PROF CHERVIN LOEWE

B NAVILLA
▪THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION INTO OR OF A
SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED PHENOMENON AND IS
APPLICABLE TO RECOGNIZABLE AND UNDISCOVERED
PHENOMENA
▪IT IS A SYSTEMATIC, CONTROLLED, EMPIRICAL AND
CRITICAL INVESTIGATION OF HYPOTHETICAL
PROPOSITIONS ABOUT THE PRESUMED RELATIONS
AMONG NATURAL PHENOMENA.
▪A “CAREFUL, SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE IN
THE FIELD OF CRIMINOLOGY OR CRIMINAL JUSTICE,
UNDERTAKEN TO DISCOVER OR ESTABLISH FACTS OR
CAUSATION OF CRIMES.
▪To inform action, gather evidences for theories and contribute to
developing knowledge and concepts in a field of study.
▪To encourage changes and innovations for a project development.
▪To make better decisions in life’s vision and goals and create
practical decisions for continuous improvement.
▪To communicate sentiments to the government.
▪Research is collaborative
▪Research is systematic
▪Research is evidence-based
▪Research is cyclical
▪Research is reflective
▪DISCOVER NEW FACTS ABOUT KNOWN PHENOMENA.
▪FINDS ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS WHICH ARE ONLY
PARTIALLY SOLVED
▪IMPROVE EXISTING TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOP NEW
INSTRUMENTS AND PRODUCT
▪SATISFY THE RESEARCHER’S CURIOSITY
▪FIND ANSWERS TO QUERIES BY MEANS OF SCIENTIFIC
METHODS
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. PREDICTIVE OR PROGNOSTIC RESEARCH
- has the purpose of determining the future operation of the variables
under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better.

2. DIRECTIVE RESEARCH
- determines what should be done based on the findings to remedy an
unsatisfactory condition, if there is any;
 3. ILLUMINATIVE RESEARCH
- is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being
investigated by showing the connections.
ACCORDING TO GOAL
1. BASIC OR PURE RESEARCH
- is done for the development of theories and principles. The findings often have little or no
applicable use in the field of criminal justice. However, such research may be used as the foundation
for subsequent applied research and criminal justice policy.

2. APPLIED RESEARCH
- is the application of the result of pure research. This is testing the efficacy of
theories and principles.
 3. MULTIPURPOSE RESEARCH
- this research generally begins as basic, but the results are found to have an applied
purpose.
ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATION
1. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
- it is designed to described an existing problem situation and examine the underlying
factors that contribute to the emergence of the problem, the nature of which is not yet well known.

2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
- the researcher studies the relationships of the variables. It find answer to the questions of
who, what , when, where, and how. What may be described are characteristics of individuals or
groups.
ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF INVESTIGATION
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- it studies the effect of the variables in each other. It involves the administration of
research stimuli to participants in a controlled environment.

4. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
- instead of answering questions such as what, when, where and how, explanatory research
answers “why” questions. This type of research first describes a phenomenon,say crime, and
proceeds to explain why such phenomenon occurs.
ACCORDING TO SCOPE
1. ACTION RESEARCH
- this type of research is done in a very limited scope to solve a particular problem. It is an
on-the-job type problem solving.

2. EVALUATION RESEARCH
- all possible courses of action are specified and identified and researcher tries to find the
most advantageous.

3. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
- the focus is finding or developing a more suitable instrument of process than has been
available.
ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL CONTENT
1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- is one in which inferential statistics are utilized to determine the results of
the study. In this study, concepts are assigned numerical value.
2. QUALITITIVE RESEARCH
- the used of quantity or statistics is practically not utilized. Descriptive data
are gathered rather than quantitative data. In this study, concepts are viewed as
sensitizing ideas.
ACCORDING TO TIME ELEMENT
1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- describes what was.

2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
- described what is.

3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- described what will be.
1. IDIOGRAPHIC
- studies one case or instance to have an in-depth investigation of
numerous factors to explain something, say crime. However, since only one case
is to be studied, the researcher is only capable of explaining such case and cannot
use his findings to explain other cases in other situations.
2. NOMOTHETIC
- studies several cases but uses few factors to explain something; the
findings of which, however, are generalizable to the range of cases.
1. INDUCTIVE
- goes from specific details to general propositions.
 - the researcher analyzes the data and attempts to build a proposition or
a theory.

2. DEDUCTIVE
- the researcher analyzes the data to test a given theory.
The “blue print” of your study. When you design a study, you specify exactly
who or what is to be studied, when, how, and for what purpose.

a. Research participants b. Research procedures c. Research Instrument d.

Analysis of Data e. Ethical Considerations
1. INDIVIDUALISTIC FALLACY
This fallacy occurs when one generalizes his/her observation about an
individual to groups or organizations.

2. REDUCTIONISM
occurs when researchers try to disregard other units of analysis and concepts
from other fields. This is sometimes the case of crime causation because the field of
criminology is multidisciplinary.
1. Cross-Sectional Studies
Collect data at one time, or the data collected cover only one short period,
say one year to two year city crime data. By choosing this type of study,researchers
can save a lot of their time,effort,energy and money.

2.Longitudinal Studies collect from a respondent over a long period of time or the
data
cover a long period of time.
1. Trend Studies
display the changes of the frequency of an event over a long
period of time.

2. Panel Studies which collect data from the same sample respondents for 2 or
more periods of time.

3. Cohort Studies which collects data from “specific subpopulations or cohorts,

as
they change over time”
4. Retrospective Research - ask people to recall their pasts.
1. Quantitatve
- Survey
- Secondary Data Analysis
- Experimental

2. Qualitative
- Narrative
- Phenomenology
- Ground Theory
- Case Analysis
 - Ethnography
1. SURVEY
- is a method that collects data from a sample of a population by asking
questions in order to describe some characteristics of that population.

2. SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS

- researchers analyze data that have been routinely collected by different
criminal justice agencies or other organizations that conduct surveys. The researcher
can save a lot of resources through this method.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- attempts to identify and impose control overall other variables
3. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
- investigates whether an independent variable (e.g. teaching methodology)
produces an effect on a dependent variable (e.g. passing the board exam) by
manipulating the independent variable.

4. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- takes two or more variables and examines how they correlate/relates with
one another.
1. NARRATOLOGY
- qualitative method that explores the life of an individual/s through
interviews and collection of documents. This type of research tells the story of
one or more individual’s life. In criminological research, criminal justice actors
are often given a chance to share their stories using their self perspectives.
 2. PHENOMENOLOGY
- studies several individuals who have experienced the same phenomenon
and attempts to extract the essence of their lived experience commonly through
interviews.
3.GROUNDEDTHEORY
- a qualitative inquiry that employs interviews and aims to develop a theory
based on the views of several participants. This type of study uses interviews of 20-
60 individuals.
4. ETNOGRAPHY
- a qualitative inquiry that describes and interprets the patterns of a society’s
culture over time. To describe the culture of the group, the researcher conducts
observation techniques, interviews, and sometimes, collects other sources of data
for an extended period of time.
5.CASE ANALYSIS/STUDY
- a qualitative inquiry on an issue or problem by conducting indepth analysis
on an individual/s event, program, or activity. Similar to other research methods,
case analysis uses extensive observations, interviews,and documentary analysis on
case or cases.

6. HISTORICAL METHOD
- examines past events to understand present patterns and predicting
future scenarios.
- A prediction of the possible outcomes of the study
 - a concept that stands for variation within a class of
objects.Its subcategories are called as attributes.
1. NOMINALVARIABLES
- comprise variables whose attributes differ but have no rank order.

2.ORDINALVARIABLES
- comprise variables whose attributes differ, have ranks but have no distance.

3.INTERVALVARIABLES
- comprise variables whose attributes differ, have ranks and distance but have no
absolute zero point.
4.RATIOVARIABLES
- comprise variables whose attributes differ, have ranks and distance but have absolute zero
point.
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- is the variable that is expected to affect the
dependent variable.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE- the variable that depends on or is affected by the
independent variable.
 When you conduct a research about a group of people, you select a sample.
The SAMPLE is the group of individuals who will participate in the research
population.

POPULATION and SAMPLING

- group of people the researcher wishes to generalize the study
findings/participants.
Population- is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
SAMPLE- is the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- a sampling design that gives equal probability or chance to each item or an
individual in the population of being selected in the study.
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- a sampling design that gives unequal chance to each item or individual in the
population of being selected in the study.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
- the simplest probability sampling method. One only needs to have a
population frame, which is the complete list or at least the most complete list of the
desired population.
2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
- a popular alternative to simple random sampling sometimes called as
“pseudo-random” selection.One important tool in this selection is the sample interval.
The selection interval is the distance of next element from the previously selected
element.
Ex.1,000 samples out of 100 police officers.
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
- To achieve variance between and homogeneity within strata, the
researcher can use stratified random sampling. Note that the size of the sample
elements in a stratum must be relatively proportional to the size of the population of
the elements in the stratum.
 Ex.Out of 100 students, 25 students shall be taken from the 1 st to 4th year
students each.
4. MULTI-CLUSTER SAMPLING
- used to arrive at a representative sample of a population which have not
been compiled in a list.In multistage cluster sampling, we select sample units
twice,thrice,or more at different stages or units of analysis.
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- the researcher selects respondents who are nearest to him or available to
him; and thus, affords him with the ease of selecting respondents but at the risk of
not achieving representativeness of the sample.

2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
- respondents who are the most knowledgeable or those who have more
experiences with a particular phenomenon of interest.
3. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- the researcher first approaches a known respondent who has experienced
the researcher’s phenomena of interest. After collecting information from a
respondent, the latter will refer you to another respondent who has the same
experience relative to your study.
4. QUOTA SAMPLING
- this sampling method is considered as the non-probability sampling’s
equivalent of probability samplings stratified sampling method.
1. T-TEST
- calculating the difference between two means.
Ex. Determine between male and female who more frequently engaged in
drug addiction.
2.ANALYSIS OFVARIANCE (ANOVA)
- calculating the difference of means among at least three groups.
Ex. Difference on the victimization among college year levels in terms of
cyber-bullying?
1. T-TEST
- calculating the difference between two means.
Ex. Determine between male and female who more frequently engaged in
drug addiction.

2.ANALYSIS OFVARIANCE (ANOVA)

- calculating the difference of means among at least three groups.
Ex. Difference on the victimization among college year levels in terms of
cyber-bullying?
3.CHI SQUARE
- used to test relationships between categorical variables; if there is significant
difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more
categories.

4.PEARSON CORRELATION
- calculating the relationship between two continuous variables. It calculates the
extent and direction of the relationship between two continuous variables.

5.BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION

- determiningthe relationship between a group of predictors/independent
variables and nominal dependent variables.
 Ex. Can involvement in gang war be predicted by age, gender, and attitude?
6.Weighted Mean
- statistical method which calculate average, in which weights are
assigned to individual values to determine the relative importance of each
observation.
T-Test- determine the significant difference between the means of two
groups with less than 30 sample size.
F-Test- determine the significant difference between the means of two
groups with sample size greater than 30.
 - a long essay or dissertation involving personal research,
written by a candidate for a college or postcollegedegree.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
A.TITLE PAGE
B.APPROVAL SHEET
C. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
D.DEDICATION
E.TABLE OF CONTENTS
F.LIST OF TABLES
G.LIST OF FIGURES
H.ABSTRACT
Chapter 1:THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Research Paradigm
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation Definition of
Terms
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of Related Literature:Foreign and Local Literatures
Review of Related Studies:Foreign and Local Studies

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Method
Population and Sampling
Description of the Respondents
Research Instrumentation
Validation of Instrument
Data Gathering Techniques
 Statistical Tools
Chapter 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA

Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
▪Discussion of the main issue or problem
▪Presentation of theexistence of unsatisfactory condition/gap
▪Statement of the rationale/reasons why it is necessary to conduct
the research
▪Creation of a link between the introduction and the SOP
BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY
▪Statements on what led the researcher to conduct the study
 ▪Historical Background of the problem
▪Describes the history of the problem
▪Limited to 1 to 2 pages only
THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK
▪The foundation of research
▪Accepted theories and principles established and proven by the
researchers and are helpful to the study
 ▪Presentation of the view of phenomena by presenting the
relationships of the variables.
STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM
▪Clearly identify the research problems
▪The problems are encouraging data driven
▪Should address the gap in knowledge
▪Should lead to further research
▪Should render itself to investigation through collection of data
▪The approach solving to problems
▪Based on the ethical standards of research
RESEARCH PROBLEM
- is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling
question that exists in a scholarly literature.
- it is constructed in a form of a question.
HYPOTHESIS
Null Hypothesis proposes that no significant difference,
relationship exists in a set of given observations.

Null- means two“Sample means”are equal

Alternative- means two “sample means” are not equal
Scope and Limitation
❑ Brief statement of the purpose
❑ Subject matter/topic
❑ Population, period and locale where the data will be gathered
❑ Weaknesses which are beyond the control of the researcher
Significance of the Study
❑ Explain the importance, contributions and implications of the
study
❑ State stakeholders to benefit and how they are going to be
benefitted by the study.
▪It includes the statement of other writers to the problem of your study.
▪Relevant literature to the thesis

SYNTHESIS
- explains how various concepts of each resources link with each
other by summarizing, tabulating and drafting matrix of all the related
literatures and studies.
American Psychological Association
- has been updating the APA style with the 7 th edition released in
2020.
Paper Size:Use Standard,white,8.5 x 11-inch paper.
Margin:Set page margins to 1-inch on all sides.
Line Spacing: Type and double-space your paper. Do not add extra space
before or after paragraphs.
Font: a variety of accessible fonts are allowed including Sans Serif fonts
(11-point calibri and 11-point arial) and serif points (12point Times New
Roman.
MULTIPLE AUTHORS AND CORPORATE AUTHORS IN-TEXT
CITATIONS
 AUTHOR TYPE PARENTHETICAL NARRATIVE
CITATION CITATION

ONE AUTHOR (Navilla,2023) Navilla (2023)

TWO AUTHORS (Navilla & Datu, 2023) Navilla & Datu (2023)

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS (Navilla et al. 2023) Navilla et al. (2023)

ORGANIZATION (Pornhub, 2023) Pornhub (2023)

SPECIAL CASES
 MISSING ELEMENT WHAT TO DO PARENTHETICAL
CITATION

AUTHOR Use the source title. (Source Title, 2023)

DATE Write “n.d.” for “no date” (Navilla,n.d.)

Page Number (Navilla,2023, Chapter 3) or simply

Either use an alternative (Navilla,2023)
locator or omit the page number

Reference Entry
Author’s Last Name, Initial(s). (Year of Publication), Title of Book
(Edition ed.).Publisher.

Example:
Navilla, C. (2023). The Prevalence of Horniness in the Philippines (69 th
ed.).Pornhub Bookstore,Manila.
Books
Author’s last name, first name initial. (Publication Date). Book title.
Additional information.City of Publication:Publishing Company.

Example:
Navilla, C. (2023). The Prevalence of Horniness in the Philippines.
Manila City:Pornhub Bookstore.
Encyclopedia and Dictionary
Author’s last name, first name initial. (Date). Title of
Article/Encyclopedia. (Volume, pages). City of Publication:
Publishing Company.

Example:
Navilla, C. (2023). Sex Education in the New Encyclopedia (Vol.
69,pp.200-400). Manila City:Encyclopedia Pornhub.
Navilla Collegiate Dictionary (69th ed.). (2023). Manila City:
Pornhub Publishing House.
Magazine and News Articles
Author’s last name, first name initial. (Publication Date). Article Title.
Periodical Title, volume number (issue number if available), inclusive
pages.

Note: Italicize the volume number, do not include “pp” in page

number

Example:
Navilla, C. (2023). Sex Education in the City of Manila. Porn Balita
Newspaper,69,25-50.
Online Periodical
Author’s last name, first name initial. (Publication Date). Article Title.
Periodical Title, volume number, retrieved month day, year, from (full
URL)
Author’s last name, first name initial. (Publication Date). Title of
Work.Retrieved month day,year, from full URL

Example:
Navilla,C. (2020). Step-Sis got banged by Step-bro. Retrieved February 8,
2023, from
http://Pornhub.com/stepsisgotbangedbystepbro/index/html
- It uses tables, graphs,charts.
- Carefully interprets results
- Answers are presented in tabular forms.Textual
explanations come after the tables.
- Report the results
- Recommend the intervention, innovation, future actions to be carried out
- Put all into practice/actions
- Look for its practical applications
VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
- Your participants are free to opt in or out of the study at any point in time.
 INFORMED CONSENT
- Participants know the purpose, benefits, risks, and funding behind the
study before they agree or decline to join.

ANONYMITY- you don’t know the identities of the participants.

CONFIDENTIALITY
 - having an idea of the identity of the participants but keep the
information hidden to the general public or someone else.

RESULTS COMMUNICATION
- ensuring that the work is free from plagiarism or research
misconduct.