UNIT – III

Curvature: The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called the curvature of the curve in that
interval.
Curvature of a circle: The curvature of a circle at any point on it equals the reciprocal of its radius.
Radius of curvature: The radius of curvature of a curve at any point on it is defined as the reciprocal of the
curvature
3
é æ dy ö 2 ù 2
ê1 + ç ÷ ú
ê è dx ø úû
Cartesian form of radius of curvature r = ë
æd2yö
çç 2 ÷÷
è dx ø
య
൫௫ሶ మ ା௬ሶ మ ൯మ
Parametric equation of radius of curvaturer = ௫ሶ ௬ሷି௬ሶ ௫ሷ
య
൫௥ మ ା௥ሶ మ ൯మ
Polar form of radius of curvature r =௥ మ ାଶ௥ሶ మ ି௥௥ሷ
య
൫௙ೣమ ା௙೤మ ൯మ
Implicit form of radius of curvature r =௙ మ మ
ೣೣ ௙೤ ିଶ௙ೣ೤ ௙ೣ ௙೤ ା ௙೤೤ ௙ೣ

Centre of curvature: The circle which touches the curve at P and whose radius is equal to the radius of
curvature and its centre is known as centre of curvature.
Equation of circle of curvature: ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ҧ ሻଶ + ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬തሻଶ = ߩଶ
௬ ଵ
Centre of curvaturee: ‫ݔ‬ҧ = x – ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ሻ ‫ݕ‬ത = y + ௬ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ଶ ሻ
మ మ

Evolute: The locus of the centre of curvature is called an evolute

Involute: If a curve C1 is the evolute of C2 , then C2 is said to be an involute of a curve C1.
Parametric equation of some standard curves
Curve Parametric form
Y2 = 4 ax (parabola) X = at2 , y =2at
௫మ ௬మ X= a cosq , y =b sinq
൅ ௕మ ൌ ͳ (ellipse)
௔మ
௫మ ௬మ X= a secq , y = b tanq
െ ௕మ ൌ ͳ (hyperbola)
௔మ
మ మ మ
‫ ݔ‬య ൅ ‫ ݕ‬య = ܽయ X= a cos3q , y = a sin3q
௖
Xy = c2 ( rectangular hyperbola) X = ct , y =
௧

Envelope: A curve which touches each member of a family of curves is called envelope of that family
curves.
Envelope of a family of curves: The locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive members of
a family of curve is called the envelope of the family of curves.
Properties of envelope and evolute
Property:1: The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the corresponding
centre of curvature.
Property:2 The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a curve
is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.
Property:3: There is one evolute ,but an infinite number of involutes
Property:4 The envelope of a family of curves touches at each of its point. The corresponding member of
that family
Evolute as the envelope of normals: The normals to a curve form a family of straight lines.we know that
the envelope of the family of these normals is the locus of the ultimate points of intersection of consecutive
normals. But the centre of curvature of a curve is also the point of consecutive normals. Hence the envelope
of the normals and the locus of the centres of curvature are the same that is ,the evolute of a curve is the
envelope of the normals of the curve.
Part - A
1. Find the radius of curvature of y=ࢋ࢞ at x=0
య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ
Solution: ߩ ൌ ௬మ

y=݁ ௫
y1=݁ ௫ at x= 0 y1=1
y2=݁ ௫ at x= 0 y2=1
య య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ ሺଵାଵሻ ൗమ
ߩൌ =ߩൌ =2ξʹ
௬మ ଵ

࣊
2. Find the radius of curvature of at x = ૛ on the curve y = 4 sin x – sin 2x
య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ
Solution: ߩ ൌ
௬మ
గ
y1=4 cosx – 2 cos 2x at x= ଶ y1=2
గ
y2=Ͷ •‹ š ൅ •‹ ʹš at x = ଶ y2=-4
య య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ ሺଵାସሻ ൗమ ହξହ
ߩൌ =ߩൌ =
௬మ ିସ ଶ

ഥ ൌ 2a +3at2
3. Given the coordinates of the centre of curvature of the curve is given as ࢞
ഥ ൌ -2at3 Determine the evolute of the curve
࢟
Solution: ‫ݔ‬ҧ ൌ 2a +3at2 t2=(‫ݔ‬ҧ െ ʹܽൗ͵ܽ )------------ 1
‫ݕ‬ത ൌ -2at3 t3= ‫ݕ‬തȀെʹܽ ------------ 2
(‫ݔ‬ҧ െ ʹܽൗ͵ܽ )3 = (‫ݕ‬തȀെʹܽሻ2
4( ‫ݔ‬ҧ -2a)3=27a‫ݕ‬ത2
The locus of the centre of curvature (evolute) is 4(x-2a)3=27a‫ݕ‬2

4. Write the envelope of Am2+Bm+C=0, where m is the parameter and A, B and C are functions of x
and y. (NOV-08)
2
Solution: Given Am +Bm+C=0……………………(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. ‘m’
2Am+B=0 m=-B/2A………….(2)
Substitute (2) in (1) we get
A(-B/2A)2+B(-B/2A)+C=0
AB2/4A2-B2/2A+C=0
AB2-2AB2+4A2C=0
- AB2+4A2C=0
Therefore B2-4AC=0 which is the required envelope.

5. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y=x2. (NOV-07)
యൗ
൫ଵା௬భమ ൯ మ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ௬మ

ௗ௬ ௗమ ௬
Given y=x2 y1=ௗ௫ =2x and Y2 = ௗ௫ మ =2
యൗ ൗయ
൫ଵାሺଶ௫ሻమ ൯ మ ൫ଵାସ௫ మ ൯ మ
ߩൌ ଶ
= ଶ

6. Find the envelope of the family of x sin a+ y cos a= p, abeing the parameter. (NOV-07)
Solution: Given x sin a + y cos a= p……………. (1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. ‘a’
X cos a- y sin a= o………………….(2)
Eliminate abetween (1) and (2)
X cos a = y sin a Þ Þ Tan a =
 Sin cos

Substitute in (1)
x. + y. =p

=p
Squaring on both sides, x2 +y2=p2 which is the required envelope
7. What is the curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 at any point on it .
Solution: Given x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0
The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-4 g=-2
2f =-6 f=-3
Centre C(2,3), radius r = = =

Curvature of the circle =

Therefore Curvature of x2 +y2 - 4x-6y+10=0 is

8. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter (JAN-
06)
Solution: Given y= mx
(y-mx)2=m2-1
Y2+m2x2 – 2mxy-m2+1=0
m2 (x2-1)-2mxy+y2+1=0 which is quadratic in ‘m’
Here, A=x2-1 B=-2xy C=y2+1
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2-1)(y2+1)=0
4 x2y2-4 x2y2-4x2+4y2+4=0
X2-y2=4 which is the required envelope

9. Find the curvature of the curve 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0 (MAY-05,NOV-07)

Solution: Given 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0
÷2
x2 +y2 +5/2x-y+1/2=0
Here 2g =5/2 g=5/4
 2f=-1 f=-1/2 centre C (-5/4,1/2) radius r= = = =

Therefore Curvature of the circle 2x2 +2y2 +5x-2y+1=0 is

10. State any two properties of evolute . (MAY-05)

Solution: (i) The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding contre of curvature. (ii) The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a
curve is equal to the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.

11. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what the curvature of a straight line. (JAN-05)
Solution: The rate at which the plane curve has turned at a point (rate of bending of a curve is called
the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a straight line is zero.

12. Define evolute and involute . (JAN-05)

Solution: The locus of centre of curvature of a curve (B1,B2,B3,…) is called evolute of the given
curve.
If a curve C2 is the evolute of a curve C1 ,then C1 is said to be an involute of a curve C2.
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x2 +y2 -6x+4y+6=0 (NOV-08)
2 2
Solution: Given X +y - 6x+4y+6=0
The given equation is of the form x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0
Here 2g =-6 g=-3
2f =4 f=2
Centre C(3,-2), radius r = = =

Radius of Curvature of the circle = radius of the circle=

14. Find the envelope of the family of circles (x-a)2+y2=4a,where a is the parameter.(MAY-07)
Solution: Given (x-a)2+y2=4a
X2-2ax+a2-4a+y2=0
a2-2a (x+2)+x2+y2=0 which is quadratic in
The condition is B2-4AC=0
Here A=1 B=-2 (x+2) C= x2+y2
4(x+2)2-4(x2+y2)=0
x2-4x+4- x2-y2=0
 y2+4x=4 which is the required envelope.

15. Define evolute . (MAY-07)

തതത is called an evolute .
Solution: The locus of centre of curvature (‫ݔ‬ҧ ,‫ݕ‬ሻ

ࢇ
16. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y=mx+࢓ for different values of ‘m’.
ࢇ
Solution: Given y=mx+࢓ (NOV-07, May 2009)

m2x-my+a=0 which is quadratic in ‘m’

The condition is B2-4AC=0
Here A=x B=-y C=a
Y2-4ax = 0
There fore y2= 4ax which is the required envelope.

17. Find the envelope of the line +yt=2c, where‘t’ is the parameter. (NOV-02,05)

Solution: Given +yt=2c

Yt2-2ct+x=0 which is quadratic in ‘t’

The condition is B2-4AC=0
Here A=y B=-2c C=x
C2-xy=0
Therefore xy=c2 which is the required envelope.

18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=c cosh(x/c)at the point where it crosses the y-axis.

Solution: Radius of curvature (NOV-05,May-09)

Given y=c cosh(x/c) and the curve crosses the y-axis. (i.e.)x=0 implies y=c.
Therefore the point of intersection is (0,c)
=c sin h(x/c)(1/c)=sin h (x/c)

(0,c)=sinh 0= 0

=cos h(x/c)(1/c)

(0,c)= cos h(0) (1/c) = 1/c

 య
ሺଵା଴ሻమ
ߩൌ భ =c
೎

19. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy=c2at (c,c). (NOV-02)

Solution: Radius of curvature

Given xy=c2
ௗ௬
x ௗ௫ + y =0
ௗ௬ ି௬ ௗ௬
= implies ௗ௫ (c,c)=-1
ௗ௫ ௫

=-

(c,c)= =-

20. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y= mx , where m is the parameter
Solution: Given y= mx (Jan 09)
(y-mx)2=( )
Y2+m2x2 – 2mxy- m2- =0
m2 (x2- )-2mxy+y2 =0 which is quadratic in ‘m’
Here, A=x2- B=-2xy C= y2
The condition is B2-4AC=0
4 x2y2-4(x2- )(y2 - )=0

1 which is the required envelope

21. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric coordinate system. (May-
09)

Solution: Radius of curvature .

22. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x1,y2) on the curve y = f(x). (Jan-09)
Solution: The circle of curvature is the circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and radius is the
radius of curvature. Therefore the equation of circle of curvature is
 PART-B
૛ൗ ૛ൗ ૛ൗ
1. Find the radius of curvature at the point ሺࢇࢉ࢕࢙૜ ࣂǡ ࢇ࢙࢏࢔૜ ࣂሻ on the curve࢞ ૜ ൅࢟ ૜ ൌࢇ ૜.

Solution: Given x= ܽܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ……………………(1) (NOV-07,MAY-08,MAY-09)

Y= ܽ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ…………………..(2)
Differentiate (1) and (2) w.r.t ߠ
ௗ௫
ௗఏ
ൌ ͵ܽܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሺെ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ ൌ െ͵ܽ ‫ ݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ
݀‫ݕ‬
ൌ ͵ܽ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠሺܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬ሻ ൌ ͵ܽܿ‫݊݅ݏߠݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ
݀ߠ
݀‫ݕ‬ൗ
݀ߠ
݀‫ݕ‬ ͵ܽܿ‫݊݅ݏߠݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ
ൌ ൌ ൌ െ‫ߠ݊ܽݐ‬
݀‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ൗ െ͵ܽ‫ ݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ
݀ߠ
ࢊ૛ ࢟ ࢊ ࢊ࢟ ࢊ ࢊࣂ
= ቀ ቁ ൌ ࢊࣂ ሺെ࢚ࢇ࢔ࣂሻǤ ࢊ࢞
ࢊ࢞૛ ࢊ࢞ ࢊ࢞
૚
=-sec2ࣂǤ ି૜ࢇ ࢙࢏࢔ࣂ ࢉ࢕࢙૛ ࣂ
ࢊ૛ ࢟ ૚
=
ࢊ࢞૛ ૜ࢇ ࢙࢏࢔ ࣂ ࢉ࢕࢙૝ ࣂ
యൗ
೏೤ మ మ య
ൗ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ ൫ଵା௧௔௡మ ఏ൯ మ ଷൗ
೏ೣ
Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ࢊ૛ ࢟
= భ ൌ ͵ܽ •‹ ߠܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ ሺ‫ ܿ݁ݏ‬ଶ ߠሻ ଶ
ࢊ࢞૛ యೌ ౩౟౤ ഇ೎೚ೞర ഇ

=3a sinߠܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ସ ߠ‫ ܿ݁ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ൌ ͵ܽ‫ߠݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬

ߩ ൌ ͵ܽ‫ߠݏ݋ܿߠ݊݅ݏ‬
ሺࢇା࢞ሻ
2. Find the radius of curvature of the curve ࢟૛ ൌ ࢞૛ ሺࢇି࢞ሻ at the point (-a, 0). (NOV-08)
యൗ
೏೤ మ మ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ
೏ೣ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ࢊ૛ ࢟
ࢊ࢞૛

ሺ௔ା௫ሻ ௔௫ మ ା௫ య
Given ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሺ௔ି௫ሻ ൌ ௔ି௫

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

ௗ௬ ሺ௔ି௫ሻ൫ଶ௔௫ାଷ௫ మ ൯ି൫௔௫ మ ା௫ య ൯ሺିଵሻ
2yௗ௫ ൌ ሺ௔ି௫ሻమ

݀‫ ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻሺʹܽ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ െ ሺܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻሺെͳሻ

ൌ
݀‫ݔ‬ ʹ‫ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ
݀‫ݕ‬ ʹܽሺെʹܽଶ ൅ ͵ܽଶ ሻ ൅ ሺܽଷ െ ܽଷ ሻ
ሺെܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ൌ∞
݀‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
 ଷൗ
݀‫ ݔ‬ଶ ଶ
ቊͳ ൅ ൬ ൰ ቋ
݀‫ݕ‬
\ߩ ൌ
ࢊ૛ ࢞
ࢊ࢟૛
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ Ͳ
ൌ ଶ ൌ ଶ ൌͲ
݀‫ ݕ‬ሺܽ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ሺܽ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ
ଶ ଷ

ଶ ଶ ଷ ݀‫ݔ‬ ଶ ଶ ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬

ࢊ૛ ࢞ ሺܽ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ ൤‫ݕ‬Ǥ ʹሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൬െ ݀‫ݕ‬൰ ൅ ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ Ǥ ͳ൨ െ ‫ݕ‬ሺܽ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൤ܽ ݀‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹܽ‫ ݕ݀ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ݕ݀ ݔ‬൨
ൌ
ࢊ࢟૛ ሺܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ૛
ࢊ૛ ࢞ ሺെࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ሻሺ૝ࢇ૛ ሻ ૝ࢇ૞ ૝
ሺെࢇǡ ࢕ሻ ൌ ൌ ૟ ൌ
ࢊ࢟૛ ሺെࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ൅ ࢇ૜ ሻ૛ ࢇ ࢇ
ଷൗ
ሼͳ ൅ Ͳሽ ଶ ܽ
\ߩ ൌ ൌ
૝ Ͷ
ࢇ

3. Find the radius of curvature at the point (a,0)on the curve ࢞࢟૛ ൌ ࢇ૜ െ ࢞૜ .(MAY-07)
యൗ
೏೤ మ మ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ
೏ೣ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೤
೏ೣమ

Given ‫ ݕݔ‬ଶ ൌ ܽଷ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ

Differentiate w.r.t.’x’
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ିଷ௫ మ ି௬మ
2xyௗ௫ +y2.1=-3x2 ൌ ………………(1)
ௗ௫ ଶ௫௬

ௗ௬ ିଷ௔మ ି଴
ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ൌ∞
ௗ௫ ଶ௔Ǥ଴
యൗ
೏ೣ మ మ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ
೏೤
Therefore ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೣ
೏೤మ

ௗ௫ ଶ௫௬
ௗ௬
ൌ ିଷ௫మ ି௬ మ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
ௗ௫ ଶ௔Ǥ଴
ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ൌͲ
ௗ௬ ିଷ௔మ ି଴

Differentiate (2) w.r.t.’y’.

೏ೣ ೏ೣ
ௗమ ௫ ଶቂ൫ିଷ௫ మ ି௬మ ൯ቀ௫Ǥଵା௬Ǥ ቁି௫௬ቀି଺௫ ିଶ௬ቁቃ
೏೤ ೏೤
ൌ
ௗ௬ మ ሺିଷ௫ మ ି௬ మ ሻమ

ௗమ ௫ ଶൣ൫ିଷ௔మ ି଴൯ሺ௔ା଴ሻି଴൧ ି଺௔య ିଶ

మ
ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ ൌ ሺିଷ௔మ ି଴ሻమ
ൌ ൌ
ௗ௬ ଽ௔ర ଷ௔
యൗ
೏ೣ మ మ
య
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ ሼଵା଴ሽ ൗమ ିଷ
೏೤
Therefore radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೣ
ൌ ିଶൗ ൌ ଶ
ܽ
ଷ௔
೏೤మ
 ଷ
ߩ ൌ ଶ ܽ (since the radius of curvature is non-negative)

4. Find the curvature of the parabola y2=4x at the vertex. (NOV-07)

యൗ
೏೤ మ మ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ
೏ೣ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೤
೏ೣమ

Given; y2=4x
Differentiate w.r.t.’x’
ௗ௬
2y ௗ௫ = 4
ௗ௬
ௗ௫
=2/y
݀‫ݕ‬ ʹ
ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ ൌ ∞
݀‫ݔ‬ Ͳ
యൗ
೏ೣ మ మ
൜ଵାቀ ቁ ൠ
೏೤
Therefore ߩ ൌ ೏మ ೣ
೏೤మ

ௗ௫ ௬
ൌ ଶ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻ
ௗ௬

݀‫ݔ‬
ሺͲǡͲሻ ൌ Ͳ
݀‫ݕ‬
Differentiate (1) w.r.t.’y’.
݀ଶ‫ͳ ݔ‬
ൌ
݀‫ ݕ‬ଶ ʹ
య
ሼଵା଴ሽ ൗమ
Therefore ߩ ൌ ଵȀଶ
=2

Curvature K=1/ ߩ =1/2

5. Find the radius of curvature of the curve 27ay2= 4x3 at the point where the tangent of the curve
makes an angle 450 with the X- axis.
Solution; Let (x1,y1) be the point on the curve at which the tangent makes an angle 450
with the X- axis.
ௗ௬
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1-------------------------------- (1)
ௗ௫

Given 27ay2= 4x3

Differentiate w.r.t.’x’
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ௫ మ
54ayௗ௫ =12x2 =
ௗ௫ ଽ௔௬
 ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ௫ మ
ௗ௫
(x1,y1) =ௗ௫ =ଽ௔௬భ -----------------------------------(2)
భ

ௗ௬ ଶ௫భమ
(x1,y1) =Tan 45o=1=
ௗ௫ ଽ௔௬భ

ଶ௫భమ
Gives ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ -----------------------------(3)
ଽ௔

As ( x1,y1) lies on the curve 27ay21= 4x31 ---------------------------------(4)

ଶ௫భమ
Using ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ gives x1= 3a
ଽ௔

And using (3) gives y1= 2a

Y1 at (3a,2a)= 1
ଶ ௬Ǥଶ௫ି௫ మ Ǥ௬భ
Y2= ଽ௔ ቂ ௬మ
ቃ
ଶ ଶǤଷ௔Ǥଶ௔ିଽ௔మ Ǥଵ
Y2= ଽ௔ ቂ ቃ=1/6a
ସ௔మ
య య
ሺଵା௬భమ ሻ ൗమ ሺଵାଵሻ ൗమ
Therefore radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ൌ ଵൗ
௬మ ଺௔

ߩ ൌ ͳʹܽξʹ

6. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2. (JAN-06,NOV-08)

Solution: The equation of the given curve is xy=c2……….(1)
The parametric form of (1) is
௖
X=ct; y=௧
ௗ௫ ௗ௬ ିଵ ௖
ௗ௧
=c; ௗ௧ =c ቀ ௥ మ ቁ=-௧ మ
ௗ௬ ௗ௬Ȁௗ௧ ௖Ȁ௧ మ ିଵ
Y1=ௗ௫ ൌ ൌ ൌ
ௗ௫Ȁௗ௧ ௖ ௧మ

ௗమ ௬ ௗ ௗ௬ ௗ ିଵ
Y2=ௗ௫ మ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀௗ௫ ቁ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀ ௧ మ ቁ
ௗ ିଵ ௗ௧
=ௗ௧ ቀ ௧ మ ቁ Ǥ ௗ௫
ʹ ͳ ʹ
Ǥ ൌ
‫ ݐ‬ଷ ܿ ܿ‫ ݐ‬ଷ
The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻ
௬
Where ‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
మ

ቀିଵൗ మ ቁ ଵ ௖൫௧ ర ାଵ൯ ௖൫ଷ௧ ర ାଵ൯

௧
ൌ ܿ‫ ݐ‬െ ቀͳ ൅ ௧ ర ቁ ൌ ܿ‫ ݐ‬൅ ൌ
ቀଶൗ య ቁ ଶ௧ య ଶ௧ య
௖௧
௖ ଵ
‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ଶ ቀ͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ௧ య ቁ………………………..(2)
 ͳ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
௖ ଵ ଵ ௖ ௖൫௧ ర ାଵ൯ ௖൫௧ ర ାଷ൯
= ൅ ቀͳ ൅ ௧ ర ቁ ൌ ௧ ൅ ൌ
௧ ቀଶൗ య ቁ ଶ௧ ଶ௧
௖௧
௖ ଷ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ ଶ ቀ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ௧ ቁ………………………………(3)

Eliminating’ between (2) and (3),

(2)+(3)gives
ܿ ͳ ܿ ͵ ܿ ͵ ͳ
‫ݔ‬ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ ൬͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ଷ ൰ ൅ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ൰ ൌ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ൅ ͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ଷ ൰
ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
௖ ଵ ଷ
‫ݔ‬ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ ଶ ቀ‫ ݐ‬൅ ቁ ……………………………(4)
௧

(2)-(3)gives
ܿ ͳ ܿ ͵ ܿ ͵ ͳ
‫ݔ‬ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ ൬͵‫ ݐ‬൅ ଷ ൰ െ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ ൰ ൌ െ ൬‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൅ െ ͵‫ ݐ‬െ ଷ ൰
ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
௖ ଵ ଷ
‫ݔ‬ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬ത ൌ െ ଶ ቀ‫ ݐ‬െ ௧ ቁ …………………..(5)

(4)2/3-(5)2/3gives

ଶ ଶ ܿ ଶൗଷ ͳ ଶ ͳ ଶ
ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ൗଷ െ ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ൗଷ ൌ ቀ ቁ ቈ൬‫ ݐ‬൅ ൰ െ ൬‫ ݐ‬െ ൰ ቉
ʹ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
మ
ሺ௖ሻ ൗయ
= మ ሺͶሻ
ሺଶሻ ൗయ
ଶൗ ଶൗ ଶൗ
Therefore ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ൅ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ଷ െ ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ െ ‫ݕ‬തሻ ଷ ൌ ሺͶܿሻ ଷ

The locus of centre of curvatureሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻis

ଶൗ ଶൗ ଶൗ
ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ଷ െ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ଷ ൌ ሺͶܿሻ ଷ which is the required evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy=c2.

࣊ ࣋૛
7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve r=a(1+cosࣂ)at ࣂ ൌ ૛ ࢇ࢔ࢊ ࢖࢘࢕࢜ࢋ ࢚ࢎࢇ࢚ ࢘
is a constant.

Solution: Given r=a(1+cos ߠ) (NOV-07,08)

r’= -a sin ߠ and r’’ = cosߠ
ൗ య
൫௥ మ ା௥′మ ൯ మ
The radius of curvature in polar form is ߩ =൫௥ మ
ାଶ௥′మ ି௥௥′′൯

ൗ య
൛௔మ ሺଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏሻమ ା௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏൟ మ
=ሾ௔మ ሺଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏሻమ ାଶ௔మ௦௜௡మ ఏା௔మ ሺଵା௖௢௦ఏሻ௖௢௦ఏሿ
మ
య ൘ మൗ భ
௔య ሺଶାଶ௖௢௦ఏሻ ൗమ ௔య ଶ యሺభశ೎೚ೞഇሻ య ଶξଶ௔ሺଵା௖௢௦ఏሻ ൗమ
= ௔ ሺଵାଶ௖௢௦మ ఏାଶ௦௜௡మ ఏାଷ௖௢௦ఏሻ
మ
ൌ ଷ௔మ ሺଵା௖௢௦ఏሻ
= ଷ

గ ଶξଶ௔
ߩ at ߠ ൌ is ߩ ൌ
ଶ ଷ
 ଼௔మ ଼௔మ
Also, ߩଶ ൌ ሺͳ ൅ ܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݎ‬
ଽ ଽ
ఘమ ଼
Therefore, = ܽ ൌ ܿ‫ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋‬.
௥ ଽ

8. Considering the evolute as the envelope of normals, find the evolute of the parabola x2=4ay.
Solution: Given x2=4ay (NOV-08)
The parametric equations are x=2at, y=at2
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
=2a and =2at
ௗ௧ ௗ௧

݀‫ݕ݀ ݕ‬Ȁ݀‫ݐܽʹ ݐ‬
ൌ ൌ ൌ‫ݐ‬
݀‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬Ȁ݀‫ݐ‬ ʹܽ
ௗ௬
m =ௗ௫ ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ିଵ
We know that the equation of normal to the curve is y-y1= ௠ (x-x1)
ିଵ
y-at2= ௧ (x-2at) yt-at3=-x+2at

x+yt=at3+2at……………….(1)
Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.’t’we get
ଵൗ
௬ିଶ௔ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ
Y=3at2+2a t2 ൌ ‫ݐ‬ൌቀ ቁ
ଷ௔ ଷ௔

Substitute the value of ‘t’ in (1)

ଵൗ ଷൗ ଵൗ
௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ
yቀ ଷ௔
ቁ +x=aቀ ଷ௔
ቁ +2aቀ ቁ
ଷ௔
ଵൗ ଵൗ ଵൗ
௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ௬ିଶ௔ ௬ିଶ௔ ଶ ସ௔ିଶ௬
x =ቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ቂܽ ቀ ଷ௔
ቁ ൅ ʹܽ െ ‫ ݕ‬ቃ ൌ ቀ ቁ ቂቀ ቁ ൅ ʹܽ െ ‫ݕ‬ቃ =ቀ ቁ ቂ ቃ
ଷ௔ ଷ௔ ଷ௔ ଷ
ଷൗ
͵ξ͵ξܽ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െʹሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹܽሻ ଶ

Squaring on both sides, we get

ʹ͹ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹܽሻଷ which is the required evolute.

9. Obtain the evolute of the parabola y2=4ax. (NOV-07)

Solution: Given y2=4ax………………………(1)
The parametric equations are x= at2, y=2at
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
=2at =2a
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ௗ௬ ௗ௬Ȁௗ௧ ଶ௔ ଵ
ௗ௫
ൌ ௗ௫Ȁௗ௧ ൌ ଶ௔௧ ൌ ௧ =y1
ௗమ ௬ ௗ ௗ௬ ௗ ଵ
Y2=ௗ௫ మ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀௗ௫ ቁ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀ ௧ ቁ
 ௗ ଵ ௗ௧ ିଵ ଵ ିଵ
=ௗ௧ ቀ ቁ Ǥ = మ Ǥ ൌ ଶ௔௧ య
௧ ௗ௫ ௧ ଶ௔௧

The co-ordinates of the center of curvature Is ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻ

௬ ൫ଵൗ௧൯ ଵ ൫௧ మ ାଵ൯ଶ௔௧ య
Where ‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ൌ ƒ– ଶ െ ିଵ
ቀͳ ൅ ௧ మ ቁ ൌ ƒ– ଶ ൅ ௧య
ൌ ƒ– ଶ ൅ ʹƒ– ଶ ൅ ʹƒ
మ ቀ ൗ ቁ
ଶ௔௧ య

‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ͵ƒ– ଶ ൅ ʹƒ……………………..(2)

ͳ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
ͳ ͳ ሺ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൅ ͳሻʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ
‫ ݕ‬ҧ ൌ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬൅ ൬ͳ ൅ ଶ ൰ ൌ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬െ ଶ
ൌ ʹܽ‫ ݐ‬െ ʹܽ‫ݐ‬ଷ െ ʹܽ‫ݐ‬
ቀെͳൗʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ቁ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬

‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ െʹܽ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ………………………………(3)

Eliminating ‘t’ between (2)and(3),
௫ഥ ିଶ௔
(2) gives – ଶ ൌ ଷୟ
௬ഥ
(3) gives ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ൌ െ ଶ௔

‫ݕ‬ഥ ଶ ‫ݔ‬ഥ െ ʹܽ ଷ
൬െ ൰ ൌ ൬ ൰
ʹܽ ͵ƒ
ʹ͹ܽ‫ݕ‬ഥ ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ െ ʹܽሻଷ
The locus of centre of curvatureሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻis
ʹ͹ܽ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹܽሻଷ which is the required evolute.

࢞ ࢟
10. Find the equation of the envelope of ࢇ ൅ ൌ ૚ ࢝ࢎࢋ࢘ࢋ ࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൌ ࢉ૛ . (NOV-02,07)
࢈
௫ ௬
Solution: Given that ௔ ൅ ൌ ͳ…………………(1)
௕

And ܽଶ ൅ ܾଶ ൌ ܿ ଶ ……………..(2)
Differentiate (1)and(2) w.r.t ‘b’
ି௫ ௗ௔ ௬
െ ௕మ ൌ Ͳ………………..(3)
௔మ ௗ௕
ௗ௔
2aௗ௕ +2b=0…………………………(4)
ௗ௔ ௔మ ௬
(3)gives ௗ௕ ൌ െ ௕మ ௫ ……………..(5)
ௗ௔ ି௕
(4)givesௗ௕ ൌ ௔
……………………(6)
ି௕ ௔మ ௬
From (5)and (6) ൌ െ ௕మ ௫
௔
௫Τ ௬ ೣ ೤
ା
௫ ௬ ௔ ൗ௕ ଵ
ൌ ௕య ൌ ൌ ൌ ௔మೌା௕್మ ൌ ௖ మ
௔య ௔మ ௕మ
 ‫ݔ‬ ͳ ‫ݕ‬ ͳ
ଷ
ൌ ଶ ܽ݊݀ ଷ ൌ ଶ
ܽ ܿ ܾ ܿ
ଵൗ ଵൗ
ܽ ൌ ሺ‫ ܿݔ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ ܽ݊݀ ܾ ൌ ሺ‫ ܿݕ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ

ଶൗ ଶൗ
Substitute in (2) we get, ሺ‫ ܿݔ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ ൅ ሺ‫ ܿݕ‬ଶ ሻ ଷ ൌ ܿଶ
ଶൗ ଶൗ ଶൗ
Therefore ‫ݔ‬ ଷ ൅‫ݕ‬ ଷ ൌܿ ଷ which is the required envelope.

11. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the parabola y2=12x at the point (3,6).
Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ҧ ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬തሻଶ ൌ ߩଶ (NOV-07,08,JAN-09)
௬
Where, ‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
మ

ଵ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
௬మ
ଷൗ
ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ଶ
ߩൌ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
Given y2=12x
Differentiate w.r.t.’x’ we get
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଺
2yௗ௫ =12 implies ൌ௬
ௗ௫

ௗ௬ ௗమ ௬ ି଺ ௗ௬
Y1=ௗ௫ (3,6)=1 ൌ
ௗ௫ మ ௬ మ ௗ௫

ௗమ ௬
Y2=ௗ௫ మ (3,6)=-1/6
ଷൗ ଷ
ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ଶ ሺͳ ൅ ͳሻ ൗଶ
ߩൌ ൌ ൌ െͳʹξʹ
‫ݕ‬ଶ െͳൗ
͸
ߩ ൌ ͳʹξʹ (ߩ can not be negative)
‫ݕ‬ଵ
‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
ଵ
=3െ ିଵൗ ሺͳ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ ͳͷ
଺
ͳ ͳ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ ൌ ͸ ൅ ሺͳ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ െ͸
‫ݕ‬ଶ െͳൗ
͸
Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳͷሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͸ሻଶ ൌ ʹͺͺ

12. Find the radius of curvature at ‘t’ on x=etcost,y=etsint. (JAN-06)

య
ሺ௫′మ ା௬′మ ሻ ൗమ
Solution: Radius of curvature ߩ ൌ ௫ ′ ௬ ′′ ି௬′௫′′

Given ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬

 ௗ௫
X’= ௗ௧ ൌ ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ݁ ௧ ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ
ௗ௬
Y’= ൌ ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ݁ ௧ ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ
ௗ௧
ௗమ ௫
X’’= ௗ௧ మ ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺെ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬െ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ሻ ൅ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ ൌ െʹ݁ ௧ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬
ௗమ ௬
Y’’= ௗ௧ మ ൌ ݁ ௧ ሺെ‫ ݐ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬ሻ ൅ ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ݐݏ݋‬
య
ሺ௫′మ ା௬′మ ሻ ൗమ
֜‫ ׵‬The radius of curvature is ߩ ൌ ௫ ′ ௬ ′′ ି௬′௫′′
ଷ
ሺሾ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻሿଶ ൅ ሾ݁ ௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻሿଶ ሻ ൗଶ
ߩൌ ௧
݁ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻǤ ʹ݁ ௧ ܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬െ ݁௧ ሺܿ‫ ݐݏ݋‬൅ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻǤ ሺെʹ݁௧ ‫ݐ݊݅ݏ‬ሻ
య యൗ
ሺ௘ మ೟ ൣ௖௢௦మ ௧ା௦௜௡మ ௧ିଶ௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧ା௖௢௦మ ௧ା௦௜௡మ ௧ାଶ௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧൧ሻ ൗమ ൫ଶ௘ మ೟ ൯ మ
=
ଶ௘ మ೟ ሾ௖௢௦మ ௧ି௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧ା௦௜௡௧௖௢௦௧ା௦௜௡మ ௧ሿ
ൌ ൌ ξʹ݁ ௧
ଶ௘ మ೟

࢞૛ ࢟૛
13. Find the evolute of the ellipse ൅ ൌ ૚. (MAY-05,07)
ࢇ૛ ࢈૛
௫మ ௬మ
Solution: The given curve is ௔మ ൅ ௕మ ൌ ͳ

The parametric equations are x=acosߠ ,y=bsinߠ

݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
ൌ െܽ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬ǡ ൌ ܾܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬
݀ߠ ݀ߠ
೏೤
ௗ௬ ௕
Y1=ௗ௫ ൌ ೏ഇ
೏ೣ ൌ െ ௔ ܿ‫ߠݐ݋‬
೏ഇ

ௗమ ௬ ௗ ௗ௬ ௗ ௕ ௗఏ ௕ ିଵ ௕ ௖௢௦௘௖ మ ఏ
Y2=ௗ௫ మ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀௗ௫ ቁ ൌ ௗ௫ ቀെ ௔ ܿ‫ߠݐ݋‬ቁ ௗ௫ ൌ ௔ ܿ‫ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ቀ௔௦௜௡ఏቁ ൌ െ ௔మ ௦௜௡ఏ
௕
Y2ൌ െ ௔మ ܿ‫ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ

The Co-ordinate of centre of curvature is ሺ‫ݔ‬ഥ ǡ ‫ݕ‬തሻ

௬
Where ‫ݔ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ௬భ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
మ

್ ್మ
ቀି ௖௢௧ఏቁ൬ଵା మ ௖௢௧ మ ఏ൰ ୠୡ୭ୱఏ ௕ మ ௖௢௦మ ఏ ௔మ
ೌ ೌ
= acosߠ - ್ ൌ ƒ ‘•ߠ െ ቀͳ ൅ ௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏ ቁ ௕௖௢௦௘௖ య ఏ
ି మ ௖௢௦௘௖ య ఏ ௔௦௜௡ఏ
ೌ

ଵ ଵ
= acosߠ െ ௔ ‘•ߠሺܽଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ܾଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ൌ ƒ ‘•ߠ െ ௔ ‘•ߠሺܽଶ ሺͳ െ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ൅ ܾଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ

ͳ ܾଶ
ൌ ƒ ‘•ߠ െ ‘•ߠሺܽଶ െ ܽଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ܾଶ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠሻ ൌ ƒ ‘•ߠ െ ƒ ‘•ߠ ൅ ܽܿ‫ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ െ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ
ܽ ܽ
௕మ ௔మ ି௕ మ
=ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ ቀܽ െ ቁൌቀ ቁ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ
௔ ௔
௔మ ି௕మ
‫ݔ ׵‬ഥ ൌ ቀ ቁ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଷ ߠ………………….(1)
௔

ͳ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ሻ
‫ݕ‬ଶ
 ್మ
൬ଵା మ ௖௢௧ మ ఏ൰ ௕ మ ௖௢௦మ ఏ ௔మ
ೌ
= ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬+ ್ ൌ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬െ ቀͳ ൅ ௔మ ௦௜௡మ ఏ ቁ ௕௖௢௦௘௖ యఏ
ି మ ௖௢௦௘௖ య ఏ
ೌ

௦௜௡ఏ ௔మ
ൌ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬െ ሾܽଶ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠ ൅ ܾଶ ሺͳ െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ ߠሻሿ ൌ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬െ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ െ ܾ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܾ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ
௕ ௕
௔మ ௕మ ି௔మ
ൌ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ቂܾ െ ቃ ൌ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ቂ ቃ
௕ ௕
௔మ ି௕ మ
‫ݕ‬ഥ ൌ െ‫݊݅ݏ‬ଷ ߠ ቂ ቃ………………………(2)
௕

Eliminating ‘ߠ’ between (1) and (2),we get

we know that,

The locus of is which is the evolute of the ellipse

14. Find the envelope of where l and m are connected by and a,b are constants. (MAY –

05, NOV-05)

Solution: Given that ………………..(1) …………………(2)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t.’m’. we get

…….(3)

Differentiating (2) w.r.t.’m’

…………..(4)
 From (3) and (4)

Substitute in equation (2) ,

which is the required envelope.

15. Find the points on the parabola at which the radius of curvature is 4 . (MAY – 05)

Solution: Given …………….(1)

Let, P (a,b) be the point on the curve at where

Differentiate (1) w.r.t. ‘x’

Y1=2y ‫׵‬

Y 2= ‫׵‬

But, hence 8

a+1=2 a=1, ‫ ׵‬The points are (1,2),(1,-2).

16. Considering the evolute of a curve as the envelope of its normals find the evolute of .

(NOV-02,05,MAY-05)

Solution: The given curve is

The parametric equations are x=acos ,y=bsin

m=

We know that the equation of the normal is y-y1= (x-x1)

,we get

…………..(1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t.’ ’, we get

Substitute in equation (1),we get

 which is the required evolute of the ellipse.

17. Find the circle of curvature at (3,4)on xy=12. (JAN-05)

Solution: The equation of circle of curvature is

Where,

Given xy=12
Differentiate w.r.t.’x’ we get
x implies

Y1= (3,4)=-4/3

Y2= (3,6)

=3

Therefore, the equation of circle of curvature is .

18. Find the curvature for . (JAN-05)

Solution: Given

r’= =

r’’ =
20. Find the radius of curvature at the origin of the cycloid x = a (q + sin q) and y = a( 1- cos q).
(MAY’07, Nov ’08)
Given: x = a (q + sin q) , y = a( 1- cos q).
x’ =a( 1 + cos q) y’ = a( sin q)
x” = -a sin q y” = a cos q

The radius of curvature is

= = 4a cos

At q= 0

21. Find the envelope of the straight lines represented by the equation x cos α + y sin α = a sec α , α is
the parameter (Nov’ 07)
Solution: Given x cos α + y sin α = a sec α
Divided by cos α
x + y tan α = a sec2α
x + y tan α = a ( 1 + tan2α)
a tan2α – y tan α + a –x = 0
which is quadratic in tan α
A = a, B = -y C = a-x
The envelope is given by B2 – 4AC = 0
y2 = 4a(a-x) which is the required envelope

22. Prove that the evolute of the curve x = a (cos q + log tan ), y=a sin q is the catenary y = a cosh

( Nov ’05)

Solution : x = a (cos q + log tan )

x’ = a(-sin q + ) = a cot q cos q

y=a sin q
y’ = a cos q

y1 = = tan q

y2 = =¼ (sec 4 q sin q)
 = a (cos q + log tan )- ( 1 + tan 2

=a log tan ………………..(1)

= a sin q+ ( 1 + tan 2

……………….(2)

Eliminate ‘q’from (1) and (2)

tan = ………………….(3)

y = a cosh which is the required evolute

23. Obtain the equation of the evolute of the curve x= .(May-09)

Solution: Given x=

= tan

tan = tan = =

The co-ordinates of centre of curvature is

…………………….(1)

=
 = …………………………….(2)
Eliminating from equations (1) & (2) we get,
The locus of centre of curvature is which Is the required evolute.

24. Find the envelope of the straight line ,where a and b are parameters that are connected

by the relation a+b = c. (May-09)

Solution: Given ……………….(1)

And a+b = c……………………..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t ‘b’

- =0

…………………………(3)

………………………………(4)

Equate (3) & (4) we get

and

a= b=

Substitute in eqn (2)

, which is the required evolute.

25. Find the envelope of the family of lines subject to the condition a+b =1.(Jan-09)

Solution: Given ……………….(1)

And a+b = 1……………………..(2)

Differentiate Eqns (1) and (2) partially w.r.t ‘b’

- =0
 = =

Substitute in eqn (1) we get,

ax -by =

, which is the required evolute of the given curve.

27. Find the radius of curvature of the curve + = at . (Jan-09)

Solution: Given + =

Differentiate w.r.t.’x’
 ௔
Radius of curvature = =
ξଶ