UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

Physical Self
Report:
Physical Self: The concrete dimensions of the body, directly observable and examined.

Growing Up: Rapid changes as children become unpredictable teenagers; respect privacy but offer
support.

Physical Characteristics: Defining traits like facial features, hairstyles, clothes, or figure; integral to
personality.

Adolescence: Divided into early, middle, and late stages; youth in the Philippines from 15-30.

Puberty: Marks the beginning of adolescence; rapid physical changes triggered by a neuroendocrine
process.

Body Image: Perception of oneself; influenced by personal and social factors.

Personal Factors: Introspection, self-perception theory, self-concept, personal identity.

Social Factors: Attachment process, maintaining self in relationships, looking-glass self-theory, social
comparison, social identity theory.

Culture and Beauty: Culture influences the perception of beauty; varies across cultures.

Filipino Concept of Beauty: Eurocentric standards promoted in media; impacts self-esteem.

Self-esteem and Body Image: Adolescents' self-worth tied to physical appearance; influenced by mass
media and societal standards.

Misconceptions: Set ideals of beauty reinforced by media; non-conforming characteristics labeled as

ugly.

Module:
Physical Self: Our body as a complex and finely tuned machine for interaction.

Eastern Detachment vs. Western Narcissism: Discrepancy in how the Physical Self is viewed, lacking
theoretical development.

Psychological Schools: Various schools of psychology touch upon the Physical Self.

William James: Views the body as the initial source of sensation, essential for personality; the body as an
expressive tool.

Psychoanalytical School: Sigmund Freud emphasizes the body as the core of human experience; ego as a
body ego.

Wilhelm Reich: Concerned with the body; emphasizes the freeing of blocked bioenergy; mind and body
are one.
Body and Psychological Functioning: Reich's view that body is essential in all psychological processes,
storing and channeling bioenergy.

West and Eastern Self

Cultural Differences in Self-Perception:

Eastern vs. Western dichotomy, representing Asia and Europe/North America.

Influence of religious beliefs and political philosophies on cultural mindsets.

Eastern Thoughts on the Self:

Confucianism:

Code of ethical conduct, focus on harmonious social life.

Taoism:

Living in the way of the Tao (universe), no fixed definition of the Tao.

Embraces a free-flowing, relative, and paradoxical view of life.

Buddhism:

Views the self as an illusion born out of ignorance.

Self is the source of suffering.

Eastern Philosophies' Approach to the Self:

Emphasize the self within a broader context.

Confucianism and Taoism:

Striving to become a better person for the benefit of the community and harmony.

Buddhism:

Removes the self entirely from the picture.

Cultural Differences:

Western Culture (Individualistic):

Focus on the individual.

Emphasis on competition, straightforward communication, and decision-making.

Eastern Culture (Collectivistic):

Emphasis on the group and social relations.

Valuing cooperation, compromising, and indirect communication.

Hierarchy is important for maintaining harmony and order.

Variations and Complexities:

Recognizing that these are general commonalities.

Consideration of colonization experiences, geographical variations, and regional differences, as seen in

the Philippines.

Psychology

Definition of Psychology:

Derived from "psyche" (spirit/soul) and "logia" (study of the mind).

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Relies on empirical evidence.

Theory in Psychology:

General set of principles to explain relationships and make predictions.

Goals of Psychology:

Describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior and mental processes.

Psychologists' Roles:

Research (pure/basic and applied).

Practice (clinical, counseling).

Teaching.

Fields of Psychology:

Clinical, Counseling, School, Educational, Developmental, Personality, Social, Environmental,

Experimental, Industrial, Health, Sport, Forensic.

History of Psychology:

Evolution of psychology over time.

Approaches in Psychology:

Structuralism (Titchener).

Functionalism (William James).

Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner).

Gestalt Psychology (Wertheimer, Köhler).

Psychoanalysis (Freud).

Cognitive Psychology (Miller, Neisser).

Relations to Other Sciences:

Anthropology, Sociology, Physiology, Biology, Economics, Political Science, Chemistry, Psychiatry.

Interconnected Nature of Psychology:

Psychology draws from various related sciences to understand human behavior and mental processes.

Sexual Self
Sex vs. Gender vs. Sexuality:

Sex:

Biological distinction (male/female).

Misconceptions: Given before birth, determined by anatomy, defined by reproductive purposes,

absolute.

Gender:

Not strictly biological; influenced by norms, roles, and attitudes.

Includes cis-gender, transgender, genderqueer individuals.

Sexuality:

Describes sexual attraction (heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer).

Cultural Perspectives on Gender:

Europeans (17th Century): Men wore high heels as a symbol of power.

Nigeria: Wodaabe tribe men wear makeup and jewelry for ritual dances.

Native Americans: Believe in "two-spirit," individuals with both feminine and masculine sides.

Different African Cultures: Allow marriage of two women for economic reasons.

Thailand: "Kathoey" or ladyboys, biologically male but identify as women.

Human Relations:

Sensuality: Acceptance of the body, capacity for gratification.

Intimacy: Close ties, feelings of caring, sharing, vulnerability.

Sexual Identity: Involves gender roles, orientation, self-esteem, relationships.

Human Reproduction: Traditional and modern methods, contraception, fertility issues.

Equalization vs. Objectification:

Objectification: Viewing a person as a sexual object for pleasure.

Sexualization: Seeing a person as sexual when they are not naturally so.

Female Anatomy:

Menstrual cycle, menarche, menopause, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome.

Male Anatomy:

Sexual functions: Erection, ejaculation, emission, expulsion, retrograde ejaculation.

Sexual Responses in Humans:

Physical, emotional, and chemical changes during arousal.

Love & Attraction:

Distinction between short-lived attraction and intense, affectionate love.

Triangular Theory of Love (Robert Sternberg):

Components: Intimacy, passion, commitment/decision.

Sexually Transmitted Infections:

Increase in teenage sexual activities in the Philippines.

Awareness of common STIs.

TEST
Understanding the Self: Physical Self

What does the physical self-refer to?

a. Personality traits b. Observable body dimensions c. Emotional well-being d. social relationships

Answer: b. Observable body dimensions

During adolescence, what is important regarding teenagers' privacy?

a. Full disclosure b. Complete isolation c. Respect for privacy and offering support d. Strict surveillance
Answer: c. Respect for privacy and offering support

Which of the following is NOT considered a physical characteristic?

a. Facial features b. Hairstyles c. Clothing preferences d. Emotional stability Answer: d. Emotional

stability

At what age range are individuals typically considered youth in the Philippines?
a. 0-15 b. 15-30 c. 30-45 d. 45-60 Answer: b. 15-30

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

a. Marriage b. Puberty c. Graduation d. Retirement Answer: b. Puberty

True/False: Adolescents' self-worth is often tied to their physical appearance. (True)

Understanding The Self: West and Eastern Self 6. What does the Eastern vs. Western dichotomy
represent?

a. Asia vs. Africa b. Europe/North America vs. Asia c. North America vs. South America d. Eastern vs.
Western Hemisphere Answer: b. Europe/North America vs. Asia

How does Eastern culture influence the perception of beauty?

a. It promotes Eurocentric standards of beauty. b. It discourages beauty standards. c. It ignores beauty

altogether. d. It has no impact on beauty perceptions. Answer: a. It promotes Eurocentric standards of
beauty.

True/False: The body is considered the initial source of sensation according to William James. (True)

Understanding The Self: Psychology 8. What is the definition of psychology?

a. The study of plants and animals b. The study of behavior and mental processes c. The study of politics
and government d. The study of physical sciences Answer: b. The study of behavior and mental
processes

What is a theory in psychology used for? a. To make people feel better b. To make predictions about the
weather c. To explain relationships and make predictions about behavior d. To design fashion trends
Answer: c. To explain relationships and make predictions about behavior

What is the primary goal of psychology?

a. To create art b. To describe behavior only c. To predict behavior only d. To describe, explain, predict,
and influence behavior and mental processes Answer: d. To describe, explain, predict, and influence
behavior and mental processes

True/False: Psychologists can engage in research, practice, and teaching. (True)

Understanding The Self: Sexual Self 11. What does "cis-gender" mean?

a. Biological body is aligned with gender identity b. Biological attributes don't match gender identity c.
No specific gender identification d. Non-binary gender identity Answer: a. Biological body is aligned with
gender identity

What does "puberty" mark the beginning of?

a. Childhood b. Adolescence c. Adulthood d. Elderly years Answer: b. Adolescence

True/False: Objectification is viewing a person as a sexual object for pleasure, disregarding their feelings
or emotions. (True)
Understanding The Self: Sexual Self 13. What is the definition of "sensuality"?

a. Acceptance of others' bodies b. Acceptance of one's body and capacity for gratification c. Repulsion
toward physical experiences d. Interest in fashion and trends Answer: b. Acceptance of one's body and
capacity for gratification

What is "intimacy" in human relations associated with?

a. Physical appearance b. Sharing personal secrets c. Competitive behaviors d. Isolation Answer: b.

Sharing personal secrets

True/False: "Equalization" is viewing a person as a sexual object for pleasure. (False: It should be
"Objectification.")

Understanding The Self: Sexual Self

15. What does "aphrodisiac" refer to?

a. A type of flower b. A person's sexual identity c. Something that arouses sexual desire d. A religious
practice Answer: c. Something that arouses sexual desire

What is "orgasm" in sexual responses?

a. A type of romantic attraction b. A type of commitment c. The peak of sexual pleasure d. A

psychological disorder Answer: c. The peak of sexual pleasure

True/False: Love is considered short-lived, while attraction is associated with strong affection. (False: It
should be "Attraction is considered short-lived, while love is associated with strong affection.")

Understanding The Self: Sexual Self

17. According to the Triangular Theory of Love, what are the three components of love?

a. Self-esteem, commitment, attraction b. Intimacy, passion, commitment/decision c. Physical

appearance, communication, trust d. Romance, friendship, obligation Answer: b. Intimacy, passion,
commitment/decision

What is the primary reason for the increase in teenage sexual activities in the Philippines? a. Lack of
education b. Peer pressure c. Access to information d. Strict parental control Answer: c. Access to
information

True/False: Awareness of common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is essential due to unprotected
or early engagement in sexual activities. (True)

TEST

Part 1: Multiple Choice (20 items)

1. What is the concrete dimension of the body that is directly observable and examined?

a. Emotional self

b. Mental self

c. Physical self

d. Social self

2. Adolescence in the Philippines typically ranges from:

a. 10-20

b. 12-18

c. 15-30

d. 20-40

3. Puberty marks the beginning of:

a. Childhood

b. Adulthood

c. Adolescence

d. Infancy

4. What is the perception of oneself that is influenced by personal and social factors?

a. Body image

b. Personal identity

c. Self-esteem

d. Intimacy

5. In the context of cultural differences, which culture emphasizes the group and social relations?

a. Western culture

b. Eastern culture

c. African culture

d. Native American culture

6. Who views the body as the initial source of sensation and essential for personality?

a. Sigmund Freud

b. Wilhelm Reich

c. William James

d. Robert Sternberg
7. What psychological school emphasizes the body as the core of human experience and the ego as a body ego?

a. Behaviorism

b. Psychoanalytical school

c. Structuralism

d. Gestalt psychology

8. What term refers to the view of the body as essential in all psychological processes, storing and channeling bioenergy?

a. Body image

b. Self-concept

c. Body ego

d. Bioenergetics

9. Which dichotomy represents Asia and Europe/North America in terms of cultural differences?

a. Eastern vs. Western

b. Northern vs. Southern

c. Asian vs. African

d. Indigenous vs. Colonial

10. What is the term for the general set of principles proposed to explain relationships and make predictions in psychology?

a. Hypothesis

b. Experiment

c. Theory

d. Observation

11. Who emphasized the body as the core of human experience and the ego as a body ego?

a. Sigmund Freud

b. Wilhelm Reich

c. William James

d. B.F. Skinner

12. What is the perception of oneself influenced by personal and social factors?

a. Body image

b. Personal identity

c. Self-concept

d. Social identity
13. In which culture is the emphasis on competition, straightforward communication, and decision-making?

a. Eastern culture

b. Western culture

c. African culture

d. Native American culture

14. Who proposed the Triangular Theory of Love, which includes intimacy, passion, and commitment/decision?

a. Sigmund Freud

b. William James

c. Robert Sternberg

d. Wilhelm Reich

15. Which of the following is NOT a type of sexuality?

a. Heterosexual

b. Bisexual

c. Homosexual

d. Monosexual

16. What term refers to viewing a person as a sexual object for pleasure?

a. Equalization

b. Sexualization

c. Objectification

d. Sensualization

17. What marks the beginning of adolescence and involves rapid physical changes triggered by a neuroendocrine process?

a. Menarche

b. Puberty

c. Menopause

d. Dysmenorrhea

18. Which school of psychology views the body as an expressive tool and essential for personality?

a. Psychoanalytical school

b. Gestalt psychology

c. Behaviorism

d. Structuralism
19. What is the term for a person who identifies as a gender different from their biological sex?

a. Transgender

b. Cisgender

c. Genderqueer

d. Non-binary

20. What psychological school emphasizes the freeing of blocked bioenergy and considers mind and body as one?

a. Behaviorism

b. Psychoanalytical school

c. Gestalt psychology

d. Bioenergetics

Part 2: True or False (30 items)

1. [True/False] The physical self includes the concrete dimensions of the body and is directly observable.

2. [True/False] Adolescence in the Philippines typically ranges from 10-20 years old.

3. [True/False] Puberty marks the beginning of childhood.

4. [True/False] Body image is not influenced by personal and social factors.

5. [True/False] Eastern culture typically emphasizes competition and straightforward communication.

6. [True/False] William James views the body as unimportant for personality development.

7. [True/False] The psychoanalytical school, founded by Sigmund Freud, focuses on the importance of the body.

8. [True/False] Wilhelm Reich is concerned with the freeing of blocked bioenergy in the body.

9. [True/False] In the context of cultural differences, Western culture is often collectivistic.

10. [True/False] A theory in psychology is a specific, testable prediction.

11. [True/False] The body is viewed as an expressive tool by the psychoanalytical school of psychology.
12. [True/False] Personal identity is not influenced by social factors.

13. [True/False] Eastern culture typically values cooperation and indirect communication.

14. [True/False] Robert Sternberg proposed the Triangular Theory of Love.

15. [True/False] Heterosexuality is not a form of sexuality.

16. [True/False] Equalization is the view of a person as a sexual object for pleasure.

17. [True/False] Menstruation marks the beginning of adolescence.

18. [True/False] Gestalt psychology emphasizes the body as the core of human experience.

19. [True/False] Transgender individuals identify with the gender that aligns with their biological sex.

20. [True/False] The body and mind are considered separate entities by bioenergetics.

21. [True/False] The physical self is not directly observable.

22. [True/False] Adolescence in the Philippines typically ranges from 15-30 years old.

23. [True/False] Puberty is triggered by a neuroendocrine process.

24. [True/False] Body image is solely influenced by personal factors.

25. [True/False] Western culture emphasizes collectivism and hierarchy.

26. [True/False] Sigmund Freud viewed the body as insignificant for human experience.

27. [True/False] Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of the body.

28. [True/False] Wilhelm Reich's work is unrelated to the body and bioenergy.

29. [True/False] Eastern culture typically values competition and straightforward communication.

30. [True/False] A theory in psychology is a set of general principles to explain relationships and make predictions.
I apologize for the incomplete previous response. Here is the complete answer sheet for the exam:

Part 1: Multiple Choice (20 items)

1. c. Physical self
2. c. 15-30
3. b. Adulthood
4. a. Body image
5. b. Personal identity
6. c. William James
7. b. Psychoanalytical school
8. d. Bioenergetics
9. a. Eastern vs. Western
10. c. Theory
11. b. Psychoanalytical school
12. c. Self-concept
13. b. Western culture
14. c. Robert Sternberg
15. d. Monosexual
16. c. Objectification
17. b. Puberty
18. b. Gestalt psychology
19. a. Transgender
20. d. Bioenergetics

Part 2: True or False (30 items)

1. True
2. False (Corrected: 'Unpredictable')
3. False (Corrected: 'Adulthood')
4. False (Corrected: 'Defining')
5. True
6. False (Corrected: 'Neuroendocrine')
7. True
8. True
9. False (Corrected: 'Social identity theory')
10. False (Corrected: 'Eurocentric')
11. True
12. False (Corrected: 'Influence')
13. True
14. True
15. False (Corrected: 'Body')
16. True
17. False (Corrected: 'Short-lived')
18. True
19. False (Corrected: 'Attachment')
20. False (Corrected: 'Sexualization')
21. False (Corrected: 'Biologically')
22. True
23. True
24. False (Corrected: 'Sexual')
25. False (Corrected: 'Ejaculation')
26. True
27. True
28. False (Corrected: 'Attractedness')
29. True
30. True