Immune response (Hormones)

Hawler Medical University

College of Medicine
Department: Microbiology
Immune response (Hormones)

 Objectives:
 1) Impact of hormones on immune system
 2) Relation between immune system and
hormones in different diseases and tumor.
Immune response (Hormones)

 Contents:
 1) Immune aspects of steroids, testosterone
and leptin
 2) hormones as immunomodulatory molecules.
 Immune response (Hormones)
Cortisol Chumans
1. Steroids:- Cortizone (Animal)
affect [Macrochage -
Neutrehil)
Steroids are Ianti-inflammatory and
albot TH, TH2)
-immunosuppressive hormones and the
following cells are targets:-
a. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as
macrophage and dendritic cells.
↑
body Weight
Blocking Lettin recestor
Immune response (Hormones)

b-T-helper cells particularly Th1 subset following

by Th2 subset.
c- T-regulatory cells (CD4+ and CD25+).
T-regulatory express immunosuppressive
cytokine like IL-10 and TGF-B (transforming
growth factor beta).
 Immune response (Hormones)

2. anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

effects are through:-
a. Inhibit neutrophil immigration into area of
inflammation.
b. Stabilizes lysosomal membrane so that
exocytosis of degradative lysosomes is lessened.
Immune response (Hormones)

c. Decreases lymphocyte exposure to antigens.

d. Influences T and B cells cycling reducing
inflammation.
e. Depressing bactericidal activity and Ag-
processing activity by the macrophage and
dendritic cells.
Immune response (Hormones)

f. Down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine

production.
g. Depress cytokine production by TH1 cell subset
like:IL-2, IFN-Y, TNF-α, and GM-CSF.
h. Blocking the cleavage of membrane
phospholipids, thus lowering PG and leukotriene.
Testosterone and immunity

1. Testosterone is immuno-suppressive
hormone.
2. The hormone increases expression of IL-10
from APC.
3. Testosterone can shift to estrogen by action of
enzyme aromatase. Main Estrogen during eregnancy
Source of flacenta)
(inside
Testosterone and immunity

4. Testosterone also blocks expression of

angiogenesis factor like (VEGF.S
① ②
5. In obese and subjects with type 2 DM,
testosterone level is low. & Alchonulism

6. Testosterone level particularly increases the

risk of some tumor like prostate cancer.
 of Menstrual cycle
im? of Maintaining
Cobeso %o has emblem in t)
Leptin risk of hyster thyrdism is high

1. Leptin controls food intake and body weight.

major

2. Leptin is produced by adipocyte and T-cells.

TH1 polarization refers to the differentiation of T-helper cells into the TH1 subtype.

3. Leptin favor TH1 polarization through inhibition

of IL-10.
4. Congenital Leptin deficiency is associated
underproduction of sex hormones, particularly testosterone in males and estrogen in females

with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. a severe form of obesity, typically defined by having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 40 or higher.

⑲ Stabilize cancer Stem cell (In obese Visk of Recurrence of Cancer is Very
high)
Leptin

5. Leptin enhances oxidative species synthesis

-

by neutrophil, thus increases the cidal activity

of inflammatory cells.
6. Leptin deficiency causes decrease in CD4+T-
cell number and impair T-cell proliferation.
 Leptin

7. Acute starvation is associated with decrease in

Leptin level and thus down-regulation of TH1
cells subset and increases in IL-4 cytokine that
increases risk of allergy.
*
8. Fasting lead to improvement of rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) severity and activity.
decreaten lectin -> Decrease TH restouce
 Has froinflammatory 8 Antic inflammatory effect

Melatonin and immunity

M .
Levelinbit⑧
is 400
I
higher than in brain
CuI is correlated with serotonin (4099 in fit
,
%S in brain)

1. Melatonin is secreted by pineal gland and also

produced by lymphocyte.
2. During night, melatonin regulate leptin.
3. Melatonin is inhibited by light and permitted by
darkness (hormone of darkness).
4. Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant.
Melatonin and immunity

5. Melatonin enhances cytokine production and

fighting infectious diseases like viral and
bacterial.
6. Melatonin induces IL-2 production and IL-2R
expression (IL-1 also induces IL-2 and IL-2R).
7. Elevated melatonin level is in RA and
asthmatic patients.
Melatonin and immunity

8. Melatonin polarize TH1 cell subset generation.

9. Melatonin increases NK-cell activity.
10. Melatonin increases phagocytosis and Ag-
presentation.
11. ß-blockers inhibit Melatonin and thus decrease
antibody response and increase in cortisone
secretion.
 Prolactin and immunity
is Immunolotentiating hormone (troducing IgG-3)

1. PRL receptor is found on lymphocyte,

monocytes, neutrophil, and NK cells.
2. PRL is necessary for IL-2 receptor expression
and T-cell B-cell expression and proliferation.
3. PRL causes shifts toward Th1subset.
High trolactin is a marker of tumor
Prolactin and immunity

4. PRL antagonize steroids.

5. Patients with hyper-prolactinemia are
associated with increased risk of autoimmune
diseases like: RA, SLE, Psoriatic arthritis, and
multiple sclerosis.
 Prolactin and immunity

 Rising in the prolactin level is associated with

disease activity as measured by joint swelling
in patients with RA.

testosterone shist to Gorogom

In 25 y old
.
male %010
ho
male %ogo
In Go
,

Vitamin D Inhibit the action of Aromatase ·

 Estrogen 8 Testosterone link to inhibitor (sex hormone Binding Protein)
In Normal Condition

Estrogen and immunity

level of free Gtrogen & Testosterone
Hierinsulinemia lead to decrease

1. Estrogen receptors are expressed on various

circulating lymphocytes and macrophages.
2. Estrogen stimulates synthesis of pro-inflam
matory cytokine like IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α.
3. Estrogen can enhance both cell-mediated
immunity and antibody- mediated immunity.
Estrogen -> ↑Histamin
Testosterone ->
↓ Histamin
 Estrogen recestor & -
proinflammating
recestor P Anti-inflammatiy Anticarcinogenic effect
Gitroson
-
,

level of Expression of B is higher than & in Breast (Normally) &

Estrogen and immunity

4. Estrogen protect immune cells against

apoptosis by enhancing expression of anti-
apoptotic Bcl-2 expression.
5. Estrogen has anti-oxidant activity.
6. Estrogen enhance histamine release by mast
cells while testosterone inhibit histamine release.
fro-inflammatory facest in color
HER-2 Cox-2 is

is Anti-inflammatory

Endothelial Nitric oxide -> Vasodilation

Estrogen and immunity

7. Estrogen behave as polyclonal activator

( mitogen )and thus tumor inducing hormone.
8. High estrogen level as during pregnancy
dominant Th2 response while low estrogen level
enhance cell- mediated immunity.
Summary

1) Prolactin is immuno-enhancing hormone.

2) Steroids are anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive.
3) Testosterone is immunosuppressive
4) Estrogen enhance both humoral response
and cell-mediated response depending on the
level of estrogen.
5) Leptin and melatonin is immuno-enhancing.
References

1) Sex hormones and the immune response in human.

Human reproductive update (2005) Vol:11 No:4
2) Hormone; immune response and pregnancy in
healthy women and SLE patients. Swiss Med Weekly.
(2010) Vol: 140 pp 1 – 7
3) Leptin, a neuroendocrine mediator of immune
response, inflammation and sickness behaviors.
Hormone and behavior. (2012) Vol: 62 Page 272 - 9
4) Melatonin and its influence on immune system. J of
physiology and pharmacology. (2007) Vol: 59 suppl. 6
pp 115 - 124
*We have 5 tile recestor of Histamin
in
Anti-Acne drug)

953 (Tumor sufcresive gene) But it will decrease recestor of testosterone

Tumor 8 Acne fatient should avoid Milk intake (For adult) 2 it contains MicroRNA that inhibit the
Action of 963

radiation thereby
& In female is less restouse to Chamotherapy (n2 it's cells have more then 1 Anti-agetotic Molecules
short course of stevoid will inhibit the actubr of Anti-Atritotic molecules