic stress produced
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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
Table 1 Sensor used for IM fault diagnosis
Sensors used Problems in IM Advantages and
Disadvantages
Multimodal Sensor Magnetic stress, ARSV method
i)GMR thermal stress predicts slot size
ii)Current, based on rotor slot variation through
iii)Temperature, size variation is GMR flux
iv) Vibration measured detector, rear end
v) Voltage shield vibration,
temperature and
current signal
analyzed with
logistic regression
prevents slot
variation in rotor
and avoids
sparking in IM
on the rotor laminated surface is due to SC flux. Magnetic
stress leads to high sparking and reduces leakage flux and
shaft bend. Runtime monitoring of the stress generated by the
magnetic effect on rotor laminated surface avoids burning of
rotor and stator winding, high sparking and decreases leak-
age flux. Measuring of magnetic stress in rotor lamination is
an important problem for researcher and needs to be focused
with different approaches. The major problem for rotor lam-
ination is to identify the appropriate sensor. Identification of
appropriate location is needed for acquiring maximum rotor
lamination flux in order to measure the stress caused by vari-
ation in rotor slot size. To solve the above problem, ARSV
prediction is used in this research article.
B. Contributions of the proposed research
In induction motor, rotor faults arise due to magnetic stress
and thermal stress, which is the root cause for all faults in
rotor. Researches focus on various rotor faults such as BRB,
2-mm hole in rotor bar, rotor burn and rotor crack, whereas
faults in rotor initially start with thermal stress. When ther-
mal stress increases, magnetic stress is also increased. The
magnetic stress arises from the rotor slots in the lamination
sheet. The rotor slots size variation leads to SC flux and dam-
ages the stator which in turn reduces the torque of motor.
The high magnetic and thermal stress creates crack in rotor
that leads to broken rotor. However, researches focus only
on rotor bar fault or rotor burn fault and never measured the
magnetic stress in rotor, which is starting point for all faults
in rotor. Traditional methods analyze this rotor slot variation
only through FEM and never during runtime of motor. In this
paper, rotor slot size variation is predicted in the runtime of
motor with following contributions as follows.
To acquire SC magnetic flux from rotor through GMR
sensor and analyze the GMR sensor signal for the behavior
of SC flux, during different fault condition in motor such as
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
3 φ SUPPLY
VOLTAGE SENSOR
CURRENT SENSOR
GMR
SENSOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR VIBRATION SENSOR
Fig. 2 Sensors location in induction motor
heavy load, transient, high current, low voltage and induced
2-mm hole in rotor bar.
To analyze the impact of rotor slot size due to different
induced faults such as shaft bend, overload, broken rotor bar
and frequent starting by multimodal sensor signals.
To predict ASSV through the energy band of SC mag-
netic flux signal obtain from polynomial chirplet transform,
ORaDWT, TQWT and machine learning algorithms such as
logistic regression (LR), multiple linear regression (MLR)
and polynomial regression (PR). ARSV prediction from
machine learning algorithm verified through ground truth
measurement of rotor slots.
2 Materials and Methods
In this research article, the ARSV prediction is proposed with
a novel technique. Multiple sensors are used for measuring
SC on rotor. Current sensor (Model no: SCT013) is fixed in
series of three phase AC power supply to measure the current.
Voltage sensor (Model no: ZMPT101B) is fixed parallel to the
input of AC power supply. The vibration sensor (Model no:
ADXL335) detects the vibration during SC magnetic flux.
The GMR sensor (Model No:AA002-02) is placed on motor
drain to acquire magnetic flux from the rotor surface. The
temperature sensor (Model No: LM335) is fixed at the end
shield to measure thermal stress on rotor as shown in Fig. 2.
A. Sensor Signal acquisition
Multimodal sensor signals are acquired and stored in the
personal computer for ARSV prediction. The multimodal
sensor signal is acquired using universal serial bus (USB)
data acquisition (DAQ) that comprises data controller, digital
Class-B amplifier and four analog channels. Data controller
acquires sensor signals in parallel and stores them in the USB
DAQ’s buffer. Signals from the buffer are transferred to the
personal computer. USB DAQ analog channels acquire and
scan the signals at the rate of 1200 and 1300 samples per
second, respectively. USB DAQ’s supply voltage is + 3.6 V,
and the resolution of analog channels is12 bits.
B. Microscopic images for manual measurement of rotor
slot.
USB Digital Microscopic camera (Model No: microscope
Smars® HD 1920 × 1080P) acquires rotor image of the
induction motor. From the obtained rotor image, the size of
rotor slot is measured. The microscopic camera has a magni-
fication range of 50 × to 1000 × that enables excellent picture
and high video recording quality up to 1920*1080P. In this
paper, after every induced fault rotor is removed immediately
and ARSV is calculated by the USB Digital Microscopic
camera. The above method is the manual method for rotor
slot size variation.
C. Evaluation of Magnetic Stress on Rotor Laminations
The stresses, which are caused by heating and magnetic
effects on rotor lamination, are measured through multimodal
sensor signals. SC magnetic flux is induced through various
faults such as shaft bend, rotor burn, broken rotor bar, 2-mm
holes on the lamination sheet of rotor. The supply of current
in IM ranges from 1 to 12 Amps. Supply voltage of IM is var-
ied from 180 to 415 V. IM rotating speed is varied from 1300
to 1600 rpm using the variable transformer. The mechanical
load is varied from 0 to 18 kg by adjusting the spring balance
which is connected with the brake drum of the IM. IM is
induced with the above mentioned faults, and the sensor val-
ues are acquired using DAQ. After creating each and every
fault in IM, the transforms such as ORaDWT, TQWT and
PCT are used for obtaining energy band values from sensor
signals. To measure rotor slot variation, the rotor is disman-
tled from the motor within 320 s and the rotor images are
obtained through microscopic camera. In the obtained rotor
image, pixel measurement method is utilized for measuring
the size of rotor slot. From each faults, around 2750 sig-
nals are obtained from the multimodal sensor. Subsequently,
microscopic camera images are taken to measure slot size
variation through MATLAB software. Figure 3 shows the
proposed methodology of ARSV prediction.
D. Energy band values of multimodal sensor signal from
ORaDWT for ARSV prediction
ORaDWT is similar to Mallat’s tree filter bank of DWT
which is implemented using repeated 2-channel filter bank as
illustrated in Fig. 4. ORaDWT has up samplers in order to fil-
ter low-pass signals. ORaDWT’s dilation factor is q/p, where
p and q are co-prime integers. ORaDWT bases with 1q/p2
are employed in this paper for greater frequency resolution
than DWT. ORaDWT functions such as wavelet[ψ(t)] and
scaling [ϕ(t)] need to satisfy the scaling relation of rational
dilation as in Eqs. (1) and (2).
 1/2   
q q
ϕ(t)  n∈Z h 0 (n)ϕ t −n (1)
p p
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Fig. 3 Proposed methodology

diagram for predicting ARSV ROTOR SENSOR Work Staon TRANSFORM
Current
GMR ORaDWT
Vibraon TQWT
Temperature
Voltage PCT

REGRESSION ENERGY BAND

MOTOR ROTOR SLOT SIZE
PREDICTION
Logisc
Mulple Linear

Polynomial

Fig. 5 Distribution of GMR sensor signal energy across subbands dur-

ing over current condition

Fig. 4 ORaDWT filter bank

 1/2   
q q
ψ(t)  n∈Z g0 (n)ψ t −n (2)
p p

where g0 (n) and h0 (n) represent the filtering of wavelet func-

tion and scaling function, respectively.
The merging of p, q, and s builds ORaDWT and never
fulfilled the arbitrary conditions as indicated in Eq. (3)

 
1 1 π p 1
1− π < ⇒ + >1 (3)
s p q q s
Fig. 6 ORaDWT-sampling of GMR sensor signal at over current con-
dition
The multimodal sensor signals processed with ORaDWT
provides the energy band values which are used for the ARSV
prediction. Figure 5 shows the distribution of GMR sensor
Q-factor of the multimodal sensor signal is obtained
signal energy across subbands during overcurrent condition.
through center frequency and bandwidth as in Eq. (4)
Figure 6 shows ORaDWT-sampling of GMR sensor signal
during over current condition.
E. Energy band values extraction from TQWT through f0
multimodal sensor signal for ARSV prediction Q (4)
BW

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Fig. 7 TQWT with level L  3

The high oscillatory and transient parts of the signal are

obtained by decomposing the corresponding signal using
various parameters of TQWT. The parameters are the redun-
dancy’ r’, Q-factor ‘Q’ and Levels (L). Q-factor is the
calculation of total number of oscillations experienced by
the wavelet. The sensor signals with transient impact expe-
rience low Q-factor. The different stages of redundancy in Fig. 8 TQWT-energy percentage GMR signal during over current con-
TQWT are denoted by the parameter ‘r’. The total count of dition
filter banks is specified by the parameter ‘J’ for L  3 shown
in Fig. 7. The subbands of (L + 1) are obtained from the L
where (ωij ) specifies the jth subband of TQWT. The x1 and
value that is measured from the 1st filter bank with high-pass
x2 are gained from the determined values of ω1 and ω2 as
and the 3rd filter bank with low-pass.
indicated in Eq. (9).
The value of α and β can be determined from the ‘Q’ and
‘r’ as in Eq. (5) 
x1  TQWT−1
1 (ω1 )
 (9)
x2 = TQWT−1
2 (ω2 )
β  Q+1
2
(5)
α  1 − βr The sensor signal acquired from the IM during overloaded
condition has noise. As a result, the original signal represen-
The acquired faulty signals contain the components of tation is as in Eq. (10).
oscillation and transient. The original sensor signal is shown
in Eq. (6) y  x1 + x2 + n (10)

X  x1 + x2 (6) The signal is transformed into the following model as in

Eq. (11)
where ‘x’ represents the original sensor signal, x1 is due to ⎫
induced transient fault which deduces the features of faults. ω1 , ω2 y − φ1 ω1 − φ2 ω2 + ⎪
arg min ⎪
⎬
x2 specifies the component of high oscillation which includes 
J1 +1 
J2 +1
(11)
the noise from atmosphere. TQWT1 and TQWT2 denote the λ1 j ω1 j 1 + λ2 j ω2 j 1 ⎪
⎪
⎭
TQWT with a high and a low value of Q-factor as in Eq. (7) j1 j1

 where “Φ 2 ” and “Φ 1 ” denote the inverse TQWT with a low

ω1 , ω2 λ1 ω1 1 + λ2 ω2 1
arg min
(7) value and high value of Q-factor. Figure 8 shows the distri-
x  TQWT−1 −1
1 (ω1 ) + TQWT2 (ω2 ) bution of GMR signal energy for over current condition.
F. Energy band analysis using PCT for ARSV prediction
The regularization of subband dependency and flexibility Chirplet transform (CT) illustrates the energy distribution
of TQWT is shown in Eq. (8). signal in time frequency (TF). Furthermore, CT calculates
⎧ nonlinear frequency modulation of the signal and the time
⎪
⎨ arg min
J1 +1 J2 +1
frequency representation (TFR) can be smudged. This issue
ω1 , ω2 λ1 j ω1 j 1
+ λ2 j ω2 j 1
j1 j1 (8) is rectified through frequency shifting and rotating oper-
⎪
⎩
x TQWT−1 −1
1 (ω1 ) + TQWT2 (ω2 )
ator in CT. In polynomial chirplet transform, polynomial

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Fig. 9 PCT-energy percentage for thermal signal of frequent starting
condition
chirplet kernel is used instead of chirplet kernel. As a result,
PCT displays the fast-changing instantaneous frequency
(IF) of a strongly modulated signal in terms of frequency.
PCT depends on the inner product of frequency modulation
(FM) and iteratively matched TF. Post-processing of signal
increases the resolution of a TFR by employing PCT.
The analytic signal of PCT is as in Eq. (12).
+∞
PC Ts (t0 , ω; c1 , c2 , ....cn )  s(τ ) × φcR1 , c2 , ....cn (τ )
−∞
×φtS1 , c1 , c2 , ....cn (τ ) × g(τ − t) × exp(− jωτ )dτ
(12)
 

n+1
1
φcR1 , c2 ....cn (τ )  exp − j ci−1 τ i (13)
i
i2
 

n+1
1
φtS0 , c1 , c2 ....cn (τ )  exp j ci−1 t0i−1 τ (14)
i
i2
Equation (13) represents the rotating operator of fre-
quency which revolves the non-stationary signal in TF plane
and helps in filtering the harmonic signals. Equation (14) rep-
resents frequency shifting operator that shifts the frequency
of the rotating harmonic signal in TF plane into IF trajec-
tory location. PCT and (short time Fourier transform) STFT
incorporate rotating and shifting operation in frequency of
signal. The result of PCT transform is intense because of
the addition of rotating and shifting operation. To fulfill the
variation of the rapidly changing IF in PCT, the polynomial
kernel function is used.
The variables of polynomial kernel function is estimated
from the highest TF energy depending on the IF trajectory
system. The least square approach is added into PCT in the
IF trajectory calculation method and is iteratively estimated
the maximum TF energy using a polynomial function. To
extract the IF trajectory more accurately, fast path optimiza-
tion (FPO) is applied. Figures 9 and 10 show the energy
percentage for thermal signal of frequent starting and high
load condition for short time duty cycle of motor.
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Fig. 10 PCT-energy percentage thermal signal for high load condition
for short time duty cycle
Power Supply
to sensor
Inducon
Signal Motor
Sensor
DAQ Obtained
⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎬
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎭
Fig. 11 Proposed experimental set up for ARSV prediction
3 Results and Discussion
Developmental setup for the proposed system is shown in
Fig. 11. The ARSV is predicted for a three-phase IM. The
sensors are mounted at various locations of three phase IM.
GMR sensor is placed on motor drain, temperature sensor
is fixed on end shield, voltage sensor is placed across the
supply, current sensor is connected in series to the supply,
and vibration sensor is fixed on the base of the motor. The
sensors need 3.3 V to 5 V DC power supply to acquire the
signal from the motor. The acquired sensor signals are stored
in the computer using DAQ and SIGVIEW software. The
obtained signals are processed with various transforms and
machine learning techniques to predict the ARSV. The trans-
formations and machine learning techniques are performed
by MATLABR2021a version software in Intel3 and Intel5
workstation computer.
ARSV is predicted from energy values of vibration, tem-
perature, current, voltage and GMR sensor signals. ARSV is
measured manually through the images of rotor slot obtained
from microscopic camera. Figures 12 and 14 illustrate energy
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
Fig. 12 PCT-distribution of GMR sensor signal energy across subbands
for phase reversal
Fig. 13 Rotor slot size measurement
Fig. 14 PCT-distribution of GMR sensor signal energy across subbands
for shaft bend
band levels derived from GMR sensor signals using PCT.
Figure 13 shows the rotor slot size measurement. The slot
size variation of rotor obtained by pixel measurement from
microscopic image is utilized for the prediction of ARSV
(Fig. 14). Figure 15 shows the distribution of GMR sensor
signal energy band across subbands for broken rotor bar.
A. Magnetic and Thermal stress analysis through induced
slot in rotor
IM is induced with two slots, namely 8 and 2 mm, and their
energy band values are shown in Figs. 16 and 17. After insert-
ing a 2-mm hole in the rotor, the induction motor is driven for
5 h. After that, the SC magnetic flux is measured by GMR
sensor and the rotor slot size variation is calculated using
a microscope image after removing rotor slot from motor.
Fig. 15 PCT-distribution of GMR sensor signal energy across subbands
for Broken Rotor Bar
Fig. 16 PCT-distribution of GMR sensor signal energy across subbands
for induced hole (2 mm)
Fig. 17 PCT-distribution of GMR sensor signal energy across subbands
for induced hole (8 mm)
Initially, 2-mm rotor slot is invoked and examined under dif-
ferent faults such as phase reversal, frequent starting, shaft
bend, broken rotor bar. The PCT energy bands are obtained
for different sensor signals. The magnitudes of temperature
and GMR sensor signals vary more than vibration signals for
induced 2-mm slot. During steady rise in load, rotor with 8-
mm induced hole is analyzed for sub- band energy levels of
SC flux signals. The percentage of PCT subband energy for
GMR sensor signals influenced with 8-mm slot exhibits max-
imum voltage. The maximum expansion in slot size causes
fluctuation in the energy band which results in higher SC flux.
The magnitude of SC flux signals rises as the total count of
bands increases for 2- and 8-mm generated slots. The magni-
tude of GMR and temperature signals amplitude increases as
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Table 2 Energy band and ARSV values for various types of fault induced in induction motor

Faults induced in motor Sensors Energy bands ARSV in (mm) Sensor Amplitude in (mV)

ORaDWT TQWT PCT

Overloading G/Vi /Vo /I/T 4 19 20 20.25 4.28

Frequent starting G/Vi /Vo /I/T 6 24 25 22.02 3.91
Transient fault G/Vi /Vo /I/T 4 20 23 24.13 3.33
Non-radial rotor G/Vi /Vo /I/T 5 23 26 25.22 4.12
Shaft bend G/Vi /Vo /I/T 2 25 27 26.33 3.64
Broken rotor bar G/Vi /Vo /I/T 7 26 32 29.02 4.53
Induced harmonics G/Vi /Vo /I/T 3 22 24 23.78 3.52
High speed G/Vi /Vo /I/T 2 18 21 23.12 3.73
Unbalance Voltage G/Vi /Vo /I/T 2 21 22 23.92 3.33
Phase reversal G/Vi /Vo /I/T 3 17 19 20.02 3.25
High Voltage G/Vi /Vo /I/T 2 16 17 19.73 3.18
Induced slot on the rotor laminations G/Vi /Vo /I/T 9 27 28 28.54 4.25

the rotor slot size changes. Large changes in slot size of rotor
are because of thermal stress sand SC flux. PCT energy sub-
band magnitude value of GMR sensor increases as the size
of the rotor is 8 mm. When harmonics are produced, there
is a large variance in the amplitude of GMR sensor signal,
whereas other sensors show no change in amplitude. During
induced transient failures, current and vibration show varia-
tion in energy values of PCT subband. At the time of induced
bearing faults, vibration sensor shows significant variation in
PCT energy subband magnitude values. Vibration and cur-
rent sensor signals are utilized to identify stator defects. Table
2 shows the energy band and ARSV values for various types
of fault induced in induction motor.
B. Regression Algorithms for ARSV prediction
The multimodal sensor data like voltage, current, temper-
ature, vibration, GMR and microscopic camera image values
are tabulated for various induced faults such as overload, low
voltage, over voltage, high speed, frequent starting, phase
reversal. Then, these data are used for prediction through
various machine learning algorithms. The various algorithms
used for prediction are logistic regression, multiple linear
regression and polynomial regression.
IM ARSV predicted values are categorized in Table 3.
It shows the prediction value of ARSV for six types of IM
with different conditions. During running condition, the slot
size in rotor of the IM is evaluated in both load and no-
load conditions. The slot variation in rotor is estimated using
the regression equations. High value of magnetic stress and
thermal stress is created in IM when the rotor slot variation
exceeds more than 5% of standard size. If the rotor slot size
is not reduced by periodic maintenance, then the IM faults
are increased which cause the IM to shut down.
Initially, LR method is applied to predict the ARSV of
IM. The subband energy values, which are obtained through
ORaDWT, are used for prediction of ARSV. The prediction
accuracy of LR is 92%. Equation (15) shows ARSV predic-
tion through LR.
ARSV  6.21 + 1 × G (SEV) + 1.56 × T (SEV) + 0.04
× I (SEV) − 1.06 × Vi (SEV) − 0.98 × Vo (SEV)
(15)
Next, MLR-based method is used to predict the induction
motor ARSV. The subband energy values that are obtained by
TQWT are used for ARSV. Prediction and accuracy of MLR
are about 93.4% which is greater than LR. Equation (16)
shows ARSV prediction equation using MLR technique.
ARSV  −0.43 + 0.95 × G (SEV) + 1.25 × T (SEV) − 0.01
× I (SEV) − 0.16 × Vi (SEV) − 0.37 × Vo (SEV)
(16)
The LR and MLR method provide less accuracy in ARSV
prediction. Therefore, polynomial regression method is
applied for better accuracy of ARSV. PR uses the nth-degree
polynomial to model the connection between independent
variable (x) and dependent variable (y). PR provides the best
evaluation for independent and dependent variables. The lin-
ear regression and multiple linear regressions are limited
in its ability to find any relationship between reliable and
undependable variables. As a result, linear regression rep-
resentation has been changed into a polynomial regression
model for ARSV prediction. The primary aim of regression
analysis is to model the predicted value of a dependent param-
eter in the equation of an independent parameter.

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Table 3 Prediction of ARSV for various ranges of induction motors

Induction Induction motor ARSV value measured Difference in ARSV prediction in (%)
motor (IMx) details through microscope camera rotor slot size
(mm) variation

No-load Load LR& MLR & PR &PCT

conditions conditions ORaDWT TQWT

IM1 1.5 KW, 415 V, 2.25 2.57 0.32 2.7/95.1% 2.67/96.2% 2.65/96.9%
1420 RPM and
3.2 A
IM2 3.5 KW, 415 V, 2.93 3.45 0.52 3.62/95.3% 3.60/95.8% 3.54/97.4%
1430 RPM and
15 A
IM3 3.7 KW, 415 V, 3.53 4.22 0.69 4.52/93.3% 4.48/94.1% 4.4/95.9%
1410 RPM, and
12 A
IM4 2.8 KW, 415 V, 1.77 2.12 0.35 2.3/ 92.1% 2.26/93.8% 2.24/94.6%
1400 RPM and
6A
IM5 3.5 KW, 415 V, 2.67 3.33 0.66 3.56/93.5% 3.53/94.3% 3.5/95.1%
1390 RPM and
5A
IM6 2.5 KW, 415 V, 1.85 2.26 0.41 2.38/94.9% 2.35/96.1% 2.34/96.5%
1440 RPM and
9A

Table 4 Probability value of various regression methods

Predictor value Coefficient Estimate value Std error value t-statistic value p-value
value

LR MLR PR LR MLR PR LR MLR PR LR MLR PR

Constant value β0 6.21 0.43 1.03 3.74 4.88 1.06 0 − 0.1 0.97 1 0.94 0.41
G(SEV) β1 1 0.95 0.9 0.42 0.2 0.09 2.36 4.64 9.59 0.1 0.02 0.03
T(SEV) β2 1.56 1.25 − 0.7 1.24 1.11 0.27 0 1.12 − 2.8 1 0.34 0.07
ISEV) β3 0 − 0.01 0.44 0.26 0.14 0.1 0 − 0.1 4.31 1 0.93 0.02
Vi (SEV) β4 − − 0.1 0.15 6.24 0.44 0.1 0 − 0.3 1.6 1 0.74 0.2
1.06
Vo SEV) β5 − − 0.3 − 0.1 6.24 0.48 0.11 0 − 0.7 − 1.6 1 05 0.2
0.98

The polynomial regression is given as in Eq. (17)
y  a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x12 + .... + an x1n
The PR regression equation for ARSV prediction is as in
Eq. (18).
shows the estimated value, standard error value, t-statistic
and p-value for various regression methods. In PR, the stan-
(17) dard error value is very less compared to other methods. The
R2 value for the PR is 0.993 which is higher than LR and
MLR. Figure 18 shows residual plot for LR, MLR and PR.

ARSV = 1.03 + 0.9G (SEV) - 0.77 × T (SEV) + 0.44×

I (SEV) + 0.15 × Vi (SEV) − 0.18 × Vo (SEV)
(18)
From the above equation, the ARSV prediction accuracy
is about 94.6% which is higher than LR and MLR. Table 4
4 Conclusion
In this paper, three different methods such as (i) ORaDWT
& LR, (ii) TQWT & MLR and (iii) PCT & PR are used for
ARSV prediction. In ORaDWT & LR method, the ARSV

123

Residual Quantiles
Standard Normal Quantiles
Fig. 18 Residual plot of LR, MLR & PR for ARSV
prediction accuracy is 92%. In TQWT & MLR method,
ARSV prediction is about 93.4%. The ARSV prediction
through multimodal sensor data show excessive stress due
to thermal and electromagnetic force on rotor that leads to
rotor slot variation. The stresses produced due to various
induction motor faults are inspected by multiple sensors. The
microscopic camera image is used for ground verification of
predicted ARSV. The PCT & PR-based ARSV prediction
accuracy is about 94.6%. The proposed ARSV prediction
method using PCT & PR reduces the maintenance, increases
the life time and increases the performance and efficiency of
the motor. The proposed research is extended by coating var-
ious nanomaterials on rotor lamination and using few more
sensors such as UWB and acoustic for ARSV prediction.
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